2. Which of the following is a biome found at and as seen in the diagram?
A Rain forests
B Tundras
C Coniferous forests
D Deserts
3. A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If thegrowth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years?
4. A farmer observes that increasingly higher concentrations of a particular pesticide have beenrequired each year over the past ten years to achieve the same level of effectiveness on a specificinsect pest. Which of the following best helps explain the observation?
A Some individual insects live longer than others and pass on traits acquired during their lives.
B Only the most aggressive and territorial insects survive and reproduce.
CSome individual insects are more likely than others to survive and reproduce due to their inheritedtraits.
D Some individual insects produce many offspring, and thus their offspring live longer.
ESome individual insects reproduce before the pesticide is applied, thereby avoiding its harmfuleffects.
5. A field is abandoned, and an invasive plant that can live in nutrient-poor soil moves into the field. Ifthe land is later cleared of this invasive species and it is discovered that the soil has an abundanceof nitrogen compounds, what conclusion can best be made?
7. Country with the greatest percentage of land area affected by desertification
A Australia
B Brazil
C Chile
D Russia
E United States of America
8. One way that consumers can help prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that areexperiencing population declines is to
Ahelp get laws passed that allow more fishing in areas that are not fished currently, thereforeopening access to greater numbers of fish
Bpurchase fish harvested through the use of purse seining and long-lining methods so that only thelargest fish are caught
Cinvest in companies that fish near coral reefs, which would take pressure off deep-sea species andeliminate the need for advances in technology
Deat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populationsremain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested
9. Which of the following would most likely result from the deforestation of large areas of tropical rainforests caused by slash-and-burn agriculture?
A Increased ozone thinning because of the release of CFCs
B Decreased acid rain because of the sequestration of
C Increased global temperature because of the release of
D Deceased evaporation because of the loss of the tree canopy
10. If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the naturalannual percent increase of its population is
A 0.6%
B 1.6%
C 3%
D 16%
E 32%
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the followingpossible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.
A Small isolated islands are more likely to receive more migrating species.
B Small isolated islands provide opportunities for a greater diversity of species.
C Because of their size, small isolated islands accumulate more species by chance.
D Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources.
EBecause they have fewer available niches, small isolated islands are targeted and colonized byspecies.
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answersor completions. Select the one that is best in each case.
A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species.
14. If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond hadbeen adversely affected by adjacent development?
A An uncommon species has become more numerous.
B An increase in low-tolerance species has occurred.
C A decrease in high-tolerance species has occurred.
15. The harvesting of livestock for meat consumption affects the planet in various ways. Approximately25% of the land area on Earth is used for raising livestock. One-third of all water used in meatproduction goes toward producing beef, and the demand for beef is projected to increase by 95%by 2050. The graph below shows the average meat consumption per capita from 2010 to 2012 andthe forecasted meat consumption for 2022 for five different countries.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph?
AAs the demand for chicken increases and the demand for beef decreases, changes in meatproduction will decrease the demand on global water supplies.
BMeat consumption per capita will decrease in India between 2012 and 2022 because individuals inthat country have a primarily vegetarian diet.
CGlobal meat consumption per capita will increase in all five countries between 2012 and 2022 asthe countries move through the demographic transition and become more developed.
DThe use of growth hormones and antibiotics will allow for an increased yield in meat production inall five countries by 2022.
Figure 1 shows the population sizes for the moose population and the wolf population on Isle Royale.
16. Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best estimate of the carrying capacity ofthe moose population?
A 30
B 50
C 1,500
D 2,500
17. Farmers use various methods of irrigation on crops. Which of the following statements correctlypairs an irrigation method with an advantage or disadvantage?
19. Which of the following irrigation methods is most likely to result in salinization of the soil, especiallyif the agricultural fields are located in a warm climate with consistent sunlight?
A Spray irrigation
B Furrow irrigation
C Flood irrigation
D Drip irrigation
20. In a fish species, the number of eggs that hatch and survive for one year varies depending on thenumber of eggs that were produced. As the number of eggs produced increases past a thresholdnumber, the survival rate of the offspring decreases. Which of the following statements bestexplains why only a limited number of offspring can survive in a fish population?
A Resource partitioning allows similar species to coexist in the same ecological community.
B The number of fish surviving after one year is proportional to the number of eggs produced.
CThe chance of survival decreases when there is intraspecific competition for resources amongsurviving yearlings.
D More yearling fish survive beyond one year when there is an abundance of prey species present.
21. The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystemsbecause
23. Based on the diagram above, which process most directly results in the storage of carbon as coaland oil over millions of years?
A Photosynthesis
B Cellular respiration
C Decomposition
D Burning of fossil fuels
24. Which of the following statements best describes the most unsustainable method of clear-cuttingforests to harvest timber?
A All but the healthiest trees are removed from a forest.
B The highest-value trees are selectively removed from a forest.
C All of the shade-intolerant trees in a small section of a forest are cut down.
D All of the trees in a forest are cut down and removed in one operation.
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the graphbelow, which shows different phases related to the birth and death rates for a typical human populationover time.
27. In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate?
A Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life.
B Families had limited access to family planning and contraceptives.
C There were lower infant mortality rates as a result of increased access to healthcare.
D The country shifted to a more agricultural-based economy and the need for child labor decreased.
28. One example of the tragedy of the commons occurs when trees are harvested from tropical rainforests without any regulations. Which of the following best describes why this is an example of thetragedy of the commons?
ATropical rain forests have a thin layer of decaying organic matter and relatively low nutrient levelsslowing tree growth.
B Trees are an important resource, but not all individuals can access the resource.
C Timber producers remove as much timber as possible as cheaply as possible.
DTropical rain forests have the highest number of species per unit area, and trees are important forstability in the ecosystem.
29. Which of the following should be included in a watershed map to best determine thenon–point source of a pollutant, such as fertilizer, found in a river?
B The total area and the average yearly precipitation of the watershed
CThe land use upstream of the river and water quality indicators in streams that run downstream intothe river
D The total volume of surface water of the river and the land use downstream of the river
30. Which of the following best describes why understanding a watershed and its boundaries isimportant in designing housing developments along a river?
AThe water contained in a watershed is more likely to become polluted if the soil has highpermeability, so it is important to locate all point sources to reduce contamination.
BWatersheds provide habitats for hundreds of marine species, so it is important to protect theirfeeding and nesting sites when designing housing for humans.
CWatersheds provide space for cultivating land to produce food and other products, so it is importantto avoid locating a housing development on the most fertile land.
DSurface water and stormwater runoff will drain downstream within the watershed boundaries, so itis important to understand the flow of water through the watershed.
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