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Core Mantle

CrustLithosphere

Core: Solid inner, liquid outer, hot, made of iron and nickelMantle: lower is partially melted, upper is rigidCrust: Rigid with lots of silicates

Lithosphere: Upper mantle and crust

Plate Tetonics: explains continental drift. These plates drift about 3 cm per year.

Explains how mountain ranges form as one plate is shoved under another.

Plaque on Lageos Iand Lageos II satellites from Italy.

Early earth(270 millions years ago)

Present day

8 million years in the future.

Tides: Moon is mostly responsible.

High tides and low tides depend onthe distance away the moon is.

ABC

Water at point A is pulled toward the moon. Earth at point C is pulled away from the water.

So water collects at A and C (high tides)Water is depleted at B (low tides)

The envelope of gas surrounding the Earth is divided into four distinct layers by thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density. The troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends to about 15 kilometers (9 miles) high. The stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high. The mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers (53 miles) high. The thermosphere starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers (375 miles) high.

Troposphere: Closest to surface. About9 miles high; made mostly of Nitrogen,

Oxygen, and Carbon DioxideStratosphere: Above Troposphere, about

31 miles high; made of the Ozone layer

Mesosphere: Just above stratosphere, about 53 miles high; Made of OH, Oxygen,and Nitrate.

Thermosphere: Just above mesosphere,about 373 miles high. Made pretty much

of Oxygen atoms.

A note about OZONE (O3)

Ozone is an atomospheric filter. It protects us from harmful UV rays.

Holes in the ozone are caused by sunlight interacting with pollutantgases.

Antarctica hole has somewhat stabilized. But the Arctic is still aworry.

Arctic Circle

Antarctica

Greenhouse effect: Not to be confusedwith the holes in the Ozone.

The greenhouse effect is caused by CO2 trapping sunlight and causing a warming effect.

But, global warming causesmore storms which causes

more water in the atmosphere which leads to more reactionsthat destroy the Ozone.

Van Allen Belts:

Not a new fashion designer

In 1958 the first American satellite was launched and it detected a region filled with

charged particles having high energies. Two ofthese surround the earth like doughnuts.

They are called Van Allen Belts after the scientist directing the project. They are kept there because of the earth’s magnetic field.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/15/iceland-northern-lights-w_n_5146263.html

http://vimeo.com/90707024

Any planet with a magnetic field will have regions of charged particles.