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Chapter 6: Learning
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Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Terminology
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
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Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus
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Figure 6.2 The sequence of events in classical conditioning
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Figure 6.3 Classical conditioning of a fear response
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Classical Conditioning: More Terminology
Trial = pairing ofUCS and CS
Acquisition = initial stage in learning
Stimulus contiguity = occurring together intime and space
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Classical Conditioning: More Terminology
3 types of Classical Conditioning
Simultaneous conditioning: CS and UCS
begin and end together Short-delayed conditioning: CS begins
just before the UCS, end together
Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends
before UCS is presented
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Processes in Classical Conditioning
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Stimulus Generalization
Discrimination
Higher-order conditioning
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Figure 6.7 Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
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Figure 6.10 Higher-order conditioning
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Figure 6.12 Reinforcement in operant conditioning
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Figure 6.13 Skinner box and cumulative recorder
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Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning
Acquisition
Shaping
Extinction
Stimulus Control
Generalization
Discrimination
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Figure 6.14 A graphic portrayal of operant responding
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Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in Classical andOperant Conditioning
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Reinforcement:
Consequences that Strengthen Responses
Primary Reinforcers
Satisfy biological needs
Secondary Reinforcers
Conditioned reinforcement
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Figure 6.17 Schedules of reinforcement and patterns of response
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Consequences:
Reinforcement and Punishment Increasing a response:
Positive reinforcement = responsefollowed by rewarding stimulus
Negative reinforcement = responsefollowed by removal of an aversivestimulus
Escape learning
Avoidance learning Decreasing a response:
Punishment
Problems with punishment
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Figure 6.18 Positive reinforcement versus negative reinforcement
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Figure 6.19 Escape and avoidance learning
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Figure 6.20 Comparison of negative reinforcement and punishment
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Changes in Our Understanding
of Conditioning
Biological Constraints on Conditioning
Instinctive Drift
Conditioned Taste Aversion
Preparedness and Phobias
Cognitive Influences on Conditioning
Signal relations Response-outcome relations
Evolutionary Perspectives on learning
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Figure 6.22 Conditioned taste aversion
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Observational Learning: Basic Processes
Albert Bandura (1977, 1986)
Observational learning
Vicarious conditioning 4 key processes
attention
retention
reproduction
motivation
acquisition vs. performance
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Figure 6.25 Observational learning