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Values

Nature, meaning & purpose of

Values.Dr. Jay A. Garcia

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The Meaning, Nature and

Purpose of Values

Values refer to the major priorities

that man chooses to act on, and that

creatively enhances his life and the

lives of those with whom he

associates with.

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According to Scheler:

Acts reveal the persons value

preferences. Like a prism that reflects

the invisible spectrum of colors, a

persons acts manifest his invisible

order of values.

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The Meaning, Nature and

Purpose of Values

Values is being itself or the richness

of being in as much as it has power to

attract the cognitive and appetitive

potentials of men.

Values refer to the major priorities

that one chooses to act on. Brian

Hall

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The Meaning, Nature and

Purpose of Values

Values means whatever is actually

liked, prized, esteemed, desired,

approved, and enjoyed by anyone at

anytime. - Brightman

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Phenomenology of Moral

Values

1. A description of moral insights into a

moral experience shows the following:

There is awareness of the difference

between right or wrong.Moral experience cannot be reduced to

other human experiences.

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There is a must quality, i.e., it is

expected & demanded that anyone be

moral.

We experience an ought in doing

good & avoiding evil.

Yet we are free to do good or evil.

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2. From phenomenon of dialogue,when we speak of & judge others.

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Characteristics of Moral Values.

1. A value becomes moral because it isrecognized as reasonable &freely chosenby a human person.

2. Moral values are pro-eminentover theother human values.

3. Moral values are absolute: i.e.,independent of other values & preferredfor their own sake.

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Characteristics of Moral Values.

4. Moral values are universal&necessaryfor everyone; i.e.,friendship remains a value to all

even if the friend is a rascal.

5. Moral values are obligatory; i.e.,they oughtto be realized & cannot

be postponed.

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Characteristics of Values

Max Scheler, in his theory of values, gives 4characteristics or properties of values.

1. They are pure valuable essences or

qualities.2. They are objective & transcend the

sentimental perceptions to which theyappeal.

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Characteristics of Values

3. They are hierarchically given,dependent & relative amongthemselves & with the perceiver.

4. They are always given in pairs, i.e.the positive value has always itscorresponding countervalue.

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Tomas Andres, outlines other

properties of Values.

Value is relative. Any value or goodmay be viewed as: a) good for what?or b) good for whom?

Value is subjective. If all values orgood are relative, then, in anyrelation, there are 3 things to

consider:

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1. That which is related to some otherthing. Taken from the Latin word aquo meaning from which.

2. That to which the former is relatedor referred. Taken from the Latinword ad quem meaning to which.

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3. The basis of relationship betweenthe two terms, i.e., the reason whythe term a quo is related to the term

ad quem.

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Tomas Andres, outlines

other properties of

Values. Value is objective.Value has an

absolute character since it has an

objectivity independent from humanappreciation or judgement.

Value is bipolar.In its deepest

structure, value never goes alone

but is accompanied by acountervalue.

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Tomas Andres, outlines

other properties of

Values. Value is hierarchical. Within the

realm of value & among the

different classes & groups thereexists a hierarchy, a scaled

gradation of values.

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Classification of Values

According to ancient

philosophers, there are three

fundamental classification ofvalues:

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Useful or utilitarian good.A

thing is useful when some other

things are obtained from &through it.

Pleasurable or delectable good.

A thing is pleasurable when itprovides pleasure to the

subject.

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Befitting or becoming good.A

thing is befitting when it

develops, completes, orperfects the subject.

Oth th iti

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Other authorities

classify values as either

intrinsic or instrumental. Intrinsic for its own sake.

Instrumental for the sake of

some other good.