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American Civil Rights
1700-1790: Several black slave revolts occurred; the Constitution of Vermont is the first to abolish slavery
1790-1810: Manumission of slaves in some free states; in 1808 the importation of slaves in America was banned
1861-1865: Tens of thousands of enslaved African American slaves escaped to Union lines for freedom (Underground Railroad); the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect
1865: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect, the abolishment of slavery
1860s: The Ku Klux Klan is formed in Tennessee by white Confederate veterans 1870: The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees the right of male
citizens to vote regardless of colour or previous condition of servitude
Background...
Prosperity that was accessible to many whites, was not available to everyone
Black Americans were largely excluded
Example: Suburban neighbourhoods
Civil Rights Movement Origins...
1950s/1960sRacism was prominent throughout societyFaced hiring discrimination & unequal
pay/opportunityDiscriminatory real estate practice
Kept to inner city neighbourhoods (out of suburbs) Kept in areas with poor schools and education
In the South, segregation was the law Required that blacks and whites attend separate schools
and churches and use different facilities
Experiences of African Americans...
Grew out of political organizations and churches (1950s)
First area of focus was education 1954: Brown v. Board of Education
Decided that segregation based on race in Educational facilities was no longer legal
Despite this decision, little change resulted
Additional Resource (Brown v. Board of Education Video)
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX760a6e7d58506758635545&t=Civil-Rights-Movement
First Signs of Activism...
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Non-violent protest of racial segregation
on buses Result of the arrest of Rosa Parks Refused to give up her seat for other white
passengers Arrested and found guilty
Many participants were arrested or their livelihood was threatened
Law of bus segregation was challenged in court November 13, 1956- declared
unconstitutional
Montgomery, Alabama...
Additional Resource (Montgomery Bus Boycott Video)http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX030d46007f701570455d7b&t=Civil-Rights-Movement
Little Rock Central High School (1957)NAACP made attempts to enrol blacks in white
schools after the Brown v. Board of Education decision
Nine African American students selected to attendOn the first day of school, they were prevented
from entering by Arkansas National Guard Were also harassed, threatened and at the centre of protest by
other student
President Eisenhower enforced orders of the Federal court and deployed 101st Airborne Division to protect the students
Little Rock, Arkansas...
Additional Resource (Central High/Little Rock Video)http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX6d517e016d4a01004d556b&t=Civil-Rights-Movement
1960Greensboro, North CarolinaFour black college students sat at Woodworth’s
Lunch Counter protesting African American exclusion from that location
Peaceful protest Inspired other sit-ins (spread to most segregated
states)Some participants escorted from the lunch area
and jailedLed to the formation of the Student Non-Violent
Coordination Committee (SNCC)
Protesting: Sit-Ins...
Additional Resource (Greensboro Sit Ins Video)http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX6a5a54565d5c0c52045477&t=Civil-Rights-Movement
Journeys on interstate buses into segregated Southern states
First freedom ride departed from Washington on May 4, 1961
Aimed to integrate bus seating and desegregate bus stations Including washrooms, drinking fountains and waiting
areasMany participants were violently attacked and injuredKennedy ordered the re-issue of a desegregation
orderPassengers were then permitted to sit anywhere on
buses and use integrated facilities
Freedom Rides...
Additional Resource: Freedom Riders Video)http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX47156370015c0e7c5b7a06&t=Civil-Rights-Movement
August 28th, 1963 100th anniversary of the Proclamation of
EmancipationFocused on:
Civil Rights Laws Federal works Full/fair employment Decent housing Adequate integrated education
Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a dream..” speech
Helped pass the Civil Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights (1965)
March on Washington...
Additional Resource: March on Washington Video)http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX555000426740744c434673&t=Civil-Rights-Movement
Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned discrimination based on race, colour,
religion, sex or national origin in employment practices and public accommodation
Nullified state and local laws legalizing segregation and discrimination
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX6a4146734773624354037b&t=Civil-Rights-Movement
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Outlawed discriminatory voting practices Eliminated the prevention of blacks and other
minorities from voting http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?
v=zX4469045f0f486b4e655067&t=Civil-Rights-Movement
New Legislation...
1954- Brown v. Board of Education 1955- Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott 1957- Little Rock Nine 1961- Freedom Riders and the desegregation of bus
terminals 1963- The Birmingham Campaign/ March on Washington 1964- Martin Luther King Jr. wins Nobel Peace Prize 1964 (July)- Civil Rights Act is passed 1965- March for Freedom/ Voting Rights Act passed 1968- Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated 1972- Congress approves the Equal Rights Amendment 2008- Barack Obama is elected the 44th president of the
United States
Timeline...
Even though the fight for equality had begun many years prior to the 1950s, had much changed since the post Civil War era?
What were African Americans fighting for?
Do you believe that true equality of races has been in achieved in the United States? In the world?
Questions to Consider...
Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a dream...” speech (video) http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?
v=zX5b7d7b6d56665342605173&t=Civil-Rights-Movement
Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a dream...” speech (text) http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/
mlkihaveadream.htm
Montgomery Bus Boycott- Online activity http://www.beforetheboycott.com/eLearning/index.html
Additional Resources...