What happened after WWI?

Discontent and Experimentation

Chapter 21

Great Britain

veterans came home to a struggling economy high debt trade suffering unemployment (25%) dole = aid for unemploymentdole = aid for unemployment England becomes more and more a welfare

state Labour party increases power in government

France

heavier loss of life & property than Great Britain

gained new territories = mineral deposits & industrial plants (From Germany) Alsace and Lorraine

politically unstable too many political parties, no one majority

suspicious of Germany protect border with Germany***

Territory Gained in WWI

Worst case scenario... post WWI if Germany had won

France

Maginot Line fortification against

Germans "guaranteed to stop

Germans from attacking"

communication, ammunition, transportation, living quarters

proved ineffective in WWII

Underground View of Maginot Line

USA

WWI put America involved in world affairs many Americans wanted to return to

isolationism Wilson ( involved in international affairs) Harding (return to isolationism) Coolidge (domestic over international) Hoover

USA

Great Depression appearances = everything good Roaring 20's factories produce more consumer goods more leisure time than every before

Stock Market Collapse 1929 prices drop unemployment (33%) banks fail factories close people lose homes

FDR and New Deal

1932 FDR elected president programs to provide:

relief recovery reform

Gave people jobs regulate stock exchange increse power of Federal Bureaucracy

bureaucracy = nonelected officials who handle govt affairs

Built w

ith Public W

orks Program

The Rise of The Rise of TotalitarianismTotalitarianism(1920s-1930s)(1920s-1930s)

What is Totalitarianism?What is Totalitarianism? Totalitarianism:Totalitarianism: dictator has complete control dictator has complete control

over his country & the lives of his peopleover his country & the lives of his people Key Traits of TotalitarianismKey Traits of Totalitarianism

Dictator:Dictator: total powertotal power

One party: One party: ruling party is the only legal political partyruling party is the only legal political party

gov't control of all aspects of lifegov't control of all aspects of life business, religion, the arts, education, etc.business, religion, the arts, education, etc. use of use of propagandapropaganda, , fearfear, and , and secret policesecret police No freedom of speech, religion, press, etc.No freedom of speech, religion, press, etc.

Totalitarian LeadersTotalitarian Leaders Why did they come to power?Why did they come to power?

People wanted strong leaders to get them out of People wanted strong leaders to get them out of the Great Depressionthe Great Depression

Russia (Lenin, Stalin)Russia (Lenin, Stalin) Italy (Mussolini)Italy (Mussolini) Germany (Hitler)Germany (Hitler)

Nationalism—they promised to make their Nationalism—they promised to make their countries big and powerfulcountries big and powerful

What did they want?What did they want? Total control over country and peopleTotal control over country and people Strong military and economyStrong military and economy More land—they were willing to go to war for it!More land—they were willing to go to war for it!

The Soviet Union The Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)(U.S.S.R.)

• Bolsheviks vs. Menshaviks (Both Social Democratic Party)

•Russo Japanese War• embarassment for Russia• lost territory to Japan• Peace talks earned Roosevelt Nobel Peace Prize

- more radical- change through

violence

- more moderate- change through peaceful measures

Road to Revolution

Bloody Sunday (March to Winter Palace) peaceful march ask for reforms (elections, improve conditions,

etc.) soldiers open fire, kill innocent marchers

October Strike Czar promises to give them duma (national

assembly) free speech elections

Reasons for Revolution

food shortages embarassment of

war failures discontent with

gov't Rasputin influence

over czar's wife

Revolution

Tzar abdicates throne 1917 ends 300 yrs Romanov rule

Kerensky = provisional gov't nobody respected him

Germans send bolsheviks home to cause trouble knows this will get Russia out of WWI

Lenin takes power easily good leadership & good orator discipline within party knew what the people wanted

Lenin

studied karl marx leadership of Bolsheviks believed in violent revolution "communism will succeed if lead by

working class people" offered "hope" to downtrodden Russian

people offered immediate results to problems

1918- Lenin moves capital to Moscow from St. Petersburg

1924- Russia becomes USSR tightly regulate economy all surplus crops and goods belong to govt forced labor no incentives

1921-28- New Economic Policy temporary retreat from communism to rescue

economy from collapse allow capitalist aspects for a short time

Stalin steps in

battle with Trotsky for control Stalin had more friends in govt

5 Year Plans (1928-33) tried to build up industry collectivize agriculture = bring under gov't control secret police - tool of control and fear to force compliance

RESULTS = conflict, famine, poverty death of 5 million Russians

Two Types of Totalitarianism:Two Types of Totalitarianism:Fascism vs. CommunismFascism vs. Communism

FascismFascism privately owned

companies; regulated by govt

highly nationalistic

military dictator glorifies state

CommunismCommunism No social classes No private property Global communism

calls for all nations to be united under communism

Anti-religion

BothBothTotalitarian dictatorship Totalitarian dictatorship –– required absolute required absolute obedience to leaderobedience to leader

Anti-democracyAnti-democracyExtreme militarismExtreme militarism – – glorification of militaryglorification of military

ItalyItaly• dissapointed after WWI

•didn't get much reward for siding with Allies• strikes, inflation, debt problems

• Rich were afraid of Communism• Soldiers came home to no jobs• Nationalists wanted a strong Italy

Mussolini Mussolini satisfied all satisfied all

3 groups3 groups

Mussolini

imprisoned for being a socialist loved war and military glory organized fascist party after ancient Rome

seemed to provide: order and stability March on Rome, demand king to make him premier of Italy

King does it

slowly but surely increases his power over the people "Il Duce" (leader, commander)

Lateran Treaty

treaty with Roman Catholic Church pope recognize

authority of government

Government grant pope independant state = Vatican City

GermanyGermany Kaiswer Wilhelm II abdicates end of WWI

revolutions all over Germany Weimar Republic

written constitution 7 year president electedPresident appoints a chancellorWeaknesses:

people didn't support republictoo many political parties no experience running a republic

perfect timing for Adolph Hitler

Hitler

little success as a young man artist and architect = fail not fit for military Volunteers for Reserve Infantry

gets hurt and awarded to silver crosses

Angry at armistice end of WWI Joined Nazi group and became

leader formed Blackshirts (protect Hitler,

become SS- secret police, war crimes, concentration camps, good fighters)

Hitler and Nazi Party

1923- revolt in Munich = FAIL jailed for about a year

wrote book "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle") attacked Weimar Republic hatred for Jews renounce Treaty of Versailles Germanic people = master race

after jail, he spread his ideas through speeches

Hitler Rise to Power

1.Weimar Republic Weak

2. Many Germans angry at Treaty of Versailles

3. Economic problems in Germany

4. Anti-communist

5. Hitler's charisma, leadership and propaganda

Youth serve the leader. All ten-year-olds into the HJ

(Hitler Youth)”. It is likely that the girl looks up with passion

to Hitler as the leader.

“Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German

front soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for

Germany! What does Adolf Hitler want? Freedom and

food for every decent working German! ......

A Nazi sword kills a snake, the blade passing through a red Star of David. The red words coming from the snake are:

usury, Versailles, unemployment, war guilt lie,

Marxism, Bolshevism, lies and betrayal, inflation, Locarno, Dawes Pact, Young Plan,

corruption, Barmat, Kutistker, Sklarek [the last three Jews involved in major financial

scandals], prostitution, terror, civil war.

Nazi Germany

blame Jews for WWI's outcome

action against Jews November 1938 =

Kristallnacht destroyed thousands

of Jewish properties Jew's citizenships

taken away Sent to concentration

camps

Hitler's 4 Year Plans

1933 - seeks to end unemployment building programs autobahn- military highway

across the country in case fights a 2 front war

again Self sufficient

in case of blockade it can survive

"strength in joy" keep the people happy vacations and entertainment

@ low cost