Chapter 01Lecture Outline

Chapter 1 OutlineHistory of Human AnatomyDefinition of AnatomyStructural Organization of the BodyPrecise Language of Anatomy

Definition of AnatomyAnatomy is the study of structureGreek for to cut up or cut openPhysiology is the study of functionTherefore, anatomy and physiology are interrelatedSee Table 1.1 to compare anatomy and physiology of select examples

Two Categories of Anatomy1. Microscopic anatomyStructures too small to be seen with the unaided eye2. Gross anatomyStructures that can be seen with the unaided eye

Gross Subdisciplines3. EmbryologyStudy of developmental changes occurring prior to birth4. Developmental anatomyStudy of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity

Structural Organization of the BodyAtomsMoleculesCellsTissuesOrgansSystemsOrganismFigure 1.3

OrganizationMetabolismGrowth and developmentResponsivenessAdaptationRegulationReproductionCharacteristics of Living Organisms: Overview

Introduction to Organ SystemsThere are 11 organ systems in the human body

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.4continued

Figure 1.4 continued

Figure 1.4 continued

The Anatomic PositionCharacteristics:Standing uprightFeet parallel and on the floorHead level and looking forwardArms at side of bodyPalms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body

Anatomic PlanesCoronal (frontal) planeDivides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) partsTransverse (horizontal) planeDivides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) partsMidsagittal (median) planeDivides the body into equal left and right halvesOther sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right partsOblique planePasses through specimen at an angle

Body PlanesFigure 1.5

Example: Small IntestineA single section may misrepresent the complete structure of the object

2D images need to be mentally reconstructed into 3D images

Anatomic DirectionsTerms that describe the relative position of one body structure to another Anterior vs. posterior Superior vs. inferior Medial vs. lateral Proximal vs. Distal

Check table 1.2

Anatomic DirectionsFigure 1.7 McGraw-Hill Education, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Regional AnatomyThe body can be divided into two major regions: AxialHead, neck, and trunk (the vertical axis of the body) AppendicularUpper and lower limbs

Body CavitiesFigure 1.9

Thoracic CavityThe heart is located in a middle compartment called the mediastinum

Figure 1.10

Cavity MembranesVentral cavities are lined by a thin serous membraneDivided into two continuous parts (layers):Parietal layer: lines the internal surface of the body wallVisceral layer: covers the external surface of specific organsBoth layers produce a small amount of serous fluid to protect against friction between moving organs

Thoracic CavityFigure 1.10

Cavity MembranesFigure 1.10

Thoracic CavityThe lungs are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called the pleura

Figure 1.10

Membranes of the Abdominopelvic CavitiesThe serous membrane = peritoneumTwo continuous layers:Parietal peritoneum: lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity; not directly in contact with the organsVisceral peritoneum: covers surface of most digestive organsBetween the layers is a space called the peritoneal cavity

Abdominopelvic QuadrantsThe abdomino- pelvic cavity can also be divided into four quadrantsFigure 1.11(b) Abdominopelvic quadrantsLeft lowerquadrant (LLQ)Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)Left upperquadrant (LUQ)Right upperquadrant (RUQ)Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nine Region DivisionFigure 1.11Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.(a) Abdominopelvic regionsRighthypochondriacregionEpigastricregionLefthypochondriacregionRightlumbarregionLeftiliacregionHypogastricregionUmbilicalregionLeftlumbarregionRightiliacregion

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