Ch 9 – Mandate of Heaven / DYNASTIC CHINA
TermsMANDATE OF HEAVEN – Right to rule
from higher power/heavenDYNASTIES – Ruling families, power
transfers through bloodlineIDEOLOGY – Political philosophyBARBARIANS – Uncivilized people.
Chinese thought all foreigners were these…
KOWTOW – Kneeling and putting forehead to the ground three times. Sign of utmost respect andobedience.
Kow Tow
Dynastic RuleBCE = “Before Common Era” (Before
the year 0)A Unified China under one family’s rule1500 BCE – 1911 CEApprox. 3500 continuous yrs.
First Dynasties1994 BCE—1523 BCE
◦MYTHICAL XIA – may not have really existed
First Dynasties1523 BCE—1028 BCE
◦ SHANG◦ Dominated by warrior aristocracy led to loose rule
by Shang leaders
First Dynasties 1028 BCE—256 BCE
ZHOU Loose rule Mandate of Heaven
Leader was divinely chosen Leader would keep ruling if he looked out for the best interests of
his people Evidence of Iron Working Warring States / factions led to Zhou’s demise
QIN DYNASTY FIRST TO UNIFY Chinese
state◦ United northern plain
with the Yangtze River valley
◦ Office of Emperor set up
Chinese language enforced
Short-lived, widespread rebellions
STARTED GREAT WALL◦ Protection from
“barbarians” to the north
Statue of first emperor at his burial site.
Terra Cotta Army of the Qin
“Funerary Art” / 8,000 Soldiers to watch over tomb of first emperor of China. Discovered in 1974.
HAN DYNASTY Expanded China’s empire to west (to secure Silk
Road), south (Indochina), and north (Manchuria) Chinese made steel and cast-iron tools
OTHERS (but NOT all) TANG (618 CE – 907)
◦ Expanded west increasing contact with India, Central Asia and west gaining access to Indian Ocean
◦ Increased size of ships and compass led to more trade
OTHERS (but NOT all)
SONG (960 CE – 1279)◦Technology explodes
Small compass Gunpowder Movable type (prior to 1000 C.E.)
◦Mathematics Fractions
MONGOL INVADERSGenghis Khan
◦ Early 13th ◦ Ruled much of Asian
continentDon’t enforce culture on
ChineseGrandson Kublai Khan
started next Chinese dynasty in 1271.
Mongol Empire at peak
YUAN Dynasty1279 – 1368 CEStarted by Kublai
◦ Allowed Chinese to keep their own culture
Significant decline in population due to◦ Famine, bubonic
plague, migration to South
MING DYN. 1368 – 1644 CE Majority of Great Wall built by Ming Imposed strict limits on foreign influence Porcelain became major export
Ming Dynasty tombs near Beijing
QING DYN.1644 – 1911LAST DYNASTYPrior to period, China was very
self-sufficient .◦ Led China to be isolated
Prevent foreign influence
Panadas?
Pandas and ChinaA 2007 report shows 239 pandas living in captivity
inside China and another 27 outside the country. Wild population estimates vary; one estimate shows that there are about 1,590 individuals living in the wild, while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000. Some reports also show that the number of pandas in the wild is on the rise. However, the IUCN does not believe there is enough certainty yet to reclassify the species from Endangered to Vulnerable.
While the dragon has often served as China's national emblem, internationally the panda appears at least as commonly. As such, it is becoming widely used within China in international contexts, for example the five Fuwa mascots of the Beijing Olympics.
Dragons
What’s with the dragon? Chinese dragons are legendary creatures in
Chinese mythology and folklore. In Chinese art, dragons are typically portrayed as long, scaled, serpentine creatures with four legs. In yin and yang terminology, a dragon is yang and complements a yin fenghuang ("Chinese phoenix").
Chinese dragons traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, hurricane, and floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck. With this, the Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength.
In Chinese daily language, excellent and outstanding people are compared to the dragon while incapable people with no achievements are compared with other, disesteemed creatures, such as the worm. A number of Chinese proverbs and idioms feature references to the dragon, for example: "Hoping one's son will become a dragon" (望子成龍 , i.e. be as a dragon).
DYNASTIC CYCLEStrong Weak Strong Weak
◦Famine, Chaos, Warfare, Rebellion, Plague, Invaders
Change in authority
QING DYN.Lost Opium Wars in 1840s and
1860s to France and Britain ◦ Forced China to give Hong Kong
to Britain◦ Opened China up to trade with
Europe
◦ On your vocabulary sheet write:◦ Middle Kingdom = Chinese
belief that they are the center of the world
QING DYN. Sino-Japanese War
◦ War between Japan and China Fought in 1894 over Korea
Peninsula Japan was victorious
Taiwan given to Japan European powers including
Russia, Britain, France, Germany and Japan wanted to divide China up
◦ U.S. persuaded countries to follow Open-Door Policy China should be open for trade to
all countries
QING DYN. Many in China upset with foreign
influence in China Chinese citizens attacked
foreigners killing hundreds in 1901 Becomes known as the Boxer
Rebellion European, U.S., and Japanese
militaries sent to China to put rebellions down
QING DYN. Civil wars and uprising brings 2,000
years of dynastic rule to an END.
DYNASTIC CYCLEStrong Weak Strong Weak
◦Famine, Chaos, Warfare, Rebellion, Plague, Invaders
Change in authority
Political cartoonsIdentify the primary topic of the cartoon. Who are the main characters in the cartoon? How are these characters portrayed by the
cartoonist? What are these objects symbolizing? Provide definitions to main concepts use in
the cartoon. Identify anything else the cartoonist uses in
the political cartoon? What is the cartoonist trying to symbolize by
using these things?
Chinese InventionCompassPaperGunpowde
rPrintingSilk
End of Dynastic RuleEmpress Cixi, last real ruler –
“Dowager Empress” – dies in 1908
Widespread uprisingPeople wanted PROGRESS -
modernization and more of a say in government
Needed technology1911 – ENDS w/ final uprising
from the people
End of Dynastic RuleEmpress Cixi, last real
ruler – “Dowager Empress” – dies in 1908
Widespread uprisingPeople wanted
PROGRESS -modernization and more of a say in government
Needed technology1911 – ENDS w/ final
uprising from the people
China after the dynastiesPower became
decentralized◦ Power going to
many different places Military leaders and
their armies from different regions held power.
Armies fought each other causing instability throughout 1920s.