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2. Hypercalcemia Polydipsia
hyper-OVER
-emia BLOOD CONDITION
-calc/oCALCIUM
poly- MANY
-dipsia THIRST
3. hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemiais a disorder that most commonly results from
malignancy or primary hyperparathyroidism and consists in an
abnormally high level of calcium in the blood;
Calcium plays an important role in the development and maintenance
of bones in the body. It is also needed in tooth formation and is
important in other body functions. As much as 99% of the body's
calcium is stored in bone tissue. A healthy person experiences a
constant turnover of calcium as bone tissue is built and reshaped.
The remaining 1% of the body's calcium circulates in the blood and
other body fluids. Calcium in the blood plays an important role in
the control of many body functions, including blood clotting,
transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction and other
metabolic activities.
4. Hypercalcemia symptoms
The effects of hypercalcemia are:constipation, fatigue, lethargy,
depression, kidney stone, bone pain
Other symptoms can include : anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
pancreatitis and increased urination
Abnormal symptoms : peptic ulcers, heart rhythms
Severe hypercalcemia (above 15-16mg/dL or 3.75-4 mmol/l) is
considered a medical emergency because coma and cardiac arrest can
result
5. Hypercalcemia treatments
- Intravenous fluids to rehydrate you
- Loop diuretic medications (such as furosemide) to help flush
excess calcium from your system and keep your kidneys
functioning
- Intravenous bisphosphonates, a group of drugs that includes
pamidronate (Aredia) and zolendronate (Zometa), to prevent bone
breakdown
- Calcitonin, a hormone produced by your thyroid gland, to reduce
bone reabsorption and slow bone loss
- Glucocorticoids(corticosteroids) to help counter the effects of
too much vitamin D in your blood caused by hypercalcemia
- Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis to remove excess waste and
calcium from your blood if your kidneys are damaged and you don't
respond to other treatments
6. 7. Hypercalcemia complications
Osteoporosis. If your bones continue to release calcium into your
blood, you may develop the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis,
which could lead to bone fractures, spinal column curvature and
loss of height.
Kidney stones. If your urine contains too much calcium, crystals
may form in your kidneys. Over time, the crystals may combine to
form kidney stones (renal lithiasis). Blockage from a stone can
lead to kidney damage, and passing a stone can be extremely
painful.
Kidney failure. Severe hypercalcemia can damage your kidneys,
limiting their ability to cleanse the blood and eliminate fluid. If
kidney damage is severe, you may lose kidney function permanently,
resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal
disease require either permanent dialysis a mechanical filtration
system for removing toxins and waste from your body or a kidney
transplant to survive.
Nervous system problems. Because calcium helps regulate your
nervous system, severe hypercalcemia can lead to confusion,
dementia and coma, which can be fatal.
Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia).Hypercalcemia can affect the
electrical impulses that regulate your heartbeat, causing your
heart to beat irregularly.
8. 9. polydipsia
Polydipsia is a medical term meaning excessive thirst. The fluid is
usually water, though some people may think of alcohol because of
the etymologically related term dipsomaniac, meaning an
alcoholic;
Polydipsia is almost always associated with polyuria (excessive
urination), if the condition is prolonged beyond a few hours in
those with functioning kidneys;
Polydipsia it is characteristic of several different conditions,
including diabetes mellitus, in which an excessive concentration of
glucose in the blood osmotically pulls intracellular fluid into the
bloodstream and increases the excretion of fluid via increased
urination, which leads to hypovolemia and thirst. In diabetes
insipidus the deficiency of the pituitary antidiuretic hormone
results in excretion of copious amounts of dilute urine, reduced
fluid volume in the body, and polydipsia. In nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus there is also copious excretion of urine with consequent
polydipsia. Polyuria resulting from other forms of renal
dysfunction also leads to polydipsia. The condition also may be
psychogenic in origin.
10. Polydispia complications