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Ch6 - Learning

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    Chapter 6: Learning

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    Classical Conditioning

    Ivan Pavlov

    Terminology

    Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

    Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

    Unconditioned Response (UCR)

    Conditioned Response (CR)

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    Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus

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    Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical conditioning

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    Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear response

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    Classical Conditioning: More Terminology

    Trial = pairing ofUCS and CS

    Acquisition = initial stage in learning

    Stimulus contiguity = occurring together intime and space

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    Classical Conditioning: More Terminology

    3 types of Classical Conditioning

    Simultaneous conditioning: CS and UCS

    begin and end together Short-delayed conditioning: CS begins

    just before the UCS, end together

    Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends

    before UCS is presented

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    Processes in Classical Conditioning

    Extinction

    Spontaneous Recovery

    Stimulus Generalization

    Discrimination

    Higher-order conditioning

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    Figure 6.7 Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

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    Figure 6.10 Higher-order conditioning

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    Figure 6.12 Reinforcement in operant conditioning

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    Figure 6.13 Skinner box and cumulative recorder

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    Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning

    Acquisition

    Shaping

    Extinction

    Stimulus Control

    Generalization

    Discrimination

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    Figure 6.14 A graphic portrayal of operant responding

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    Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in Classical andOperant Conditioning

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    Reinforcement:

    Consequences that Strengthen Responses

    Primary Reinforcers

    Satisfy biological needs

    Secondary Reinforcers

    Conditioned reinforcement

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    Figure 6.17 Schedules of reinforcement and patterns of response

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    Consequences:

    Reinforcement and Punishment Increasing a response:

    Positive reinforcement = responsefollowed by rewarding stimulus

    Negative reinforcement = responsefollowed by removal of an aversivestimulus

    Escape learning

    Avoidance learning Decreasing a response:

    Punishment

    Problems with punishment

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    Figure 6.18 Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement

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    Figure 6.19 Escape and avoidance learning

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    Figure 6.20 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment

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    Changes in Our Understanding

    of Conditioning

    Biological Constraints on Conditioning

    Instinctive Drift

    Conditioned Taste Aversion

    Preparedness and Phobias

    Cognitive Influences on Conditioning

    Signal relations Response-outcome relations

    Evolutionary Perspectives on learning

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    Figure 6.22 Conditioned taste aversion

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    Observational Learning: Basic Processes

    Albert Bandura (1977, 1986)

    Observational learning

    Vicarious conditioning 4 key processes

    attention

    retention

    reproduction

    motivation

    acquisition vs. performance

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    Figure 6.25 Observational learning


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