CHAPTER 10Nervous System

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FUNCTION, ANATOMY, AND WORD PARTS OF

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. State the function of the nervous system and analyze associated

terms.

2. Write the meaning of word parts associated with the nervous system

and use them to build and analyze terms.

3. Distinguish between the structures of the central nervous system and

the peripheral nervous system and define the terms associated with

these structures.

Lesson 10.1

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The nervous system

is the control center and communications network.

stimulates movement and senses changes both within and outside

the body.

provides us with thought, learning, and memory.

maintains homeostasis with the help of the hormonal system.

has sensory, integrative, and motor components.

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ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central nervous system (CNS) = brain + spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = nerves that connect

the CNS to receptors, glands, and muscles

Types of cells = neurons + neuroglia

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PNS:

SENSORY AND MOTOR COMPONENTS

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SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC SYSTEMS

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NEUROTRANSMITTERS Acetylcholine (Ach)

Acetylcholinesterase

Dopamine

Serotonin

Endorphins

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Dendr(o) tree

Nerv(o), neur(o) nerve

Gli(o) neuroglia or

a sticky substance

WORD PARTS: NEURONS

Neuron

Neuron

DEEP TENDON REFLEX (DTR) 8

PROTECTION: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain: cranium

Spinal cord: vertebrae

Both: meninges (meninx) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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MENINGESBRAIN AND UPPER SPINAL CORD,

SAGITTAL SECTION

CORTICAL LOBES

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SPINAL CORD

WORD PARTS: CNS STRUCTURES

Cerebell(o) cerebellum

Cerebr(o), encephal(o) brain (cerebr(o) sometimes means

cerebrum)

Myel(o) spinal cord (sometimes, bone marrow)

Mening(i), mening(o) meninges

Arachn(o) spider or arachnoid membrane

NERVE DISTRIBUTION

11PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Afferent (sensory)

Efferent (motor)

Sense organs

Receptors = sensory nerve endings

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DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, PROCEDURES, AND

PATHOLOGIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

4. Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures for

assessment of the nervous system when given their descriptions, or match the procedures with the descriptions.

5. Write the names of nervous system pathologies when given their

descriptions, or match the pathologies with their descriptions.

6. Write the names of psychologic disorders when given their

descriptions, or match the disorders with their descriptions.

Lesson 10.2

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DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES

Deep tendon reflex (DTR)

Superficial reflex

CSF analysis

Plain x-ray imaging, CT, MRI

Echoencephalography

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Encephalography

Myelography

Brain scan

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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY

CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY

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DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES

Sleep studies

Sleep apnea

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GLASGOW COMA SCALE

Eyes open 1–4

1 is no opening

4 is eyes open spontaneously

Best verbal response 1–5

1 is no response

5 is oriented to time, place, and person

Best motor response 1–6

1 = no response

6 = obeys a command

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PATHOLOGIES

Dyslexia

Algesia, hyperalgesia, hypoalgesia

Paresthesia, pseudesthesia

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WORD PARTS: PATHOLOGY

Pseud(o) false

-asthenia weakness

-esthesia sensitivity to pain

-lexia words, phrases

-orexia hunger

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PATHOLOGIES

Neuralgia, polyneuralgia

Polyneuropathy, polyneuritis

Sciatica, peripheral neuropathy

Carpoptosis

Cephalalgia, cephalgia

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HEADACHES

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PATHOLOGIES: TRAUMA

Craniocerebral trauma

Concussion, contusion

Aphasia, dysphasia, dysarthria

Semiconsciousness, stupor, coma, semicoma

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SPINAL CORD INJURIES 22

TYPES OF STROKE23

HEMATOMA

PATHOLOGIES: PARALYSIS

Hemiplegia, diplegia, paraplegia

Quadriplegia, monoplegia

Bell palsy

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PATHOLOGIES:

CONGENITAL AND HEREDITARY DISORDERS

Meningocele,

meningomyelocele

Cerebral palsy

HUNTINGTON chorea

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PATHOLOGIES:

INFECTIONS OF THE CNS

Meningitis, encephalitis

Encephalomeningitis, encephalomyelitis

Cerebellitis

Ventriculitis

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PATHOLOGIES:

INFECTIONS FROM MICROORGANISMS

Tetanus

Botulism

Poliomyelitis

Rabies (hydrophobia)

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PATHOLOGIES:

BRAIN TUMORS & SEIZURES

Tumors: glioma, meningioma

Intracranial

Hydrocephalus

Neuroma

Convulsions

Epilepsy

Narcolepsy

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PATHOLOGIES: DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS Amyotrophic lateral

sclerosis (ALS)

Parkinson’s disease

Bradykinesia

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Myasthenia gravis

Dementia

Alzheimer’s disease

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WORD PARTS: PSYCHOLOGIC DISORDERS

Ment(o), psych(o) mind

Phren(o) mind or diaphragm

Pyr(o) fire

Schist(o), schiz(o) split

Idio- individual

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PSYCHOLOGIC DISORDERS

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders (DSM)

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Intellectual

Communication

Attention deficit disorder (ADD)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Hyperkinesia, hyperkinesis

Autism

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PSYCHOLOGIC DISORDERS

Formerly neurosis

Anxiety disorders

Psychobiological response

Panic disorder, panic attack

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Obsession, compulsion

Phobias: agoraphobia, zoophobia, phobophobia,

acrophobia, claustrophobia, pyrophobia,

arachnophobia

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PSYCHOLOGIC DISORDERS

Trauma and stressor-related disorders

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Somatic symptom disorder (formerly somatoform

disorder)

Formerly included hypochondriasis

psychosomatic

Feeding and eating disorders

Bulimia

Anorexia nervosa

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PSYCHOLOGIC DISORDERS

Mood disorders

Clinical depression

Bipolar disorder

Mania

“Mania” terms

Megalomania

Pyromania, pyromaniac

Kleptomania, pseudomania

Sexual disorders, paraphilia

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PSYCHOLOGIC DISORDERS

Neurasthenia

Schizophrenia

Psychosis, psychotic disorder

Personality disorders

Antisocial behavior

Paranoia

Pseudoplegia

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SURGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS,

HEALTH CARE REPORTS, PHARMACEUTICS,

ABBREVIATIONS, AND REVIEW

7. Write the terms for surgical and therapeutic interventions for nervous system pathologies and psychological disorders when given descriptions, or match the interventions with their descriptions.

8. Build terms from word parts to label illustrations.

9. Use word parts from this chapter to determine the meanings of terms in a health care report.

10. Spell the terms accurately.

11. Pronounce the terms correctly.

12. Recognize or use abbreviations presented in this chapter.

13. Categorize terms as anatomy, a diagnostic test or procedure, pathology, surgery, or nonsurgical therapy.

14. Recognize the meanings of general pharmacology terms used in this chapter as well as the drug classes and their uses.

Lesson 10.3

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SURGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS

Epidural anesthesia

Nerve block anesthesia

Sympathectomy, vagotomy

Neurotripsy, neurolysis, neurectomy

Neuroplasty, neurorrhaphy

Cerebrotomy, craniotomy, craniectomy

TENS

Aneurysmectomy

Cranioplasty, burr hole

Stereotaxis, stereotactic surgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery, gamma knife Procedure

Shunt

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GAMMA KNIFE TREATMENT

WITH STEREOTAXIS

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VENTRICULOPERITONEAL SHUNT

SURGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS

Hypnotics

Anticonvulsants

Antiparkinsonian drugs

Contraindication

Thrombolytics

Psychoanalysis, psychotherapy

Psychopharmacology

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PHARMACEUTICS

Analgesics (narcotic and nonnarcotic)

Antialcoholics

Anticonvulsants

Antidepressants

Antimigraine drugs

Antiparkinsonian agents

Antipsychotics/neuroleptics

Anxiolytics

Benzodiazepines

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Mood stabilizers

Stimulants

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ABBREVIATIONS

ACh

CNS

CSF

DT

DTR

DSM

EEG

TENS

LBP

PNS

CVA

ICP

SCI

TIA

ADD

ADHD

ALS

MS

OCD

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