CH. 6CH. 6POST WAR CANADAPOST WAR CANADA

1950s1950s

THE CHANGING FACE OF CANADATHE CHANGING FACE OF CANADA

SUBURBS/ AUTOMOBILE

1950s WOMEN(Stay-at-home, femininity,

resentment)Read “When He Comes

Home From Work”

TEEN CULTURE(Boomers, Guides/Scouts, Educated,Rockers/Elvis - No hip shots),

TV / CONSUMERS(Ed Sullivan, Mickey, Roy Rogers)(Appliances, Barbie, Sugar Cereals)

MASSEY COMMISSIONProtect Can.Identity (CRTC, CBC, NFB)

IMMIGRATION - 1945-60 = 2 MILLION

1956 HUNGARIAN REV.- 37 000

NEW TIMES NEW NEW TIMES NEW LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

Mackenzie King retired in 1948Mackenzie King retired in 1948.. Louis St. Laurent took overLouis St. Laurent took over

– Social welfare, hospital insurance, Canadian culture, Social welfare, hospital insurance, Canadian culture,

Canadian autonomy.Canadian autonomy.

– Brought a bankrupt Newfoundland into confederation.Brought a bankrupt Newfoundland into confederation.» Centralization resettlement program still resentedCentralization resettlement program still resented ..

John Diefenbaker won 1957 electionJohn Diefenbaker won 1957 election..– T.V. suited his personality T.V. suited his personality

– 11stst Western PM Western PM

King - 1948 St. Laurent – 1957“Uncle Louis (p. 180 )

LIBERALS

P.C. - Diefenbaker

DUPLESSI & QUEBEC NATIONALISM-Duplessi & Union Nationale Party = ‘Distinct Nation.’- Catholic Church defended Quebec culture.- Duplessi encouraged foreign $ = jobs / anti-union.- corrupt – ‘Duplessis Orphans / ‘The Great Darkness era

Original Quebec Flag(Note – Maple Leaf, fleur-De-lys, Sacred Heart ofJesus, blue & white was Sam. de Champlain flag

1949 - Newfoundland

POST WAR PROSPERITYPOST WAR PROSPERITY

Canada’s post war economy. - new laws set to give old jobs back. - war years = service years. - women encouraged to leave factories. - free tuition / living allowances for schooling. - Veteran’s Land Act – low mortgages.

SPREADING THE WEALTH - Prov. gov’ts reluctantly gave Feds. taxation powers.(for ed. Health etc) - Equalization transfer payments to ‘have-nots.’ - Tax breaks promoting industry.

CANADIAN POSITVES - Alberta oil = boom towns. - Ontario manufacturing (ie auto). - Increased infrastructure. - American investment (good???) - Rise of the Labour movement. - wages, hours, benefits, etc.- WW II modernized Canada.

With the good comes the bad!

Remember Rosie’s original purpose?

THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR

THE ISSUESUSA vs. Soviet Union

Communism vs. CapitalismGov’t Control vs Private Enterprise.

No Opposition vs. Basic Freedoms.Soviet Expansion (E. Europe) = American Suspicion.

Vice-versa – Soviets feared US expansion.

After WW II, a war of propaganda and fear materialized between the USA and the Soviet Union. No shots were

fired but the two superpowers stockpiled nuclear weapons.Canada sided with the USA.

Did ‘Nukes’ create peace?

The Cold War 1945-The Cold War 1945-19911991

THE IRON CURTAINTHE IRON CURTAIN

Compare NATO & the Warsaw Pact to the ‘Iron Curtain”

Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Winston

Churchill Churchill to describe the to describe the separating of separating of Those Those

communistcommunistlands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from

the the West. West.

DUCK & COVERDUCK & COVER

DUCK & COVER VIDEO

COLD WAR AT HOME Gouzenko’s story sparked fear: - Bomb Shelters - Civil Defence Plans - “Duck & Cover” campaigns - The “Red Mennace” - McCarthy’s ‘Witch-hunts’(USA)

- Can. refused to outlaw Communism.

Igor Gouzenko – Russian spy who came forward to notify authorities – no one believed him at first. Atomic secrets.

WESTERN RESPONSES WESTERN RESPONSES TO THE COLD WARTO THE COLD WAR

NATONATO (North Atlantic Treaty Org.)(North Atlantic Treaty Org.) (1949)(1949)

US, Canadian, & Western Europe defence organization.US, Canadian, & Western Europe defence organization.» Attack one – Attack all!!Attack one – Attack all!!» Soviets responded with Soviets responded with

‘‘The Warsaw PactThe Warsaw Pact’’(1951(1951))..– St. Laurent pushed for CanadaSt. Laurent pushed for Canada’’s s middle powermiddle power involvement. involvement.

» Canada adapted defence to align with NATO.Canada adapted defence to align with NATO.Smart??? Independence???Smart??? Independence???

U.S. Marshal Plan$ to help poor European Nations

WESTERN RESPONSES (cont.)WESTERN RESPONSES (cont.)

DEWDEW

(Distant Early Warning Sign)(Distant Early Warning Sign)– A joint system of radar was put in place to A joint system of radar was put in place to warn/protect N. Amer. from attack.warn/protect N. Amer. from attack.- Long range bombers put N. America at risk.- Long range bombers put N. America at risk.

NORAD (North American Aerospace Defence Command)

Defienbaker committed to a joined US/Can. fighter force, missile bases, & air defence. NORAD - Today

US military in Can. caused many Canadians alarm.

CANADACANADA’’S S AVRO ARROWAVRO ARROW

CANADIAN CREATED - Top-notch technology

- Employed thousands- Expensive

Diefenbaker Cancelled - Scientists left Canada – To U.S.

- Crippled Can. air industry - Bomarc Missiles cheaper

U.S. created / U.S. relations - Huge controversy (good/bad???)

PLANNING FOR PEACEPLANNING FOR PEACE

THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)Collective Security - Formed after WW II to

keep peaceTwo bodies: General Assembly (all members)

Security Council. (Super Powers)The Security Councils ‘veto’

- prevented effectiveness - the Soviets vetoed 75 of the 78 times.The UN also pledged to abolish

disease, famine & help improve human rights. (WHO, UNICEF, IMO)

Canada involved in almost every UN operation since 1956.

League of Nations

BERLINBERLIN

BERLINBERLIN1945 - After WW II Germany was divided

between East & West. - Berlin = also divided between East & West

- democratic city within E. Germany1948 – Berlin Airlift. U.S. airlifted supplies.

1961 - East Germans built the Berlin Wall

-‘Wall of Shame’- to keep ‘fascism out.’ OR in?????

1990 – Berlin Wall crumbles.

KOREAKOREATHE KOREAN CONFLICT-Communist north (Soviet /Chinese) vs.

Democratic south (USA)-UN to help south

(Soviet boycott due to no Communist Chinese seat)

- WW III ??? MacArthur threatened Nukes & Chinese invasion.

-1953 = ceasefire – tensions escalated => Vietnam 1960s.

-Korea = “Canada’s Forgotten War”(25 000 soldiers / 2000 dead or wounded)

Wounded in action story.

SUEZ CANAL /SUEZ CANAL / EGYPT EGYPT

SUEZ CRISIS – 1956- Nasser took over Canal.- Brt., Fr., Israel = ‘Operation Musketeer’- Soviets defended Egypt (Bomb??).- USA angry & caught in Middle- PM Pearson initiated UN peacekeeping.

Egypt and the Suez Canal

PM Pearson awardedNobel Peace Prize

CUBAN MISSILE CRISISCUBAN MISSILE CRISIS1959 – Fidel Castro overthrows pro-US dictator Batista.

US Reaction – Trade Sanctions imposed.1961 – Kennedy approves Bay of Pigs invasion.

Cuban Reaction – Turn to USSR for help

1962 – US surveillance shows Soviet MissilesUS Reaction – Naval & Air BlockadeKhrushev refused to remove missiles.WAR????? US & USSR = ALERT

CONCLUSION – USSR removes missiles butUS must agree not to invade Cuba (Missiles out of Turkey?? / Not Public)

Fidel Castro Nationalized Pro-US Cuba

PM DiefenbakerCANADA- Asked for UN checks before total commitment .-US upset and questioned Canada’s loyalty to NORAD-80% of Canadians felt ‘Dief’

was wrong.

Cuban Cigars

VIETNAM WARVIETNAM WARBACK GROUNDEx-French ColonyN. = Commi / S. = Democratic-DictatorUSA feared Domino Effect1st =Advisors=>Supplies=>60s = Soldiers.USSR & China sent weapons & aid to North

AMERICAN REACTIONTet Offensive proved N. V. = worthy opponentFirst TV war – Turned American public.Jungle War vs Mighty USA

CANADA’S REACTION 50/50 => Anti-war Opted out – Volunteers to USAnti-Draft groups for Draft-dodgers

US questioned Canada’s loyaltyPearson / Johnson feud after US bombs

VIETNAM ENDSNixon to office – pull out troopsNorth smashes SouthSupporters = Re-education CampsRefugees (Boat People)

Agent OrangePre-NatalExposure

1980s COLD WAR1980s COLD WARCOLD WAR CONTINUES

USA - increases budget - Supported questionable right wing gov’ts

-Nicaragua - US supported Contras????

USSR – Supported Pro-Communist struggles.

EVENTS – USSR shoots down S. Korean airliner over Soviet airspace.- USA invades Communist Grenada (Caribbean)

CANADA – Trudeau appeals to both for more restraint.

Mulroney forge closer US ties.1983 Strategic Defence Initiative (‘Star Wars’)

Can. Eventually backed out.Too much $ & US ties.

Soviets criticized as $ encouraging more ‘Nukes’

THE END OF THE COLD WARMid 80s Gorbachev’s USSR could not keep pace ($$$) - Proposed massive cuts - Perestroika – Reconstruction - Glasnost – Openess - Encourage other Soviet Bloc

nations to follow.

1991 USSR had collapsed.Member Republics =

IndependenceYeltsin = Democracy

CHINAEncouraged Peresroika => CapitalismFreedoms crushed in Tianaanmen Square