Ch Review 1

Review Review ChapterChapter

Microcomputer Systems Hardware, Software, and the

Operating System

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OverviewOverview

Operating system of choice today is Windows 95/98

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OverviewOverview

Previously MS-DOS was the operating system of

choice.

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OverviewOverview

When using MS-DOS … only one application can be run at any given time there is no sharing of resources

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OverviewOverview

When using Windows … more than one program can run at any given time data can be shared between programs

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OverviewOverview

Still important to know DOS even though Windows 95 OS

no longer requires it.

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An Introduction An Introduction to Computersto Computers

Widespread use of computers in all sectors of

our lives.

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Categories of Categories of ComputersComputers

Four major categories of computers:

Supercomputer Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer

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Computer Computer ComponentsComponents

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Computer Computer ComponentsComponents

For a computer to function it needs …

hardware software data

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Microcomputer Microcomputer Hardware Hardware

ComponentsComponents

System configuration …the basic hardware components of a completeoperating system.

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Microcomputer Hardware

ComponentsComponents

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The System UnitThe System Unit

System unit …houses the electronic and

mechanical parts of thecomputer.

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The System UnitThe System Unit

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Central Processing Central Processing UnitUnit

Central Processing Unit (CPU) …

the brains of the computer.

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Central Processing Central Processing UnitUnit

Bus …a connection or path (wires) between the CPU and theinput/output devices.

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Random Access Random Access MemoryMemory

Random Access Memory (RAM) …

the workspace of the computer.

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Cache MemoryCache Memory

Cache Memory …a place in memory where data can be stored for quickaccess.

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Read-only Read-only MemoryMemory

Read-only memory (ROM) …

designed to hold permanently stored programs installed bythe computer manufacturer.

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Read-only Read-only MemoryMemory

ROM …is sometimes called

Firmware.

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Adapter CardsAdapter Cards

Adapter Cards …printed circuit boards installed in the computer toallow installation and use ofperipheral devices.

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ControllersControllers

Controller …determines number and

kinds of devices that can beattached to a computer.

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Input/Output Input/Output Adapter CardsAdapter Cards

Input/Output (I/O) …the process of data and program instructions going

inand out of the CPU.

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Input/Output Input/Output Adapter CardsAdapter Cards

Input/Output Adapter Cards …enables communication

with devices.

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Input/Output Input/Output Adapter CardsAdapter Cards

A typical I/O card has both a …

serial port (COM port) parallel port (LPT port)

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Input/Output Input/Output Adapter CardsAdapter Cards

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Peripherals:Peripherals:Input DevicesInput Devices

Input Devices …used to get data or

information into computer.

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Peripherals:Peripherals:Output DevicesOutput Devices

Output Devices …used to view data or

information that is in the

computer.

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Output Devices:Output Devices:MonitorsMonitors

The computer monitor is a common output device.

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Output Devices:Output Devices:MonitorsMonitors

Monitor resolution is measured by the number of pixels on the screen.

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Output Devices:Output Devices:MonitorsMonitors

There are two types of monitors available:

Interlaced Non-interlaced

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Output Devices:Output Devices:MonitorsMonitors

A video display adapter card (video card) controls the

monitor.

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Output Devices:Output Devices:PrintersPrinters

The printer is an output device that is used to produce a hard (paper)

copy.

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ModemsModems

Other output devices include …

phone modems cable modems

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ModemsModems

MOdulator/DEModulator (Modem) …

translates digital signals into analog signals that travelover phone or cable lines.

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DisksDisksandand

Disk DrivesDisk Drives

External (Secondary) storage media …

is needed in order to save information permanently.

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DisksDisksandand

Disk DrivesDisk Drives

Two types of common secondary storage media are:

Floppy disks Hard disks

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Capacity Measurement:Capacity Measurement:Bits and BytesBits and Bytes

A computer is made up of switches that are either in an “on” state or an “off” state.

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Capacity Measurement:Capacity Measurement:Bits and BytesBits and Bytes

Binary digit (BIT) …the smallest unit that a

computer can recognize.

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Capacity Measurement:Capacity Measurement:Bits and BytesBits and Bytes

Byte …a unit of measurement that

is comprised of eight bits.

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Capacity Measurement:Capacity Measurement:Bits and BytesBits and Bytes

Computer storage and memory are both

measured in bytes.

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Floppy DisksFloppy Disks

The two types of floppy disks are the …

3 - 1/2 inch disk 5 - 1/4 inch disk

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Floppy DisksFloppy Disks

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CD-ROMsCD-ROMs

Compact disc (CD) …a common transport and

storage device for software.

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CD-ROMsCD-ROMs

DVD is an enhancement of CD-ROM technology.

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Removable DisksRemovable Disks

The removable disk is another type of external

storage media.

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Hard DisksHard Disks

The hard disk … is a non-removable disk holds more info than a removable floppy disk

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Hard DisksHard Disks

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DividingDividingthethe

DiskDisk

Disks are divided into numbered tracks and

sectors.

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DividingDividingthethe

DiskDisk

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Disk DrivesDisk Drives

Disk drive …writes information to and

from a disk.

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Disk DrivesDisk Drives

Cluster …basic unit of disk storage.

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Disk DrivesDisk Drives

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Device NamesDevice Names

Device …a place for a computer to

send or receive information.

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Device NamesDevice Names

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SoftwareSoftware

Software is …the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer what todo.

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SoftwareSoftware

Two categories of software:

Application software System software

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SoftwareSoftwareSystem software is divided into three categories:

Operating systems System utility Programming language processor

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SoftwareSoftware

The OS supervises … the processing of application programs all computer input/output

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SoftwareSoftware

The term Operating System is generic.

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SoftwareSoftware

In Windows 95/98, “MS-DOS prompt” is the same as …

“command line” “command prompt”

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Operating SystemOperating SystemFundamentalsFundamentals

Operating system (OS) …is a program that is always

working.

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Operating SystemOperating SystemFundamentalsFundamentals

ROM-BIOS …provides the interface between the hardware and

theOS.

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Operating SystemOperating SystemFundamentalsFundamentals

The Boot Up Process:1. Runs a program in ROM-BIOS which does a self check.2. ROM-BIOS checks to see if disk drive is installed.3. Looks for boot record.4. When proper boot record found, reads record from disk into RAM.5. Turns control over to this program.

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Operating SystemOperating SystemFundamentalsFundamentals

Command processor …the program that the user communicates and interactswith.

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Operating SystemOperating SystemFundamentalsFundamentals

The OS utilizes two types of commands:

Internal External

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Operating SystemOperating SystemFundamentalsFundamentals

An executable program will have a file name with one of the three following file extensions …

.com .exe .bat

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NetworksNetworks

A network … is two or more computers connected together enables users to communicate and share resources

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NetworksNetworks

Two kinds of networks: LAN WAN

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NetworksNetworks