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1

khh;r; 2016/+2 Ntjpapay;/tpilf;Fwpg;Gfs;(Tentative)

tpdhj;jhs; thpirtpdhj;jhs; thpirtpdhj;jhs; thpirtpdhj;jhs; thpir A tpdhj;jhs; thpirtpdhj;jhs; thpirtpdhj;jhs; thpirtpdhj;jhs; thpir B 1. , CH3 NHOH 1. , 6.93 × 10-2 min-1 2. M CH2 = CH2 2. , xspr;rpjwy; 3. < mrpl;bf; mkpyk; 3. m O-iel;Nuh gPdhy; 4. < [Cu(NH3)4] Cl2 4. < K 2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O 5. , 2-(N,N-ilnkj;jpy ; mkpNdh

gpA+l;Nld;) 5. , mjpf mOj;jk; Fiwe;j

ntg;gepiy

6. , xspr;rpjwy ; 6. , 2-(N,N-ilnkj;jpy ; mkpNdh

gpA+l;Nld;) 7. m fiurypy; cs;s Rf;Nuhir

gbfkhf;Fjy; 7. < Cu

8. < Cu2(CN)2 + (CN)2 8. M K p > Kc 9. M 3 epA+l;uhd;fs; 9. , n[yhl;bd;

10. < Z* = Z – S 10. , CH3CH(OH) COOH 11. M K p > Kc 11. , Mh;Njh kw;Wk; ghuh iel;Nuh

mdpNrhy; 12. < Cu 12. m 6 13. m $o;kkhf;fpia gad;gLj;Jjy; 13. < Cu2(CN)2 + (CN)2 14. M α-mkpNdh mkpyk; 14. M α-mkpNdh mkpyk; 15. , 6.93 × 10-2 min-1 15. M ,iz khw;wpak;

16. M Mf;bidLfs; 16. m ghuh/ghh;khy ;bi`L 17. , CH3CH(OH) COOH 17. , iel;u[dpYs;s jdp

vyf;l;uhd; ,ul;il 18. M ,iz khw;wpak; 18. < Z* = Z – S 19. < K 2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O 19. m $o;kkhf;fpia gad;gLj;Jjy;

20. m ghuh/ghh;khy;bi`L 20. M 3 epA+l;uhd;fs; 21. < nkj;jpy ; MuQ;R 21. , CH3 NHOH 22. M 30% kp~ ; cNyhfk; kw;Wk;

1% Zr 22. M %d;W xw;iw rh;f ;fiu

23. , mjpf mOj;jk; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy

23. < [Cu(NH3)4] Cl2

24. M %d;W xw;iw rh;f ;fiu 24. < mrpl;bf; mkpyk; 25. m O-iel;Nuh gPdhy; 25. M 2

4SO−

26. m 6 26. m fiurypy; cs;s Rf;Nuhir gbfkhf;Fjy;

27 , Mh;Njh kw;Wk; ghuh iel;Nuh mdpNrhy ;

27 M 30% kp~ ; cNyhfk; kw;Wk; 1% Zr

28. M 24SO

−

28. M Mf;bidLfs;

29. , iel;u[dpYs;s jdp vyf;l;uhd; ,ul;il

29. < nkj;jpy ; MuQ;R

30. , n[yhl;bd; 30. M CH2 = CH2

(* Note: Utmost c are is taken to prepare this answer key. If any mistake or correction, com-pare with Government answer key)

24

2 2SnCl / HCl H O3 3 3 3

(B) (A)CH CN CH CH = NH.HCl CH CHO + NH− → →

( )( )

2 4C

A H SO + →ml® kndhtáa kUªJ

(C)

3CH3CHOH2SO4

ml®

CH3

CH

O O

CH3 CH CH

O

CH3

(A)

70<). msÉyh Ú®¤jÈš Al 3+ k‰W« SO2-4-‹ maÅ¡ fl¤J« âw‹fŸ

Kiwna 189 X«-1 br.Û2 ». rkhd«-1 k‰W« 160 X«-1 br.Û2 ». rkhd«-1

MF«. msÉyh Úh¤jÈ‹ Ä‹gFËÆ‹ rkhd k‰W« nkhyh® fl¤J¤

âwid¡ fz¡»L.

Ä‹gFË = Al2(SO

4)

3

λ∞ Al2(SO

4)

3= ?

µ∞ Al2(SO

4)

3= ?

λ∞ Al2(SO

4)

3=

3 24

1 1Al SO

3 2+ −

∞ ∞λ + λ

= 189 160

3 2+

= 63 + 80

λ∞ Al2(SO

4)

3= 143 nkh.br.Û2.(».rkhd«)-1

µ∞ Al2(SO

4)

3= 2 × µ∞ Al 3+ + 3 × µ∞ SO

42–

= (2 × 189) + (3 × 160)= 378 + 480

µ∞ Al2(SO

4)

3= 858 nkh.br.Û2.nkhš-1

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2

gFjpgFjpgFjpgFjp - II31.31.31.31. nà;rd; gh;fpd; epiyapy;yhf; nfhs;ifia vOJf.nà;rd; gh;fpd; epiyapy;yhf; nfhs;ifia vOJf.nà;rd; gh;fpd; epiyapy;yhf; nfhs;ifia vOJf.nà;rd; gh;fpd; epiyapy;yhf; nfhs;ifia vOJf.

xNu Neuj;jpy; kpfTk; Jy;ypakhf Ez;Jfspd; epiy kw;Wk;

jpirNtfk; Mfpatw;iw mstpl KbahJ.

fzpjtpay; Kiwg;gb>

∆x . ∆p ≥ h

4π

∆x vd;gJ Jfspd; epiyapy; cs;s epiyapy;yhj; jd;ik

∆p vd;gJ Jfspd; ce;jj;jpy; cs;s epiyapy;yhj; jd;ik

32.32.32.32. fhHgdpd; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; Nghuhid tpl mjpfk; Vd;?fhHgdpd; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; Nghuhid tpl mjpfk; Vd;?fhHgdpd; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; Nghuhid tpl mjpfk; Vd;?fhHgdpd; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; Nghuhid tpl mjpfk; Vd;?

fhHgdpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G- 1s2 2s2 2px1 2p

y1 2p

z0

Nghuhdpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G- 1s2 2s2 2px1 2p

y0 2p

z0

fhHgdpd; mZf;fU kpd;Rik Nghuhid tpl mjpfk;.

vdNt fhHgdpd; madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; Nghuhid tpl mjpfk;.

33.33.33.33. gpsk;Ngh rhy;td;rpgpsk;Ngh rhy;td;rpgpsk;Ngh rhy;td;rpgpsk;Ngh rhy;td;rp – gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.

fhw;wpy;yh #o;epiyapy; nyl; Ja ePhpdhy; ghjpf;fg;glhJ. Mdhy;

ePhpy; fhw;W fiue;J ,Ug;gpd;> fiuAk; jd;ik ngw;w er;Rj;

jd;ik nfhz;l nyl; i`l;uhf;irL jUfpwJ.

,JNt “gpsk;Ngh fiug;ghd;” jd;ik vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

2Pb + O2 + 2H

2O → 2Pb (OH)

2

34.34.34.34. H4P

2O

7-d; vyf;l;uhd; Gs;sp tha;g;ghl;bid tiuf.-d; vyf;l;uhd; Gs;sp tha;g;ghl;bid tiuf.-d; vyf;l;uhd; Gs;sp tha;g;ghl;bid tiuf.-d; vyf;l;uhd; Gs;sp tha;g;ghl;bid tiuf.

35.35.35.35. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; cNyhff; fyitia cUthf;FtJ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; cNyhff; fyitia cUthf;FtJ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; cNyhff; fyitia cUthf;FtJ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; cNyhff; fyitia cUthf;FtJ

Vd;?Vd;?Vd;?Vd;?

,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; midj;Jk; Vwj;jho xNu mZ mikg;G

kw;Wk; xNu khjphpahd gbfj;ij ngw;wpUg;gjhy; xd;wpd; ,lj;ij

kw;nwhd;W vLj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

(v.fh.) Cr-Ni> Cr-Ni-Fe my;yJ nghUj;jkhd v.fh.

36.36.36.36. FNuhkpak; Kyhk; G+Rjy; vd;why; vd;d?FNuhkpak; Kyhk; G+Rjy; vd;why; vd;d?FNuhkpak; Kyhk; G+Rjy; vd;why; vd;d?FNuhkpak; Kyhk; G+Rjy; vd;why; vd;d?

Neh; kpd;tha; - nyl; jfL

23

OH

CHCl 3

NaOH

OH

CHO

+

OH

CHO(A) (B) (C)

(ii)

(A) + i la Nr hkPj ;Njd ;f huf ;f i ury ;

(D) (<j h ;)

C6H5 OH + CH2 N2 C6H5 OCH3 + N2OH-

(A) (D)

70M).'A' v‹w MuŠR át¥ò Ãw gof«, xU tÈik ÄF M¡á#nd‰¿.

nr®k« (A), bgh£lháa« FnshiuL k‰W« ml® ršãôÇ¡ mÄy¤Jl‹

ÉidòÇªJ, ÃwKŸs thí (B) ia btËÉL»wJ. KOH cl‹ (A)

ÉidòÇªJ (C) v‹w kŠrŸ Ãw fiurš bgw¥gL»wJ vÅš (A), (B)

k‰W« (C)-I¡ f©l¿ªJ Éidfis vGJf.

(i) ( ) 2 4A H SO+ →MuŠR át¥òÃw gof« FnshiuL c¥ò +ml®

( )BMuŠR át¥ò ÃwKŸs Fnuhikš FnshiuL thí

( ) ( )2 2 7 2 4 2 2 4 2

BA

K Cr O 4KCl 6H SO 2CrO Cl 6KHSO 3H O+ + → + +

(ii) (A) + KOH → (C) kŠrŸ Ãw«

( ) ( )2 2 7 2 4 2

CA

K Cr O 2KOH 2K CrO H O+ → +

70ï). C2H

4O v‹w _y¡TW thŒ¥ghLila nr®k« (A), C

2H

3N v‹w

_y¡TW thŒ¥ghLila nr®k« (B)ia <jÇš fiu¤J SnCl2 k‰W«

HCl cl‹ xL¡f« brŒJ jahÇ¡f¥gL»wJ. nr®k« (A) lhy‹°

fuÂia xL¡F»wJ. xU JË ml® H2SO

4 nr®¡F«nghJ nr®k« (A)

gygoah¡fY¡F c£g£L tisa nr®k« (C)I¤ jU»wJ vÅš (A),

(B) k‰W« (C)ia¡ f©l¿ªJ Éidfis vGJf.

(i)( ) ( )

2

2 3 2 4BA

SnCl /HClC H N C H O→xL¡f«

(lhy‹° ÉidbghUis xL¡F«)







3

vjph; kpd;tha; - FNuhkpak; Kyhk; G+r Ntz;ba nghUs;

kpd;gFsp - FNuhkpf; mkpyk; + ry;G+hpf; mkpyk; fyit

kpd;dhw;gFf;Fk; NghJ FNuhkpak; nghUspd; kPJ gbfpwJ. nghJthf

FNuhk; Kyhk; G+Rtjw;F Kd;G epf;fy; Kyhk; G+rg;gLfpwJ.

37.37.37.37. -13

Al 27 + 2He4 →→→→

14Si30 +

1H1 + Q vd;w cl;fU tpidapd;vd;w cl;fU tpidapd;vd;w cl;fU tpidapd;vd;w cl;fU tpidapd; Q kjpg;Gkjpg;Gkjpg;Gkjpg;G

fhz;f.fhz;f.fhz;f.fhz;f.

13Al 27 = 26.9815 amu

14Si30 = 29.9738 amu

2He4 = 4.0026 amu

1H 1 = 1.0078 amu

∆E= (29.9738 + 1.0078) – (26.9815 + 4.0026)= -0.0025 amu

Q = 0.0025 × 931 Q = 2.329 MeV38.38.38.38. mjpkpd; flj;jpapd; %d;W gad;fs; jUf.mjpkpd; flj;jpapd; %d;W gad;fs; jUf.mjpkpd; flj;jpapd; %d;W gad;fs; jUf.mjpkpd; flj;jpapd; %d;W gad;fs; jUf.

1. mjpkpd; flj;jp n[dNul;lHfs; rhjhuz n[dNul;lHfistpl

Fiwe;j viliaAk;> rpwpa cUtsitAk; ngw;Ws;sd. NkYk;>

,it Fiwe;j Mw;wiy gad;gLj;Jtjhy; mjpf Mw;wiy

Nrkpf;fyhk;.

2. mjpf jpwd; nfhz;l jhJ gphpj;njLf;Fk; ,ae;jpuq;fspy;

mjpkpd;flj;jp fhe;jq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

3. mjpkpd;flj;jp nrypdha;Lfs; KO cliy Ma;T nra;Ak;

cgfuzkhf mZf;fU fhe;j xj;jpirT gl cgfuzj;jpy;

gad;gLfpwJ.

39.39.39.39. vd;l;Nuhgp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; myFfisf; $W.vd;l;Nuhgp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; myFfisf; $W.vd;l;Nuhgp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; myFfisf; $W.vd;l;Nuhgp vd;why; vd;d? mjd; myFfisf; $W.

vd;l;Nuhgp vd;gJ xOq;fw;w jd;ikia mstpLk; gz;G my;yJ

Xh; mikg;gpy; %yf;$Wfspd; xOq;fw;w jd;ikia Fwpg;gjhFk;.

,J xU epiyr; rhh;ghFk;.

vd;l;Nuhgpapd; myF =i) cgs myfpy; fNyhhp / bfphp (my;yJ) euii ) SI myfpy; JK-1 (m) EU

40.40.40.40. yP rhl;ypah; nfhs;ifia vOJf.yP rhl;ypah; nfhs;ifia vOJf.yP rhl;ypah; nfhs;ifia vOJf.yP rhl;ypah; nfhs;ifia vOJf.

rkepiyapy; cs;s Xh; mikg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhy;

rkepiyahdJ me;j ghjpg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisit rkd; nra;Ak;

jpiria Nehf;fp efUk;.

41.41.41.41. Nghyp Kjy; tif tpid vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.Nghyp Kjy; tif tpid vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.Nghyp Kjy; tif tpid vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.Nghyp Kjy; tif tpid vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

XH ,uz;lhk; tif tpidapy;> VjhtnjhU tpidgLnghUspd;

nrwpit kw;nwhd;iwtpl mjpfkhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ

mt;tpid Kjy;tif tpidahfpwJ.

22

(4) FSf;Nfh]; ; + mrpl;bf; mkpy ePhpyp →gphpbd; ngd;lh mrpl;Nll;

Ie;J i`l;uhf;rp njhFjp cs;sij fhl;LfpwJ.

(5) FSf;Nfh]; ; + HCN → raNdh i`l;hpd;

My;bi`L (m) fPl;Nlhd; njhFjp cs;sij fhl;LfpwJ.

(6) FSf;Nfhir GNuhkpd; fiury; nfhz;L Vw;wk; nra;jhy;

FSf;Nfhdpf; mkpyk; fpilf;fpwJ. ,J FSf;Nfhrpy; My;bi`L

njhFjp cs;sij fhl;LfpwJ.

(7) FSf;Nfh]; iel;hpf; mkpyj;jpdhy; NkYk; Vw;wkile;J rhf;fhpf;

mkpyj;ij jUfpwJ. ,J FSf;Nfhrpy; xNu xU Xhpiza My;f`hy;

njhFjp cs;sij fhl;LfpwJ.

(8) FSf;Nfh]; lhyd;]; fuzpiaAk;> ngypq; fiuriyAk;

xLf;FfpwJ. ,it FSf;Nfhrpy; My;bi`L njhFjp cs;sij

fhl;LfpwJ.

Nkw;fz;l tptuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; FSf;Nfh]; mikg;G

fPo;f;fz;lthW cs;sJ.

H

C

O

*CHOH

*CHOH

*CHOH

*CHOH

CH2OH *C = rPh;ikaw;w fhh;gd; mZ

FSf;Nfh]; (2,3,4,5,6 ngd;lh i`buhf;rp n`f;rNdy;)

70m).C6H

6O v‹w _y¡TW thŒghL bfh©l nr®k« (A) eLÃiy bg®Ç¡

FnshiuLl‹ Cjh Ãw¤ij¤ jU»wJ. nr®k« (A) CHCl3 k‰W«

NaOH cl‹ fhŒ¢R« bghGJ ïu©L Inrhk®fŸ (B) k‰W« (C) I¤

jU»wJ. nr®k« (A) cl‹ ilanrhÛ¤nj‹ fhu¡fiurš

nr®¡F«bghGJ (D) v‹w <jiu jU»wJ vÅš A, B, C k‰W« D-I¡

f©l¿ªJ Éidfis És¡Ff?

(i) 3CHCl6 6 7 6 2 7 6 2NaOH3

(A)

FeCl

C H O C H O + C H O →(eLÃiy cl‹ Cjh Ãw« jU»wJ)

(B) (C)







4

mj;jifa tpid Nghyp Kjy; tif tpid vdg;gLk;.

(v.fh) mkpy Kd;dpiyapy; v];jiu ePuhw;gFj;jy;

CH3COOCH

3 + H

2O

+H→ CH3COOH + CH

3OH

42.42.42.42. mH`Pdpa]; rkd;ghl;il vOjp tpsf;Ff.mH`Pdpa]; rkd;ghl;il vOjp tpsf;Ff.mH`Pdpa]; rkd;ghl;il vOjp tpsf;Ff.mH`Pdpa]; rkd;ghl;il vOjp tpsf;Ff.

k = -EaRTAe

k = tpidNtf khwpyp A = mjpHT fhuzp

Ea = fpsHTW Mw;wy; R = thA khwpyp

T = ntg;gepiy (nfy;tpdpy;)43.43.43.43. $o;kkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf$o;kkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf$o;kkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf$o;kkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf

tPo ;gbthd nghUs;> $o;kf; fiuryhf fiurypy; cs;s

kpd;gFspapd; fhuzkhf tpuTjy; $o;kkhf;fy; vdg;gLk;. ,r;nraYf;F

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;gFsp $o;kkhf;Fk; fhuzp vdg;gLk;.

(v.fh)

rpy;tH FNshiuLld; i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyj;ij NrHj;J

$o;kkhf;fy;

nghpf; i`l;uhf;irLld; nghpf; FNshiuil NrHj;J

$o;kkhf;fy;.

44.44.44.44. n`d;lh;rd; rkd;ghl;bd; %d;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; vOJf.n`d;lh;rd; rkd;ghl;bd; %d;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; vOJf.n`d;lh;rd; rkd;ghl;bd; %d;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; vOJf.n`d;lh;rd; rkd;ghl;bd; %d;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; vOJf.

1. typik Fiw mkpyk; kw;Wk; cg;gpd; njhlf;fr; nrwpT>

kw;Wk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Ka kjpg;gpypUe;J jhq;fy; fiurypd; pH-Ifzf;fplyhk;.

2. rkNkhyhh; msT mkpyk; (my;yJ) fhuk; kw;Wk; cg;G nfhz;l

fiurypd; pH mstpLjd; %yk; typik Fiw mkpyk; (my;yJ)

typik Fiw fhuk; Mfpatw;wpd; gphpif khwpypia (Ka) fzf;fplyhk;.

3. jhq;fy; fiurYld; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; mkpyk; kw;Wk; cg;gpd; nrwpit

khw;wp Njitahd pH cs;s jhq;fy; fiuriy jahhpf;fyhk;.

45.45.45.45. ,dd;rpNahkH kw;Wk; lah];bhpNahkHfspd; VNjDk; %d;W,dd;rpNahkH kw;Wk; lah];bhpNahkHfspd; VNjDk; %d;W,dd;rpNahkH kw;Wk; lah];bhpNahkHfspd; VNjDk; %d;W,dd;rpNahkH kw;Wk; lah];bhpNahkHfspd; VNjDk; %d;W

NtWghLfis vOJf.NtWghLfis vOJf.NtWghLfis vOJf.NtWghLfis vOJf. ,dd;rpNahkh;,dd;rpNahkh;,dd;rpNahkh;,dd;rpNahkh; lah];bhpNahkh;lah];bhpNahkh;lah];bhpNahkh;lah];bhpNahkh;

(i) xsp Row;rp khw;wpaq;fs; xj;j Row;rp

msitAk; vjph;kiwahd FwpaPl;ilAk;;

nfhz;lit

xspRow;rpapd; mstpNyNa

khWgLfpwJ.

(ii) ,it Nkw;nghUe;jhj nghUs; Mb gpk;g

njhlh;Gila Gwntsp mikg;G

nfhz;lit

,it Mb gpk;gj;

njhlh;Gilaitahf ,Uf;fhJ.

(iii) ,it xsp Row;Wk; jpirapy; kl;;Lk;

khWgLk;. kw;w vy;yh gz;GfspYk;

xj;jjhapUf;Fk;.

,it vy;yh ,aw;gpay;

gz;GfspYk; NtWgLk;.

(iv) d.l khw;wpaq;fis fyitapypUe;J

jdpj;jdpNa gphpj;jy; mt;tsT vspjy;y

lah];bhpNahkh;fis vspjhf

gphpj;jy; ,aYk;.

21

1) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD → g¸∏ˆ[

OH

COOH

rhyprpypf; mkpyk;

(CH3CO)2OOCOCH3

COOH

M];gphpd;

2) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD → *›Á>_ ƒVoEºÈ‚

OH

COOH

r h y p r py p f ; m k py k ;

CH3OHOH

COOCH3

k Pj ;i j y ; r h y p r p N y l ;;

H2SO4

+ H2O

3) √VÏt¬ ∂tÈD → √VÏ\Á\|

HCOOH + NH3 HCOO NH4-H2O

HCONH2

(ghh;kikL)

69∂).69∂).69∂).69∂). ÁÂ‚´¸ ∂tÈD ˆÁ%B, ~ˆÁ%B, JsÁ%B ∂*[Ô”¶[ ®ÀkVÆÁÂ‚´¸ ∂tÈD ˆÁ%B, ~ˆÁ%B, JsÁ%B ∂*[Ô”¶[ ®ÀkVÆÁÂ‚´¸ ∂tÈD ˆÁ%B, ~ˆÁ%B, JsÁ%B ∂*[Ô”¶[ ®ÀkVÆÁÂ‚´¸ ∂tÈD ˆÁ%B, ~ˆÁ%B, JsÁ%B ∂*[Ô”¶[ ®ÀkVÆ

sÁ™ Aˆ˛[≈m?sÁ™ Aˆ˛[≈m?sÁ™ Aˆ˛[≈m?sÁ™ Aˆ˛[≈m?

1) ˆÁ%B ∂t[Ô^ ÁÂ‚´¸ ∂tÈ›m¶[ sÁ™AˆÕm g_Ô«V_ \uÆD

ÁÂ‚´¤[ kV•Ák¬ ÿÔV|¬˛≈m.

CH3NH2 + O = N-OH CH3-N=N-OH

unstable

CH3OH + N2

2) ~ˆÁ%B ∂*[Ô^ ÁÂ‚´¸ ∂tÈ›m¶[ sÁ™AˆÕm ÁÂ‚´ºƒV ∂*[Ô^

cÚkV˛≈m. ÷Ák ¿ˆ_ ÔÁ´BV> \fiƒ^ W≈ ®ıÁ%ÁB ÿÔV|¬˛≈m.

(CH3)2 NH + HO - N = O (CH3)2 - N - N = O

3) JsÁ%B ∂*[Ô^ ÁÂ‚´¸ ∂tÈ›m¶[ sÁ™AˆÕm ‚Á´ g_ÁÔ_

∂Dº\VMBD ÁÂ‚Á´‚ c©A¬ÔÁ·› >ÚD. ÷Ák ¿ˆ_ ÔÁ´•D >[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m.

(CH3)3 N + HONO (CH3)3 NH+NO2-

69g).69g).69g).69g). z”¬ºÔVE[ ∂Á\©∏Á™ W‘∏.z”¬ºÔVE[ ∂Á\©∏Á™ W‘∏.z”¬ºÔVE[ ∂Á\©∏Á™ W‘∏.z”¬ºÔVE[ ∂Á\©∏Á™ W‘∏.

(1) jdpk Ma;T> %yf;$W vilawpjy; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J FSf;Nfh];

tha;g;ghL C6H

12O

6

(2) FSf;Nfh]; HI /P →

xLf;fk; n-n`f;Nrd;

MW fhHgd; mZf;fs; fpisapy;yh ePz;lnjhlhpy; cs;sJ.

(3) FSf;Nfh]; ; + ePH → eLepiyf; fiury;

-COOH njhFjp ,y;iy vdf;fhl;LfpwJ.







5

46.46.46.46. My;f`hy;fis fphpf;dhHL fuzpf;F fiug;gdhf gad;gLj;jMy;f`hy;fis fphpf;dhHL fuzpf;F fiug;gdhf gad;gLj;jMy;f`hy;fis fphpf;dhHL fuzpf;F fiug;gdhf gad;gLj;jMy;f`hy;fis fphpf;dhHL fuzpf;F fiug;gdhf gad;gLj;j

KbahJ Vd;?KbahJ Vd;?KbahJ Vd;?KbahJ Vd;?

fhpk cNyhfr; NrHkq;fs; My;f`hyhy; rpijtilfpd;wJ. vdNt

My;f`hy;fis fphpf;dhHL tpidg; nghUSf;F fiug;ghdhf

gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

ROH + CH3 MgBr → R – O – MgBr + CH

4

47.47.47.47. nlhYtPdpypUe;J ngd;iry; My;f`hy; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?nlhYtPdpypUe;J ngd;iry; My;f`hy; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?nlhYtPdpypUe;J ngd;iry; My;f`hy; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?nlhYtPdpypUe;J ngd;iry; My;f`hy; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

C6H5CH3Cl2

-HClC6H5CH2Cl

NaOHC6H5CH2OH + NaCl

nlhYtPd; ngd;iry; FNshiuL ngd;iry; My;f`hy;

48.48.48.48. Nuhrkd;l; xLf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjpy;Nuhrkd;l; xLf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjpy;Nuhrkd;l; xLf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjpy;Nuhrkd;l; xLf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjpy; BaSO4 Nrh;g;gjd; Nehf;fk;Nrh;g;gjd; Nehf;fk;Nrh;g;gjd; Nehf;fk;Nrh;g;gjd; Nehf;fk;

vd;d?vd;d?vd;d?vd;d?

mkpyFNshiuLfs; i`l;u[dhy; Nghpak; ry;Ngl;by; cs;s

ngy;yhbak; Kd;dpiyapy ; xLf;Fk;NghJ My;bi`Lfs;

fpilf;fpd;wd.

CH3 C

Cl

= O + H2Pd

BaSO4

= OCCH3

H

+ HCl

My;bi`Lfs; NkYk; xLf;fk; milahky; jilnra;a BaSO4

tpidNtf er;rhf gad;gLfpwJ.

49.49.49.49. kPj;ijy; raidL mrpl;likLypUe;J vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?kPj;ijy; raidL mrpl;likLypUe;J vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?kPj;ijy; raidL mrpl;likLypUe;J vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?kPj;ijy; raidL mrpl;likLypUe;J vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

CH3CNCH3CONH2

P2O5

-H2O

50.50.50.50. fhgphpNay; jhypikL njhFj;jy; gw;wp vOJf.fhgphpNay; jhypikL njhFj;jy; gw;wp vOJf.fhgphpNay; jhypikL njhFj;jy; gw;wp vOJf.fhgphpNay; jhypikL njhFj;jy; gw;wp vOJf.

jhypikL nghl;lhrpak; i`l;uhf;irLld; (KOH) tpidGupe;Jnghl;lhrpak; jhypikilj; jUfpwJ. ,ij My;ify; `hiyLld;

tpidg;gLj;j N-My;ify; jhypikL fpilf;fpwJ. mjid

nghl;lhrpak; i`l;uhf;i]Lld; tpidg;gLj;j nghl;lhrpak;

jhNyl;ilAk; Xupiza mkpidAk; jUfpwJ.

20

4. t[ÔÈ sÁ™ l_ ~|√¶V>, sÁ™•≈V cºÈVÔ t [kVF Ï

∂Á¶©A¬ z§¬z^ ÔV‚¶©√|˛≈m.

2+ +Mg Mg H H2(Pt)

ºÂÏt[ kVFä∂Á´ÔÈD ®]Ït[ kVFä∂Á´ÔÈD

sÁ™•≈V t[ kVF

5. ŒÚ t[ÔÈ›][ t[ ∂ ø›>D, t[ ÔÈ√¶›][ kÈm A≈›]_

ÔV‚¶©√|˛≈m.

4 4Zn | ZnSO || CuSO | Cu E = + 1.1.V

→ ®È¬‚´V[ ‚¶›][ ]Áƒ

4 4Cu | CuSO || ZnSO | Zn E = - 1.1.V

← ®È¬‚´V[ ‚¶›][ ]Áƒ

68∂ ).68∂ ).68∂ ).68∂ ). kÁ · B ÿ« ¬ƒ™ Vo [ k ƒ ∂ Á \©AÔÁ · s kˆ. ∂ ku§ [kÁ · B ÿ« ¬ƒ™ Vo [ k ƒ ∂ Á \©AÔÁ · s kˆ. ∂ ku§ [kÁ · B ÿ« ¬ƒ™ Vo [ k ƒ ∂ Á \©AÔÁ · s kˆ. ∂ ku§ [kÁ · B ÿ« ¬ƒ™ Vo [ k ƒ ∂ Á \©AÔÁ · s kˆ. ∂ ku§ [

WÁÈ›>[Á\ÁB z§©∏|Ô.WÁÈ›>[Á\ÁB z§©∏|Ô.WÁÈ›>[Á\ÁB z§©∏|Ô.WÁÈ›>[Á\ÁB z§©∏|Ô.

kÁ·B ÿ«¬ƒ™V_ ÷Ú ÂVuÔVo kΩk›]_ c^·m.

I IIOH

OH

1) ÷Õ> ∂Á\©AÔ^ Œ[§oÚÕm \uÿ≈V[§uz \VÆD >[Á\ c^·m.

2) I- kƒ ∂Á\©∏_ -OH ÿ>Vz] ∂fl∑ka ∏Á% ©∏_ c^·m. II - kƒ

∂Á\©∏_ -OH ÿ>Vz] ºÔV%ka ∏Á%©∏K^·m.

3) ∂fl∑ka ∂Á\©A, ºÔV%ka ∂Á\©Á√¬ ÔV‚ΩKD E§m ∂]Ô c^·Vu≈_

cÁ¶Bm. ƒ\WÁÈl_ ºÔV% ka ∂Á\©A 90% D, ∂fl∑ka ∂Á\©A 10%D

c^·m.

4) ∂fl∑ka √]o ∂>uz J[≈VD ÔVÏ√[ ∂b°¶[ ÷Á%¬Ô©√‚|^·

∂fl∑ka Á«‚´¤[ ∂b¬Ô”¶[ ÿÔV^π¶ sÁƒl_ ~|√|˛≈m. ÷m

∂fl∑ka √]ol[ WÁÈ›>[Á\ÁB¬ zÁ≈¬˛≈m. ÷>uz 1:3 ÷Ú\Ω

∂fl∑ka sÁƒÔ^ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷ÀkÁÔ sÁƒÔ^ ºÔV%ka √]oÁB

ÿÔVı¶ kƒ ∂Á\©∏_ ÷_ÁÈ.

68g).68g).68g).68g). ∏[kÚD \Vu≈∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ WÔµ˛[≈™?∏[kÚD \Vu≈∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ WÔµ˛[≈™?∏[kÚD \Vu≈∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ WÔµ˛[≈™?∏[kÚD \Vu≈∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ WÔµ˛[≈™?

1) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD 1) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD 1) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD 1) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD → g¸∏ˆ[g¸∏ˆ[g¸∏ˆ[g¸∏ˆ[

2) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD 2) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD 2) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD 2) ƒVoEo¬ ∂tÈD → *›Á>_ ƒVoEºÈ‚*›Á>_ ƒVoEºÈ‚*›Á>_ ƒVoEºÈ‚*›Á>_ ƒVoEºÈ‚

3) √VÏt¬ ∂tÈD3) √VÏt¬ ∂tÈD3) √VÏt¬ ∂tÈD3) √VÏt¬ ∂tÈD → √VÏ\Á\| √VÏ\Á\| √VÏ\Á\| √VÏ\Á\|







6

51.51.51.51. rhaq;fspd; %d;W rpwg;gpay;Gfis vOJfrhaq;fspd; %d;W rpwg;gpay;Gfis vOJfrhaq;fspd; %d;W rpwg;gpay;Gfis vOJfrhaq;fspd; %d;W rpwg;gpay;Gfis vOJf

1) ,it jFe;j epwq;fis ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

2) Jzpfspd; Nky; NeubahfNth> NtnwhU fhuzpahNyh

rhak; xl;lf;$bajhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3) rhak; Jzpfspd; Nky; epue;jukhf gpizf;fg;gLk;

jd;ikAilajhapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4) ePh;;> ePh;j;j mkpyk;> fhuk; Mfpatw;why; ghjpf;fg;glhjpUj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

My;ify; mkPd;

NH KOHCO

CO

CO

CO

NK RXCO

CO

N - R

COOK

COOK

+ RNH2

jhypikL

nghl;lhrpak; /jhNyl;

nghl;lhrpak; jhypikL

N - My;ify; jhypikL

KOH fiury;

For Copies Contact

9080228421

19

α-\]©A tÔ¬z Á≈° ®M _ , ÷>Á™ 1 c¶[ Œ©∏|D º√Vm

A≈¬ÔË¬ÔÈVD. ®™ºk,

Ka = α2C → (3)

∂>Vkm α2 = aK

C

α = aK

C

[H+] = Cα

[H+] = C × aK

C

[H+] = aK C×

÷Á>©º√VÈºk TˆB zÁ≈Õ> ÔV´›]uz

Kb =

2α C

1 - α

Kb = α2C (α tÔ¬zÁ≈° ®M_)

α = bK

C

67g ).67g ).67g ).67g ). IUPAC s] xÁ ≈ÔÁ · ÿÔVı | t [ ÔÈ [ kVF ©√V‚Ω Á ™ ®Àk VÆs] xÁ ≈ÔÁ · ÿÔVı | t [ ÔÈ [ kVF ©√V‚Ω Á ™ ®Àk VÆs] xÁ ≈ÔÁ · ÿÔVı | t [ ÔÈ [ kVF ©√V‚Ω Á ™ ®Àk VÆs] xÁ ≈ÔÁ · ÿÔVı | t [ ÔÈ [ kVF ©√V‚Ω Á ™ ®Àk VÆ

®ømkVF?®ømkVF?®ømkVF?®ømkVF?

1. ŒÚ ÿƒ∫z›mºÔV|, t[kVF \uÆD ÔÁ´ƒo K^· ∂BM,

g˛BkuÁ≈ ∏ˆ›m¬ ÔV‚¶ √B[√|˛≈m.

2+ 2+Zn Zn Cu CuW Á È Á \ ®_ Á È

º ÂÏ t [ k V F ä∂ Á ´ Ô È D

®] Ït [ k VF ä∂ Á ´Ô È D

ºÂÏt[kVF ®©ÿ√VømD ÷ ¶©A≈\VÔ°D ®]Ït[kVF

kÈ©A≈\VÔ°D ÔV‚¶©√¶ ºkı|D.

2. ÷´ı | ÿƒ∫z›m ºÔV|Ô^, ºÂÏt[kVFä®]Ït[kVF,

∂Á´ÔÈ›]K^· ÔÁ´ƒ_Ô^ Œ[º≈V| Œ[ Æ ºÂ´Ω› ÿ>V¶ÏA

÷_ÈV>, g™ V_ ÷ ´ı |D ŒÚ c©A √VÈ›][ J ÈD t [

ÿ>V¶ÏA cÁ¶B>VÔ¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈™.

C uZ n Z n C u

c © A √V È Dº Â Ï t [ k V F ä∂ Á ´ Ô È D ® ] Ï t [ k V F ä∂ Á ´ Ô È D

2+ 2+

3. ºÂÏt[ ∂Á´¬ÔÈ›]K^· cºÈVÔ t[ kVF ÷¶mA≈

´›]KD, ®]Ït[ ∂Á´ÔÈ›]K^· cºÈVÔ t[kVF kÈm

A≈ ´›]KD ÔV‚¶©√|˛≈m.







7

gFjpgFjpgFjpgFjp - IIISECTION - A

52.52.52.52. º¶sƒ[ ä ÿ¤Ï\Ï ºƒV>Á™ÁB s·¬zÔ.º¶sƒ[ ä ÿ¤Ï\Ï ºƒV>Á™ÁB s·¬zÔ.º¶sƒ[ ä ÿ¤Ï\Ï ºƒV>Á™ÁB s·¬zÔ.º¶sƒ[ ä ÿ¤Ï\Ï ºƒV>Á™ÁB s·¬zÔ.

1. ÿk©√©√|›>©√‚¶ ¶∫¸ ¶[ t[ M ÁwloÚ Õm ÿkπ ©√|D

®È¬‚´V[ ÔuÁ≈ cBÏºÂÏt[ ™ø›>›]_ ÿƒK›m D º√Vm

x|¬ÔD ÿ√Æ˛≈m.

2. x|¬ÔD ÿ√u≈ ®È¬‚´V[ ÔuÁ≈Á B ÿ√ˆB ŒuÁ≈ W¬Ô_

√ΩÔ›][ *m swflÿƒF•D º√Vm, ®È¬‚´V[ Ô^ ÿkÀºkÆ

]ÁƒÔπ_ E>≈Ω¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

3. ÷ ÀkVÆ ÿ√≈©√|D sπDA kÁ·° xäÔ]ÏÔ^ J ÈD ÿ√≈©√‚¶

sπDA kÁ·° ∂Á\©Á√© º√V_ c^·m.

4. xäÔ]ÏÔ^ ∂ÁÈ©√ı Á√ ÿ√u§ Ú©√>V_, ®È¬‚´V[Ô” D

∂ÁÈ©√ıA ÿ√uÆ^·m.

5. ºƒV>Á™ JÈD ∂·s¶©√‚¶ ®È¬‚´VM[ ∂ÁÈ ¿· \]©√V™m,

Ωä∏´V¬º· ƒ\[√V| J ÈD Ô% ¬˛¶©√‚¶ ∂ ÁÈ ¿· \]©A¶[

ÿ√VÚÕm˛[≈m.

®™ºk, º\uÌ§B ÌuÆÔπoÚÕm ®È¬‚´V[ ∂ÁÈ›>[Á\

ÿ√uÆ^·m ®™ W‘√%\V˛≈m.

53.53.53.53. ∂Ï¤[Á¶D >VmsoÚÕm E_kÏ ®ÀkVÆ ∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|˛≈m?∂Ï¤[Á¶D >VmsoÚÕm E_kÏ ®ÀkVÆ ∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|˛≈m?∂Ï¤[Á¶D >VmsoÚÕm E_kÏ ®ÀkVÆ ∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|˛≈m?∂Ï¤[Á¶D >VmsoÚÕm E_kÏ ®ÀkVÆ ∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|˛≈m?

∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬zD xÁ≈ : \V¬gÏ>Ï \uÆD √V´¸‚ ƒBÁ™| xÁ≈

1. >Vm : ∂Ï¤[Á¶‚ Ag2S

2. ∂¶Ï∏›>_ : OÁ´t>©A xÁ≈

3. NaCN ºƒÏ›>_ :

>Vm Â[z #^ ÿƒFm 0.4 to 0.6% ÿƒ§°^· NaCN ÔÁ´ƒK ¶[

sÁ™©√|›>, ºƒVΩBD ∂Ï¤[º¶V ƒBÁ™| ˛Á¶¬˛≈m.

Ag2S + 4NaCN 2Na[Ag(CN)

2] + Na

2S

4. E_kÏ Tµ√ΩkV>_ :

ºƒVΩBD ∂Ï¤[º¶V ƒBÁ™|¶[ ˜∫¬ mÔ^ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| E_kÏ Tµ√Ω°

18

66g).÷Bu∏B_ √´©A ÔkÏflE¬zD, ºk]lB_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE¬zD ÷Á¶ºBBV™66g).÷Bu∏B_ √´©A ÔkÏflE¬zD, ºk]lB_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE¬zD ÷Á¶ºBBV™66g).÷Bu∏B_ √´©A ÔkÏflE¬zD, ºk]lB_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE¬zD ÷Á¶ºBBV™66g).÷Bu∏B_ √´©A ÔkÏflE¬zD, ºk]lB_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE¬zD ÷Á¶ºBBV™

ºkÆ√V|ÔÁ· >ÚÔ.ºkÆ√V|ÔÁ· >ÚÔ.ºkÆ√V|ÔÁ· >ÚÔ.ºkÆ√V|ÔÁ· >ÚÔ.

67∂).g¸‚kV_Ω[ ¿Ï›>_ s]ÁB s·¬zÔ?67∂).g¸‚kV_Ω[ ¿Ï›>_ s]ÁB s·¬zÔ?67∂).g¸‚kV_Ω[ ¿Ï›>_ s]ÁB s·¬zÔ?67∂).g¸‚kV_Ω[ ¿Ï›>_ s]ÁB s·¬zÔ?

g¸‚kV_Ω[ ¿Ï›>_ s] koÁ\ zÁ≈Õ> t[√zπl[ ∏ˆÁÔ \V§oÁB

∏ˆÁÔT>D \uÆD ∂>[ ÿƒ§°¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏA√|›m˛≈m.

koÁ\ zÁ≈Õ> t[√zπ CH3COOH-[ ∏ˆÁÔ ƒ\WÁÈ

CH3COOH CH

3COO- + H+

∏ˆÁÔ \V§o Ka = [ ]

+ -3

3

H CH COO

CH COOH

→ (1)

α ®[√m ∂E‚Ω¬ ∂tÈ›][ ∏ˆÁÔ T>D ®™°D, ÔÁ´ƒo[ g´D√

ÿƒ§° C ®™°D ÿÔVı¶V_,

[H+] = Cα[CH

3COO-] = Cα

[CH3COOH] = (1 – α) C

÷D\]©AÔÁ· ƒ\[√V| (1)ä_ ÷¶

Ka = ( )αC. αC

1 - α C

Ka = ( )

2α C

1 - α → (2)

÷ Bu∏B_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE ÷ Bu∏B_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE ÷ Bu∏B_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE ÷ Bu∏B_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE ºk]l B_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE ºk]l B_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE ºk]l B_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE ºk]l B_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflE

1. ÷ m J È¬Ì Æ Ô” ¬ ˛Á ¶©√‚¶ kVı ¶ÏkV_¸ s Á ƒl [ ÔV´% \VÔ ÂÁ ¶ÿ√Æ ˛≈m .

ºk]© ∏Á % ©A c ÚkV> o [ ÔV´% \VÔ ÂÁ ¶ÿ√Æ ˛≈m .

2. kV•¬Ôπ [ >[ Á \Á B © ÿ√VÚ›>m. ®π ]_ ]´k\V¬Ô¬ Ì ΩB kV•¬Ô^s Á ´s _ √´©A¬ Ôk´©√|˛[ ≈™ .

÷ Bu∏B_ √´©A¬ ÔkÏflEÁ B s ¶ º>ÏÕm ÿƒBÈVuÆ D >[ Á \•Á ¶Bm .

3. √´©A¬ Ôk Ï>o [ ÿk©√D zÁ ≈kVzD

√´©A¬ Ôk Ï>o [ ÿk©√D ∂ ]Ô\VzD.

4. *^ >[ Á \•Á ¶Bm. *·V› >[ Á \•Á ¶Bm.

5. ÿk©√WÁ ÈÁ B cBÏ›m Dº√Vm √´©A¬ Ôk Ï>_ z Á ≈˛≈m .

ÿk©√WÁ ÈÁ B c BÏ›m Dº√Vm √´©A¬ ÔkÏ>_ ∂ ]Ôˆ¬˛≈m .

6. ∂ ø›>›Á > cBÏ›mDº√Vm √´©A¬Ôk Ï>_ ∂ ]Ôˆ¬˛≈m .

∂ ø›>D ®›>Á ÔB √V]©Á √•D ∞u√|›mk ]_Á È.

7. √´©A¬ ÔkÚD ÿ√VÚ π [ √´©∏[ *m √È J È¬Ì Æ ∂ |¬˛Á ™ › º>VuÆ s ¬˛≈m .

ŒuÁ ≈ J È¬Ì Æ ∂ |¬z \‚|D cÚkV˛≈m.







8

˛Á¶¬˛≈m.

2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn → Na

2 [Zn (CN)

4] + 2Ag ↓

5. t[™Vu #FÁ\BV¬Ô_:

ºÂÏt[kVF ä \V∑ ÔÈÕ> E_kÏ

®]Ït[kVF ä #B E_kÏ

t[√zπ ä E_kÏ ÁÂ‚º´‚ + 1% ÁÂ‚ˆ¬ ∂tÈD

ÔÁ´ƒo_ t[ƒV´D ÿƒK›mDº√Vm, #B E_kÏ ®]Ït[kVl_ √Ω˛≈m.

54.54.54.54. ÈVÕ>Á™| zÆ¬Ô›][ sÁ·°ÔÁ· skˆ?ÈVÕ>Á™| zÆ¬Ô›][ sÁ·°ÔÁ· skˆ?ÈVÕ>Á™| zÆ¬Ô›][ sÁ·°ÔÁ· skˆ?ÈVÕ>Á™| zÆ¬Ô›][ sÁ·°ÔÁ· skˆ?

1. ÈVÕ>Á™| zÆ¬Ô›>V_ ∂b ®ı ∂]Ôˆ¬zDº√Vm √Ú\[

zÁ≈k>V_ √¤V[¸ s]©√Ω Ln(OH)3_ Ln3+ \uÆD OH– ¬z

÷Á¶ºB ƒÔ©∏Á%©A √ıA ∂]Ôˆ¬˛≈m.

Ln3+ ∂BMÔπ[ √Ú\[ kˆÁƒ La3+ > Ce3+ ...> Lu3+

2. ∂BM g´D √Ω©√ΩBVÔ zÁ≈˛≈m

3. ∂ b ®ı ∂ ]Ôˆ¬Ô, ∂ ]Ôˆ¬Ô Œ |¬zD ÔV´Ë BVÔ ÿƒB_√|D

]≈[ zÁ≈˛≈m.

4. ÷ ´ı ¶VD \uÆD J[≈VD kˆÁƒl _ c^· d-ÿ>Vz ]

÷Á¶WÁÈ› >M\∫Ôπ[ √ıAÔ^ ∂]Ô ∂·s_ Œ›m^·™.

5. ÷ ›>M \∫Ô^ ®π]_ ∏ˆ¬Ô xΩBV> kÁÔl_ ÷ BuÁÔ

ÔM\∫Ôπ_ ˛Á¶¬˛[≈™.

55.55.55.55. >¬Ô ƒV[ÆÔ”¶[ ∂Á%° \Vu§BD \uÆD ∂BMBV>_ \Vu§B∫ÔÁ·>¬Ô ƒV[ÆÔ”¶[ ∂Á%° \Vu§BD \uÆD ∂BMBV>_ \Vu§B∫ÔÁ·>¬Ô ƒV[ÆÔ”¶[ ∂Á%° \Vu§BD \uÆD ∂BMBV>_ \Vu§B∫ÔÁ·>¬Ô ƒV[ÆÔ”¶[ ∂Á%° \Vu§BD \uÆD ∂BMBV>_ \Vu§B∫ÔÁ·

s·¬zÔ?s·¬zÔ?s·¬zÔ?s·¬zÔ?

1. ∂Á%° \Vu§BD1. ∂Á%° \Vu§BD1. ∂Á%° \Vu§BD1. ∂Á%° \Vu§BD::::∂Á%° ºÂÏt[ ∂BM•D, ∂Á%° ®]Ït[ ∂BM•D c^· ÷Ú

cºÈVÔ ∂Á%°fl ºƒÏ\›]_, ÷Ú ∂Á%° ºÔV·∫ÔπKD ~MÔπ[ √∫ˇ|

ºkÆ√|k>V_ ∂Á%° \Vu§BD cı¶V˛≈m.

( ) ( )III III3 66

Co NH Cr CN \uÆD ( ) ( )III III3 66

Cr NH Co CN

ÿ«¬ƒV ∂DÁ\[ ºÔV√V_‚ (III) ÿ«¬ƒV ∂DÁ\[ zº´VtBD (III)

ÿ«¬ƒV ƒBº™V zº´Vº\‚ (III) ÿ«¬ƒV ƒBº™V ºÔV√V_º¶‚ (III)

2. ∂BMBV>_ \Vu§BD:Œº´ J È ¬ÌÆ kVF©√V‚Á¶• D ÔÁ ´ƒK ^ ºkÆ√‚¶ ∂ BM BVz D

>[Á\•D ÿÔVı¶ ºƒÏ\∫Ô^ ∂BM \Vu§B∫Ô^ ®™©√|D.

( )3 45Co NH Br SO \uÆD ( )3 45

Co NH SO Br

ÿ √ [ ¶ V ∂ D Á \ [ A º ´ V º \ V

º Ô V √ V _ ‚ ( I I I ) ƒ _ º √ ‚ (E k © A ª > V \ V u § B D )

Ô Á ´ ƒ o _ ƒ _ º √ ‚ ∂ B M ÿ Ô V | ¬ z D

ÿ √ [ ¶ V ∂ D Á \ [ ƒ _ º √ ‚ º ¶ V

º Ô V √ V _ ‚ (II I) A º ´ V Á \ | (E k © A \ V u § B D )

Ô Á ´ƒ o _ A º ´ V Á \ | ∂ B M ÿ Ô V | ¬ z D

17

ˇµ¬Ôı¶ ƒ\[√V| JÈD Ô%¬˛¶ÈVD.

12

2.303×tt =

0.693

14

14

Clog

C

A]B >Vk´›]K^· ∂·°

AÁ>©ÿ√VÚ^ √Ωk›]K^· ∂·°

√B[Ô^

1. Ô]ˆB¬Ô ÔVÏ√[ Ô%¬ˇ| xÁ≈ k´ÈVuÆ ∂Ôµ° g´VFflEl_

√B[√|˛≈m.

2. ÂVÔˆÔ∫Ôπ [ k· ÏflE, T µflE \uÆD c lˆ™ ∫Ôπ [

√ˆ%V\ k·ÏflE g˛BkuÁ≈ ∂·Õ>§B°D √B[√|˛≈m.

66∂).Ôı%VΩl[ >[Á\ÁB s·¬zÔ? 66∂).Ôı%VΩl[ >[Á\ÁB s·¬zÔ? 66∂).Ôı%VΩl[ >[Á\ÁB s·¬zÔ? 66∂).Ôı%VΩl[ >[Á\ÁB s·¬zÔ? 3333

√ΩÔ cÚk\u≈ ]ı\∫Ô^

√ΩÔ cÚk\u≈ ]ı \∫Ô^ ∂ø›>›]™V_ ∑Ú¬Ô ÷BÈV›>[Á\

\uÆD Ô‚ΩÆ¬ÔD º√V[≈ √ıAÔÁ· ÿ√u§ÚÕ>VKD, ∂Ák kÁ´BÆ¬Ô©√‚¶

kΩkÁ\©Á√ ÿ√u§Ú©√]_ÁÈ.

Ôı%VΩÔ^

EÈ ¿Ï\∫ÔÁ· sÁ´kVÔ zπÏs¬zD º√Vm z§©∏‚¶ ÿk©√WÁÈl_

√ΩÔ∫ÔÁ· cÚkV¬zk]_ÁÈ. g™V_ ÿ\mkVÔ zπ´Ák¬zD º√Vm

∂ku§[ √V˛B_ >[Á\ Ê´VÔ ∂]Ôˆ›m ÷Æ]l_ Ôı%VΩfl ºƒÏ\D

cÚkV˛≈m.

Ôı%VΩl[ x¬˛B √ıAÔ^:

1. ÔΩ™›>[Á\, Ô‚ΩÆ¬ÔD \uÆD sÁƒÁB ÿƒK›mDº√Vm

>V∫zD >[Á\ º√V[≈ ]¶ WÁÈÁ\l[ √ı AÔÁ ·©

ÿ√u§Ú¬˛[≈™.

2. Œπ ]Á ƒÿBV©A √ı AÁ¶BÁ k. ∂ >Vkm ÿk©√©√|›mD º√Vm

yÏ¬Ô\V™ \Vu≈D ∞mt[§ ¿Ï\\V˛≈m.

3. cBÏÿk©√WÁÈ l_ Ôı % VΩÔ^ ∂ ]zπ´Ák¬Ô©√‚¶¶

¿Ï\›Á>© º√V[Æ WÁÈÁ\ \V§ √ΩÔ∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ˛[≈™.

4. Ôı % VΩBV™m √ΩÔ c Úk\u≈ ]¶©ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ∂_È m

∂]zπ´Ák¬Ô©√‚¶ ¿Ï\∫Ô^ ®™©√|˛[≈™.

5. Ôı % VΩ ∂ _Èm s‚ˆB¸ WÁÈ Á\ ®[√m ]¶ \uÆD ¿Ï\

WÁÈÁ\Ô” ¬z ÷ Á¶l_ c^· WÁÈÁ \ ®™ ©√|˛≈m. EÈ

ºƒÏ\∫Ô^ ÷ÕWÁÈÁ\l_ c^·™.







9

SECTION - B56.56.56.56. Ô‚Ω_ÈV gu≈_ Ô‚Ω_ÈV gu≈_ Ô‚Ω_ÈV gu≈_ Ô‚Ω_ÈV gu≈_ “G” -[ E≈©∏B_AÔ^ BVÁk?-[ E≈©∏B_AÔ^ BVÁk?-[ E≈©∏B_AÔ^ BVÁk?-[ E≈©∏B_AÔ^ BVÁk?

1. Ô‚Ω_ÈV gu≈_ G = H – TS gzD. G g™m WÁÈflƒVÏA.

H - ∂Á\©∏[ ®[>V_∏

S - ∂Á\©∏[ ®[‚º´V∏

T - ÿk©√WÁÈ

H, S - WÁÈflƒVÏAÔ^

2. G ä ÿ√VÚıÁ\ ƒVÏ √ı√VzD.

∆G äÿ√VÚı Á \ƒV´V© √ı √VzD. ∂ Á\©√V™ m J ΩB

∂Á\©√VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.

3. G-g™ m ∂ Á\©∏[ Œ uÁ≈ \]©AÁ¶B ÿk©√ ÷ B¬ÔsB_

√ı√VzD.

4. ÿƒB_xÁ≈l[ >[Á\ÁB ∂§B ∆G-[ J[Æ kÁÔÔ^

∆ G ® ] Ï z § ÿ ƒ B _ x Á ≈ > [ M fl Á ƒ B V ™ m , W Ô w ¬ Ì Ω B m .

∆ G Ø Î ˜ B D ÿ ƒ B _ x Á ≈ ƒ \ W Á È • Á ¶ B m .

∆ G º Â Ï z § ÿ ƒ B _ x Á ≈ > [ M fl Á ƒ B u ≈ m , W Ô w V > > V z D .

5. ∆G = ∆H – T∆S

∆G = ∆E + P∆V – T∆S [∆H = ∆E + P∆V]

∆G = q – w + P∆V – T∆S [∆E = q – w]

∆G = q – w + P∆V – q [T∆S = q]

∆G = –w + P∆V

ÿ\V›> ºkÁÈ –∆G = w – P∆V

57.57.57.57. PCl5 EÁ>•D sÁ™¬z EÁ>•D sÁ™¬z EÁ>•D sÁ™¬z EÁ>•D sÁ™¬z K

c \uÆD \uÆD \uÆD \uÆD K

p \V§oÔ”¬zÔV™ ƒ\[√V|ÔÁ· \V§oÔ”¬zÔV™ ƒ\[√V|ÔÁ· \V§oÔ”¬zÔV™ ƒ\[√V|ÔÁ· \V§oÔ”¬zÔV™ ƒ\[√V|ÔÁ·

kÚs? kÚs? kÚs? kÚs? \VÏfl 07, 11, 13, 15, h[ 12, 13, ÿƒ© 11\VÏfl 07, 11, 13, 15, h[ 12, 13, ÿƒ© 11\VÏfl 07, 11, 13, 15, h[ 12, 13, ÿƒ© 11\VÏfl 07, 11, 13, 15, h[ 12, 13, ÿƒ© 11

PCl5(g)

PCl3(g)

+ Cl2(g)

PCl5 PCl3 Cl2

g´D√ º\V_Ôπ[ ®ı Ë ¬ÁÔ a 0 0

sÁ™√‚¶ º\V_Ôπ[ ®ı Ë ¬ÁÔ x − −

ƒ\WÁÈl_ º\V_Ôπ[ ®ı Ë ¬ÁÔ a – x x x

ƒ\WÁÈl_ º\VÈVÏ ÿƒ§° a-x

V

x

V

x

V

16

2. ( ) 2

4Ni CN

−

3d 4s 4p

Ni+2 ∂BM

CN– ~M √Èx^·m. ®™ºk ÷Á% ÿƒFB©√¶V> ®È¬‚´V[ÔÁ· ÷Á%

ÿƒFB Ák¬˛≈m.

÷Á% ÿƒFB©√¶V> ®È¬‚´V[Ô^ = ÷_ÁÈ

ÔVÕ>› >[Á\ = Á¶BV ÔVÕ>› >[Á\

A≈ ∂Á\©A = >· ƒm´D.

65g).Ô]ˆB¬Ô ÔVÏ√[ ÔVÈ WÏ%BxÁ≈ √u§ z§©A ®ømÔ?65g).Ô]ˆB¬Ô ÔVÏ√[ ÔVÈ WÏ%BxÁ≈ √u§ z§©A ®ømÔ?65g).Ô]ˆB¬Ô ÔVÏ√[ ÔVÈ WÏ%BxÁ≈ √u§ z§©A ®ømÔ?65g).Ô]ˆB¬Ô ÔVÏ√[ ÔVÈ WÏ%BxÁ≈ √u§ z§©A ®ømÔ?hÁÈhÁÈhÁÈhÁÈ

s_ÈVÏ| \uÆD o©∏ g˛ºBVÏ >Vk´ \uÆD tÚÔ∫Ôπ_ AÁ> √Ω\∫Ôπ[

ÔVÈ›Á> ∂©ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_ ®fiE•^· Ô]ˆB¬Ô ÔVÏ√M[ 6C14 ∂·soÚÕm

Ô%¬˛|D xÁ≈ÁB cÚkV¬˛™VÏ.

cBÏkπ \ı¶È›]_ ÔV¸t¬ Ô]ÏTflEK^· WR‚´V[Ô^ ÁÂ‚´¤–¶[

sÁ™Aˆk>V_ 6C14 Ô]ˆB¬Ô ÔVÏ√[ cÚkV˛≈m.

7N14 +

0n1 →

6C14 +

1H1

ÁÂ‚´¤[ WR‚´V[ Ô]ˆB¬Ô ÔVÏ√[ Aº´V‚¶V[

÷ÀkVÆ cÚkVzD C14 sÁ´s_ g¬E¤[ ∞u≈D ∂Á¶Õm C14 ÿÔVı¶14CO

2 kV• cÚkV˛≈m. ÷ÀkV• ŒπflºƒÏ¬ÁÔ WÔµkV_ >Vk´∫Ôπ_

OÁw˛≈m.

÷ ›>Vk´∫ÔÁ· cı √>V_ C14 tÚÔ∫Ô^ c ¶o_ ºƒÚ˛≈m.

÷›>Vk´∫Ô”D tÚÔ∫Ô”D ÷≈Õ>∏[ C14 ∞uA WÆ›>©√‚| C14 EÁ>°

ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈m.

6C14 →

7N14 +

–1e0

Ô]ˆB¬Ô ÔVÏ√M [ (C14) ∂ Á ´kVµÔVÈD t½ = 5700 g ı |Ô^ .

AÁ>ÿ√VÚ^ √Ω\›]_ ®fiE•^· C14 ∂·Ák¬ Ôı¶§Õº>V ∂_Èm ŒÚ

˛´VD ∂ ·°^ · ∂ ©ÿ√VÚπo ÚÕm ÿkπl¶©√|D βäm Ô^ º√V[ ≈

Ô]ÏTfl∑Ôπ[ ®ı Ë ¬ÁÔÁB Ô% ¬˛‚º¶V ∂ Á kÔπ[ ÔVÈ›Á>

3d 4s 4p

( ) 2-

4Ni CN

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

CN- CN- CN- CN-

dsp2 ÷™¬ÔÈ©A







10

Kc

= [ ][ ]

[ ]3 2

5

PCl Cl

PCl = ( ) ( )2

2

x/V×x/V x V= ×

a-x / V V a-x

= ( )2x

a-x V

sÁ™√| ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ ŒÚ √z] ∏[™D EÁ>kÁ¶kº> ∏ˆÁÔ T>D (x)

®™©√|˛≈m.

x = EÁ>kÁ¶Õ> º\V_Ôπ[ ®ıË ¬ÁÔ

ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]_ c^· º\V_Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]_ 1 º\V_ PCl5 ÷Ú©√>VÔ ®|›m¬ÿÔVı¶V_

Kc = ( ) ( )

2 2x x P =

1-x V 1-x RT

5 3PCl PClp , p \uÆD 2Clp g˛BÁk √z] ∂ø›>∫Ô^ ®M_, ∂ku§[ kVlÈVÔ,

Kp =

3 2

5

PCl Cl

PCl

p .patm

p

\uÆD Kp = ( )

2

2

x Patm

1-x

58.58.58.58. sÁ™kÁÔl[ E≈©A ÷B_AÔÁ· ®ømÔ.sÁ™kÁÔl[ E≈©A ÷B_AÔÁ· ®ømÔ.sÁ™kÁÔl[ E≈©A ÷B_AÔÁ· ®ømÔ.sÁ™kÁÔl[ E≈©A ÷B_AÔÁ· ®ømÔ.

i) ŒÚ sÁ™kÁÔl[ ®ı \]©√V™m ØflEB\VÔºkV, ∏[™\VÔºkV

∂_Èm xø ®ı%VÔºkV ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD.

i i ) sÁ ™kÁÔ ºƒV>Á ™ JÈD \‚|º\ WÏ% l¬ÔxΩ• D. sÁ™√|

ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \uÆD sÁ· ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ ƒ\[√V| ∂ Ω©√Á¶l _

WÏ%l¬Ô ÷BÈVm.

iii) ®πB sÁ™Ô^ n = 0, 1, 2 º√V[≈ zÁ≈Õ> sÁ™kÁÔ \]©AÔÁ·

ÿ√u§Ú¬zD. sÁ™kÁÔ 3 ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ sÁ™kÁÔÔÁ·ÿÔVı ¶ sÁ™Ô^ E¬ÔÈV™ sÁ ™Ô^ gzD. cBÏ sÁ™kÁÔ

sÁ™Ô^ tÔ°D ∂ˆ>VzD.

iv) EÈ sÁ™Ô^ sÁ™ºkÔ›Á> ÿ√VÆ›m ∏[™ sÁ™kÁÔÔÁ·

ÿ√uÆ^·™.

v) cBÏ sÁ™kÁÔ sÁ™ÔÁ· Œ[Æ ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ sÁ™√|

ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ ÿƒ§°ÔÁ· ∂]Ô\V¬zk>[ JÈD ®πB sÁ™Ô·VÔ

ºƒV>Á™ JÈD \Vu≈ ÷BKD.

59.59.59.59. 0.01M Cu2+n¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD n¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD n¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD n¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD Cu2+/Cu ∂Á´¬ÔÈ›][ ∂Á´¬ÔÈ›][ ∂Á´¬ÔÈ›][ ∂Á´¬ÔÈ›][ emf+0.301V.

÷>[ ]‚¶ ÷>[ ]‚¶ ÷>[ ]‚¶ ÷>[ ]‚¶ emfn¬ Ô%¬˛|Ô.n¬ Ô%¬˛|Ô.n¬ Ô%¬˛|Ô.n¬ Ô%¬˛|Ô.

∂Á´¬ÔÈ sÁ™∂Á´¬ÔÈ sÁ™∂Á´¬ÔÈ sÁ™∂Á´¬ÔÈ sÁ™

Cu2+ + 2e → Cu

15

1. 50o ‚¶Ï ÿÔV^· ·° ÿÔVı ¶ Ôı % VΩ √V›]´›]– ^ ÔVuÆ

\uÆD g¬E¤[ ÔÈÁk ÿƒK›>©√|˛≈m.

2. ÷ku§– ^ ÷Ú ∏·V‚Ω™ t[ xÁ™Ôπ_ 6000 ä 8000

ºkV_‚ t[ƒV´D ÿƒK›>©√|˛≈m.

3. ÁÂ‚´¤[ g¬E¤– ¶[ ºƒÏÕm ˇµ¬Ôı ¶ sÁ™Ô^

ÂÁ¶ÿ√Æ˛≈m.

N2 + O

2 → 2NO

2NO + O2 → 2NO

2

2NO2 + 2NaOH → NaNO

3 + NaNO

2 + H

2O

4. Á√º´VÔÈV_ ÿƒK›] *>x^· g¬E¤[ ¿¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

5. ÔVuÆ, t[ƒV´D ÿƒK›mkÁ> WÆ›] \Õ> kV•¬Ô^ ÔÈÁ k

∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

65∂).÷Á%]≈[ ∏Á%©A ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB √B[√|›] 65∂).÷Á%]≈[ ∏Á%©A ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB √B[√|›] 65∂).÷Á%]≈[ ∏Á%©A ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB √B[√|›] 65∂).÷Á%]≈[ ∏Á%©A ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB √B[√|›] ( ) 2

4Ni CN

− >·ƒm´D >·ƒm´D >·ƒm´D >·ƒm´D

\uÆD Á¶BV ÔVÕ>›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m. \uÆD Á¶BV ÔVÕ>›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m. \uÆD Á¶BV ÔVÕ>›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m. \uÆD Á¶BV ÔVÕ>›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m. ( ) 2+

3 4Ni NH ÂV[x˛ kΩkD ÂV[x˛ kΩkD ÂV[x˛ kΩkD ÂV[x˛ kΩkD

\uÆD √V´V ÔVÕ>›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m ®[√Á> s·¬zÔ?\uÆD √V´V ÔVÕ>›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m ®[√Á> s·¬zÔ?\uÆD √V´V ÔVÕ>›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m ®[√Á> s·¬zÔ?\uÆD √V´V ÔVÕ>›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m ®[√Á> s·¬zÔ? h[ h[ h[ h[

( ) 2+

3 4Ni NH

1. W¬Ô_ ∂b:ÿkπ¬ºÔV·© √VÁ> ®È¬‚´V[ ∂Á\©A 3d8 4s2

÷Á% ÿƒFB©√¶V> ŒuÁ≈ ®È¬‚´V[Ô^ = 2.

ÔVÕ> ]Ú©A ]≈[ ( ) ( )n n 2 2 2 2 2.83 BMµ = + = + =

ÔVÕ>› >[Á\ = √V´V ÔVÕ>› >[Á\,

∂Á\©A = ÂV[x˛.

3d 4s 4p

Ni ∂b

Ni+2 ∂BM

( ) 2+

3 4Ni NH

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

×

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ NH3

NH3

NH3

NH3

sp3 ÷™¬ÔÈ©A







11

Œ|¬Ô\Á¶•D sÁ™¬ÔV™ ÿÂÏ[¸‚ ƒ\[√V|

2+

0.0591 1E = E° log

n Cu−

2+

0.0591 1E°= E + log

n Cu

n = 2, E = +0.301V; [Cu2+] = 0.01 M ®™ ∏´]l¶

( )0.0591 1

E°=0.301+ log2 0.01

-2

0.0591 1= 0.301+ log

2 10

210

10

0.0591=0.301+ log

2

0.0591

0.301 22

= + ×

= 0.301 + 0.0591

E° = 0.3601V

SECTION - C

60.60.60.60. ∂º´Vº\‚Ω¬ ~>Ú¬zD ∂o√V‚Ω¬ ~>Ú¬zD ÷Á¶ºBBV™ ºkÆ√V|Ô^ BVÁk?∂º´Vº\‚Ω¬ ~>Ú¬zD ∂o√V‚Ω¬ ~>Ú¬zD ÷Á¶ºBBV™ ºkÆ√V|Ô^ BVÁk?∂º´Vº\‚Ω¬ ~>Ú¬zD ∂o√V‚Ω¬ ~>Ú¬zD ÷Á¶ºBBV™ ºkÆ√V|Ô^ BVÁk?∂º´Vº\‚Ω¬ ~>Ú¬zD ∂o√V‚Ω¬ ~>Ú¬zD ÷Á¶ºBBV™ ºkÆ√V|Ô^ BVÁk?

06,08,09,11,13, h[ 09,10,\VÏfl 1106,08,09,11,13, h[ 09,10,\VÏfl 1106,08,09,11,13, h[ 09,10,\VÏfl 1106,08,09,11,13, h[ 09,10,\VÏfl 11 ∂ º´Vº\‚Ω¬ ~>ÏÔ^ (∂ M ºƒV_ )∂ º´Vº\‚Ω¬ ~>ÏÔ^ (∂ M ºƒV_ )∂ º´Vº\‚Ω¬ ~>ÏÔ^ (∂ M ºƒV_ )∂ º´Vº\‚Ω¬ ~>ÏÔ^ (∂ M ºƒV_ ) ∂ o ‡ √V‚Ω¬ ~>ÏÔ^ (Á ¶®›]_ ~>Ï)∂ o ‡ √V‚Ω¬ ~>ÏÔ^ (Á ¶®›]_ ~>Ï)∂ o ‡ √V‚Ω¬ ~>ÏÔ^ (Á ¶®›]_ ~>Ï)∂ o ‡ √V‚Ω¬ ~>ÏÔ^ (Á ¶®›]_ ~>Ï)

1. ∂ ]Ô ÿÔV]WÁÈ ÿÔVı ¶ ¿Ï\D g s BVzD ¿Ï\D

2. kVƒÁ™ © ÿ√VÚ ·VÔ √B[ √|˛≈m c% Ï° ¿¬˛BVÔ √B [ √|˛≈m.

3. ÔÁ´©√V™ VÔ √B[ √|›> x ΩBVm. ÔÁ ´©√V™ VÔ √B[ √|›>ÈVD.

4. ÿ√‚º´VK ¬z √]_ √B[ √|›> x ΩBVm.

g _Ô« VK ¶[ ÔÈÕm ÿ√‚º´VK ¬z √]_ √B[ √|›>ÈVD.

5. ÿ√´V¬Á ƒ| c ÚkVk]_ÁÈ g ¬˛¤– ¶[ s Á™ √‚| ÿ√´V¬Á ƒ| c ı ¶V˛≈m.

6. ÁÂ‚º´V ∞u≈D ∂ Á¶Õm ÁÂ‚º´V ∂ M ºƒVÁÈ >Ú˛≈m.

ÁÂ‚º´V ∞u≈D ÂÁ¶ÿ√Æk]_Á È.

7. HI c¶[ s Á™ √‚| ¨™ V_ \uÆD CH3I cı ¶V˛≈m.

E§ >·° HI c¶[ s Á™ √‚| C2H5OH \uÆD C2H5I

cı ¶V˛≈m. ∂ ]Ô ∂ · ° HI c¶[ 2C2H5I + H2O cı ¶V˛≈m.

14

PART - IV64∂).√Vo∫ xÁ≈l_ ∂BM g´›Á> Ô%¬˛|D xÁ≈ÁB s·¬zÔ.64∂).√Vo∫ xÁ≈l_ ∂BM g´›Á> Ô%¬˛|D xÁ≈ÁB s·¬zÔ.64∂).√Vo∫ xÁ≈l_ ∂BM g´›Á> Ô%¬˛|D xÁ≈ÁB s·¬zÔ.64∂).√Vo∫ xÁ≈l_ ∂BM g´›Á> Ô%¬˛|D xÁ≈ÁB s·¬zÔ.

∂BM©√ΩÔ›]_ ∂b¬ÔÚ¬Ô”¬z ÷Á¶©√‚¶ ÿ>VÁÈs[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_

∂BM g´D Ô%¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

ŒÚ ∂BM √ΩÔ›]_ c^· ºÂÏt[ \uÆD ®]Ït[ ∂BMÔ^ \Õ> kV•

®È¬‚´V[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ•¶[ ƒ\\VÔ c^·™.

NaF √ΩÔD Na+–2,8

F––2,8

ŒÚ ∂ BM ©√ΩÔ›]_ c^ · ºÂÏt[ \uÆD ®]Ït[ ∂ BM Ô^

ŒuÁ≈ÿBV[Æ ÿ>V‚|¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD ®™ ÔÚ]™V_, ∂ku§[ ∂BM

g´∫Ôπ[ Ì|>ÈV™ m, ∂ ku§ u˛Á¶ºBBV™ ∂ b ¬ÔÚ¬Ôπ [

ÿ>VÁÈsuz ƒ\D.

r(C+) + r(A–) = d(C+ – A–) ...(1)

r(C+) - ºÂÏt[ ∂BMl[ (C+) g´D

r(A–) - ®]Ït[ ∂BMl[ (A–) g´D

d(C+ – A–) - √ΩÔ›]_ C+ \uÆD A– ∂BMÔπ[

∂b¬ÔÚ¬Ô”¬z ÷Á¶©√‚¶ ÿ>ÁÈ°

( ) ( )*

1r C

Z C+

+α ... (2)

( ) ( )*

1r A

AZ−

−α ... (3)

Z*(C+) = (C+) ∂BMl[ WÔ´ t[∑Á\

Z*(A–) = (A–) ∂BMl[ WÔ´t[∑Á\.

( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

*

* *

r C Z A2

3 r A Z C

+ −

−⇒ = ... (4)

d(C+ – A–), Z*(C+) \uÆD Z*(A–) g˛B \]©AÔ^ ÿ>ˆ•D º√Vm r(C+) \uÆD

r(A–) g˛BkuÁ≈ Ô%¬˛¶ÈVD.

64g ) cB ˆB k V•¬Ô^ ´VDºv ä´VºÈ x Á≈l_ ®ÀkVÆ ÔVu§o Ú Õm64g ) cB ˆB k V•¬Ô^ ´VDºv ä´VºÈ x Á≈l_ ®ÀkVÆ ÔVu§o Ú Õm64g ) cB ˆB k V•¬Ô^ ´VDºv ä´VºÈ x Á≈l_ ®ÀkVÆ ÔVu§o Ú Õm64g ) cB ˆB k V•¬Ô^ ´VDºv ä´VºÈ x Á≈l_ ®ÀkVÆ ÔVu§o Ú Õm

∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|˛[≈™ ®[√Á> sˆkVÔ skˆ.∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|˛[≈™ ®[√Á> sˆkVÔ skˆ.∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|˛[≈™ ®[√Á> sˆkVÔ skˆ.∏ˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|˛[≈™ ®[√Á> sˆkVÔ skˆ.







12

61.61.61.61. ∏[kÚD sÁ™ÔÁ· ®ømÔ.∏[kÚD sÁ™ÔÁ· ®ømÔ.∏[kÚD sÁ™ÔÁ· ®ømÔ.∏[kÚD sÁ™ÔÁ· ®ømÔ.

i) ˛·\[ƒ[ Œ|¬ÔD˛·\[ƒ[ Œ|¬ÔD˛·\[ƒ[ Œ|¬ÔD˛·\[ƒ[ Œ|¬ÔD ii) ÿ√Ï˛[¸ sÁ™ ÿ√Ï˛[¸ sÁ™ ÿ√Ï˛[¸ sÁ™ ÿ√Ï˛[¸ sÁ™

i) ˛·\[ƒ[ Œ|¬ÔD

CH3COCH3+4(H) CH3CH2CH3 + H2OZn/Hg

HCl

mrpl;Nlhd ; Gug ;Ngd ;

ii) ÿ√Ï˛[¸ sÁ™

62.62.62.62. ÔVÏ√V¬Eo¬ ∂tÈD, g_Ô«VK¶[ Aˆ•D ®¸¶´V¬z>_ sÁ™l[ÔVÏ√V¬Eo¬ ∂tÈD, g_Ô«VK¶[ Aˆ•D ®¸¶´V¬z>_ sÁ™l[ÔVÏ√V¬Eo¬ ∂tÈD, g_Ô«VK¶[ Aˆ•D ®¸¶´V¬z>_ sÁ™l[ÔVÏ√V¬Eo¬ ∂tÈD, g_Ô«VK¶[ Aˆ•D ®¸¶´V¬z>_ sÁ™l[

kaxÁ≈ÁB s·¬zÔ.kaxÁ≈ÁB s·¬zÔ.kaxÁ≈ÁB s·¬zÔ.kaxÁ≈ÁB s·¬zÔ.

sÁ™:

∂E‚Ω¬ ∂tÈD ÔM\ ∂tÈD x[MÁÈl_ ®›]_ g_Ô«VK¶[

sÁ™√‚| ~›Á>_ ∂E‚º¶‚ ®¸¶Á´› >Ú˛≈m.+H

3 2 5 3 2 5 2CH COOH HO C H CH COO C H H O+ − → − − + ~›Á>_ ∂E‚º¶‚

√Ω 1 : ÔVÏ√V¬Eo¬ ∂tÈD Aº´V‚º¶Vº™u≈D ∂Á¶˛≈m.

CH3 C

O(+)

O

H H

H+

CH3 C

OH

O

√Ω 2: Aº´V‚º¶Vº™u≈D ÿ√u≈ ∂t È›][ *m ®›]_ g_Ô« V_

ÔÚ¬ÔkÏ >V¬z>_ Â¶›m˛≈m.

CH3 C

O

O

H H

+ C2H5 O H

+

CH3 C

O

O

H H

+

O

H

+C2H5

C6H5CHO + CH3-CO-O-COCH3 C6H5CH = CH COOH + CH3 COOHCH3COONa

ngd;rhy;bi`L mrpl;bf; ePhpyp rpd;dkpf; mkpyk;

13

+

CH3 C

O

O

H H

O

H

+C2H5

H+H2OCH3 C

O

O C2H5

~›Á>_ ∂E‚º¶‚

63.63.63.63. \B¬Ô \ÚÕmÔ^ √u§ EÆz§©A kÁ´Ô.\B¬Ô \ÚÕmÔ^ √u§ EÆz§©A kÁ´Ô.\B¬Ô \ÚÕmÔ^ √u§ EÆz§©A kÁ´Ô.\B¬Ô \ÚÕmÔ^ √u§ EÆz§©A kÁ´Ô.

i) ÿ√Vm \B¬Ô J‚ΩÔ^ :

÷Ák ®_ÈV kÁÔBV™ c%ÏÁk•D ÷w¬Ôfl ÿƒF√Ák. z§©√VÔ ko

c%ÏÁk *^>[Á\•¶[ ÷w¬Ôfl ÿƒF˛≈m.

ii) z§©∏‚¶ ÷¶›Á> c%Ïsw¬Ôfl ÿƒF•D ÔV´ËÔ^ :

ko•^· ÷¶›]_ \‚|D ko c%ÏÁk ¿¬z˛≈m.

∂) ÁÂ‚´¸ g¬Áƒ| (N2O) :

W≈\u≈, ÿÂΩ÷_ÈV> ÔM\ kV•. ÷ m ~>Ï º√V[≈ \u≈ c% Ï°

¿¬˛Ô”¶[ ÔÈÕm √B[√|›>©√|˛≈m.

g) zº·Vº´V√V´D CHCl3 :

gsBVz D ]´kD. ÷M B \% D ∑Ák•^·m. g¬E¤– ¶[

Âfl∑›>[Á\•^· ÔVÏº√VM_ zº·VÁ´Á¶ cı¶V¬z˛≈m. ÷m >uº√Vm

√B[√|›>©√|k]_ÁÈ.

÷) ~>Ï C2H

5 – O – C

2H

5 :

gsBVzD ]´kD. ÷m 0.002% A´©Á √_ « VÁÈ|¶[ ÔÈÕm

√B[√|›>©√|˛≈m. ÷∫z A´©Á√_ «VÁÈ| WÁÈ©√|›]BVÔ √B[√|˛≈m.

]∑¬Ô·V_ c‚Ôk´©√‚| ∏[A Á\B Â´DA \ı¶È›Á> >V¬˛ c%Ïsw¬Ôfl

ÿƒF˛≈m.



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