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Ch.12 Section One
Medicine & hygiene very rare Killer diseases –pneumonia,
bronchitis, diphtheria, tuberculosis, cholera & smallpox
Average life expectancy 30 yrs 15 in every 100 children died before
1st birthday 1 in 5 mothers died
“We set out at six in the morning and didn’t get out of the carriages (except when we overturned or got stuck in the mud) for 14 hours. We had nothing to eat and passed through some of the worst roads I ever saw in my life”
This is a description of a journey by Queen Anne in 1704 from Windsor to Petworth –a journey of 40 miles. What does it tell us about transport at the time ?
Begins in Great Britain during 1700s
IR = greatly increased output of machine made goods
IndustrializationIndustrialization= process of developing machine production of goods
Will spread to rest of Europe and the U.S.
Enclosure Movement• EnclosuresEnclosures= larger fields surrounded by
hedges or fences–Wealthy landowners bought out smaller farmers
Results–New agricultural methods tried• Small farmers become tenant farmers or
give up farming and move to cities
Seed Drill invented by JethroTull
Crop Rotation Crop Rotation –farmers alternate crops in a field to keep fields nourished
Selective Breeding Selective Breeding –only the best livestock are allowed to breed
Food supplies increased
Living conditions improved
England’s population boomed
Increased population boosted demand for food and supplies
Where are the jobs? • City factories
Possessed all of the factors of production -resources needed to produce goods and services• Large population of workers• Many natural resources• Growing economy
Entrepreneur = person who organizes, manages, and takes on risks of a business
Politically stable – no wars on British soil during the 1700’s.
Factory Work Factories pay more than farms, spur
demand for more expensive goodsIndustrial Cities Rise Urbanization—city-building and
movement of people to cities Growing population provides work
force, market for factory goods.
Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums•
Life span in one large city is only 17 years Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in
luxurious suburban homes Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes,
building codes Cities also w/out adequate housing,
education, police protection