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Challenges and opportunities for co-management of a migratory fish

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    1

    A F S Spu 69:000000, 2009 2009 b A F S

    Challenges and Opportunities for Co-Management of aMigratory Fish (Prochilodus nigricans) in the

    Peruvian Amazon

    ElizabEth P. andErson*,1Global Water or Sustainability Program, Department o Environmental Studies

    Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA

    Mariana MontoyaDepartment o Geography and the Environment

    1 University Station A3100, Austin, Texas 78712, USAaldo sotoand hErnn FlorEs

    WWF-Peru Programme OfceTrinidad Morn 853, Lima 14 Per, Apartado Postal: 11-0205

    MichaEl McclainGlobal Water or Sustainability Program, Department o Environmental Studies

    Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA

    Abstract.F - v, , u w Pz Rv b Puv Az. I , bk w w uqu qu b- b v b , u Prochilodus nigricans, p p uu Az. I w Pz b, w pv j u -u u u Kz. Hwv, b qu u v u pp b p b v uup u v b uu pu p-u xp xp . I p, b b u u, v z, Puv v- vp - . N Lk R, k Puv Az, Kz w - v k qu u. T wk w p w p, wu pv - p p k P. nigri-cans. Au , - bjv u Lk R u ub v u uw qu bv. H, w u p P. nigricans b p .

    * Cp u: @uu.1 Cu : T F Muu Nu H, 1400Su Lk S Dv, C, IL 60605, USA

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    2 anderson et al.

    Introduction

    p v Su A u v u, ,

    p p qu -v vb w . M- p, b p , xp u v, v bw , , w qu, v- p (W- Jp 1998). Au u b v b MDw(1987), Prochiloduspp. xb px pw p u k- u u v uu Az O- b. E, Prochilodusp p b u v wb, bv p p qu -v (Auj-L . 1986; Fk 1992,1996; Fb . 1993; W 1996; - . 2006). T p ub Su A (Gu 1981; B-

    2001; A . 2005; Sv Sw 2006; . 2006; Juk . 2007).

    Ov, w pu, -u uvv w

    ww, Su A, Prochilodusb pu v v u-u w (A . 2005). M Prochilodus u uu w v (W- Jp 1998). T p - u b u v b Prochilodus p pk p (Rb . 1995;P . 2000). S p, u P. nigricans, kw v bw ww- bkw u w- (Cv L Auj-L2004). Ww z b ub, x u -; v, bkw xb

    w ub, w x, w u -. W pu uv k pu xp-

    p up v , w, u k (K 2006). Ov- Prochilodusp pvv pb u Az O b p-

    -. A , Prochilodusk ubj xp b up u. Ov p 25 , v O ub p p, P. mariae, v b - b - z ( . 2006).Prochilodus p p Su

    A , bu u vb( B 2001).

    T x Su A, w p u , p uuvv Prochilodus pp. (B . 1998;

    A . 2003). Pub p p - Az Rv B 900,000 p; 1990, bu p w xp b Az (B

    P 1989; Juk . 2007). I Puv Az, vu pu (~80,000 / u ) US$80 u, bw b (25%) ub (75%) b ( B 2001). Prochilodus p p-p p ub b pu k Az. I Mu , Bz ( Az), Prochilodus p p, p- 45% k (Juk . 2007). T u Iqu Pup, Pu (upp

    Az), w Prochilodus pp. u 4555% (Mu . 2001;Sv Sw 2006; Juk . 2007). Tp u -u ; p Puv Az, Prochilodus p 80% pu u (FECONAKADIP 2007). Bu b

    Prochilodus, -p u u bw u u v u (MD

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    3co-management o a migratory ish (prochilodusnigricans)

    1997; A . 2003; Cp . 2004b;FECONAKADIP 2007). I u, p b p b , , p

    w, f k . I x, v quk b pb- Prochilodusppu v Az pp.

    Su v ub u u v v w p-, p qu p Az v u (B 1981; B . 1998; A . 2003). Nv, u -v up . F, -u u wp uu Az v p p ub . Au p v b ,Prochilodus w -p p (B . 1998), buProchilodus , v u u v k. S, u pv -u

    p u v uu (FECONAKADIP 2007). F Prochilodus u pw p u w w, w (B .1998; H. F, p bv). F, -u vu b u -u Prochilodus ppu- b , v u u uu Az b ub. S u v u u u b ub x u u 60% - Az ( M 1985; B .1998; M . 2007), bu u k k - qu, vu, p - (Juk . 2007).

    Ev Prochilodus Az b u p-

    u u, b pu x u - p v. ,u u b k p

    - vv b pp- p pp upk k (D M-

    Gw 1994; S N 1996; C MG 2003; M . 2007). F- v p v : u -p -v u , pu f, b u pv u- v u (.., k), u bu b pv b u- ( C MG 2003; Cp . 2004; M . 2007). I p Bz Pu, - w u / u u- pb w vu v u- (A . 2003; Cp . 2004;FECONAKADIP 2007; Juk . 2007). T Mu Bz pv xp: z v w p u w

    bv v - w v-v, (Cp . 2004b).Fu, b u z, -vv - p u / u u pb u ubk v (MD 1997).

    T Lk R Kzpp Puv Az pv Prochilodus ppu - Az. T Kz uu b p p bk-w k j ubu, ww Pz Rv Pu. Fw pv vwj p Kz , pu p, P. nigricans (Spx Az 1829), pv p u (FECONAKADIP 2007). Nv-

    , - ub Kz - k b u v w u x, u uu

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    4 anderson et al.

    pu xp. w u-, Kz v k p u - w Pz Rv b. I

    , w b u P. nigricans,b p w Pz b, u- pp - bp Lk R, Pu.

    Ecology of Prochilodus nigricans

    Prochilodus nigricans pu p- b w qu bv b p Az b. Tp u - Az Rv,

    w w Az Bz, Cb, Eu, P, Bv (Sv Sw 2006). I w bu Prochiloduspp. u Az kw b v : bqu- Pu, u Bz, b Bv, b Cb Eu (Auj-L Ruf 2004). I Puv Az, P. nig-ricans b w u

    u 25 xu - ppx 40 (Mu .2001; Eb . 2005).

    I p v, p pz u u; P. nigricans

    w up (Y Auj-L1998; . 2006). Prochilodus nigricansp pu u xb v (B-

    w 1983; Bw . 1984; Y Auj-L- 1998; Ov . 2006). O b bv, Prochilodus pp. u qu wb. A v, b u - p p v, u - f pv pub (W 1996;

    W Jp 1998). Fu, bubu bProchiloduspp. b w -x b w p pu b

    (Fk 1996; . 2006). R uu k u u - Prochilodus, v v w v b ( . 2006).

    S, - p P. nigricans.

    Au x p v b, u p

    w v, vb,pu, p k (Auj-L Ruf 2004; Sv Sw 2006; W Jp 1998). Prochilodus nigricansv b-w bk-w v, u pk, w-w , u -v A Mu. Rpuv u w w w w v , w p u u w (F 1997; Auj-L Ruf 2004).

    The Lower Pastaza River Basin, Peru

    T Pz Rv bu M Rv-, A ub

    Az Rv b. S bw Eu Pu, Pz Rv b p ppx 40,000 k2 p u 5,000 . T

    v b: p -v v -z w , u v (1,0002,500 bv v), v wu w w. W upp p Pz Rv b 1 pp, w p p p ppuw w- b.

    I Pu, Pz Rv b x- u u p, - p b w . H, w-wPz Rv w j x w bk-w u Lk R v k. W 79 k2, Lk R - k Puv Az p bk-w k, -, w b PzRv w w v, Cu

    Cpu (Fu 1). T bk- w-w , w p v k p (vz), v pu

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    5co-management o a migratory ish (prochilodusnigricans)

    uqu b qu b, p .Pvu u v p 292 p (33 ) k uu w

    b; wv, b - u ub p b u (Wk . 2005;FECONAKADIP 2007). A , wk bw w , z w Pz Rv b.

    Au pp 3,000 , w v Lk R uu u 7 bw (DbFbu)

    w (ApJu) p (IIAP-WWF 1999).

    T v v pp P-uv Pz k w v, p . A 11,600 pp b Puv Pz,

    b u u u:Au, Kw, Sp, Kz. S up v v bu 120

    pp p p . I b j uu,

    ww pv j p u bw v - w. F u p u p u u v (P . 2000).

    T p u -u xp b Kz,

    w b w u Lk R.

    T Kz ub bu 2,500 pp kw w v v- b u v b u xp p. M

    Figure 1. T Pz Rv b bw Eu Pu (). T Kz b w Pz Rv u Lk R w b. T Kz v Mu Ku u k Pz Rv. Fu: C. Avz, WWF-Pu.

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    6 anderson et al.

    Kz v v (

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    7co-management o a migratory ish (prochilodusnigricans)

    Figure 3.Av p u (CPUE) p Lk R. Dv p Ob 2004 Spb 2006.

    Figure 4.Fuu p u (CPUE) p Lk R.

    0.0

    1.0

    2.0

    3.0

    4.0

    5.0

    6.0

    7.0

    Oct Nov Dic Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Set Oct Mar May Jun Jul Ago Set

    2004 2005 2006

    CPUE

    Prochilodus Osteoglossum Cichla

    Months/year

    nigricans bicirrhosum monoculus

    0.00

    0.50

    1.00

    1.50

    2.00

    2.50

    3.00

    3.50

    4.00

    Prochilodus Osteoglossum Cichla Mylossoma sp. Hoplias Pseudoplatystoma

    CPUE

    nigricans bicirrhosum monoculus malabaricus fasciatum

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    8 anderson et al.

    Lk R 1970, v b - u wPz b. T Kz v pv - p

    w -b v. Cqu, - v u p Kz, , v u v u Lk R.T p -z u Lk R. A Kz, (.., k b v b, wp, p-b p) u u -1990 (B . 2006).C v u w p p p v k. T - p p (19701990) w

    Arapaima gigas, kw p, bu - pu b p A. gigasppu. T u

    A. gigasppu p -b qu p u p P. nigricans b Kz . Ov p , bu P. nigricans

    , p u f- pu u w z.I xp P. nigricans p-p bu p p - ub Kz . W p u b vk, pp P. nigricans p- b b Kz vv p (v 150 ) w pw(P 2006). Hv p vu p uvv P. nigricansppu w Pz Rv b.

    Context for Fisheries

    Co-Management in Lake Rimachi

    I , w u Kz up u

    Lk R u pp - P. nigricans - vub p. T Kz u u Pu v

    pb w b u; u pp u Kzqu pp -

    x Lk R. TKz p LkR b p-b pp, w pv bu p.

    Lk R - v . I 1945, Puv v b F R-v (Rv Pqu) Lk R -u v k. Nv, v

    w ubj p Puv M F, w p xp k u u 1970 1980. B1990, ppu v , u

    A. gigas, b (Su 2007)., upp -, 19701990 w . D ppu Kz u bu -bv, Auu 1991, Lk R b- bw

    Kz M F. Kz k F Rv bf p k, w M F u w p x-p k u w up b vv z .S 1990, K-z v b f uLk R . Hwv, Puu w b

    w u k v. T Kz v u xp v wk -b v u Lk R v u k.

    T Lk R wp u Puv Az: (1) - v w , (2) u u u. T -

    w v z, WWF-Pu R Uuu, w pz v v u, pv. I 2002, z

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    9co-management o a migratory ish (prochilodusnigricans)

    u uwk Pu wu upp K-z u Lk R.Sv p w uv, u

    k, uu , - u v. W - p , qu Kz pp p Lk R p b ppv b V-M F (M Pqu:L N. 25977, D.S. 0122001-PE R.M. N.1472001-PE). , pp Kz, WWF-Pu, R Uuu w 2002 wk wz Kz v p- w u u p p Lk R.

    T vp p Lk R b u-p p- x Kz v- Puv wk. A R O Pqu

    Az Pu (M Pqu R.M.N.1472001-PE) v vp -

    p -z up . T, p p Kz w - . I Pu, - z u p v b V-M F vv -. T, Nvb 2003, qu Kz WWF-Pu, V-M F u u ~150Kz ubqu u - . T ppv 28 Kz u Cpu, Cu, Huuu, UuuRv b ( ub Pz),

    w p u u Lk R uu b w, u - Puv , p-b , b p (F,p u). Fw ,

    R Uu pp -u b Puv w w v b Kz p V-M F. T pup u w -

    z u Kz - w b v v b w w Kz , u- Lk R. C w k u

    V-M F pp u w u Kz F,FECONAKADIP. T u bb Kz V-M F- u bu u w k Pu upv vv xp qu uu b u u.

    Yungani and the Lake Rimachi

    Fisheries Management Plan

    T Kz ,kw Yu, w f u Spb 2004 w p u Pu G F Lw (M P-qu L N 25977) u - pv b V-M F. Yu u 115 b, K-z , w pb

    LkR. Mb qu vp -p v upp v w u k uu . T v u - w k uu wb w v v z pb

    w Yu bjv (FECONAKADIP 2007).T b Yu u w uv - Lk R; - p p Pu GF Lw. E p 10 Kz p w u u z (10), pb u x ub (..,bb, p-v x u -), u z

    b pu Puv p(R O Pqu R.M.1472001-PE, . 4 u 4.3). T v k, bu

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    - p p(A. gigas) p v b - -k z. A uv v u b Yu u

    b p R D F- Pu (DIREPRO) w pv u. I , Yu u ub u u Lk R (FECON-

    AKADIP 2007).Fw b Yu,

    Kz vp p u b Puv w(R O pqu A-z; R.M. N8 1472001-PE) w u z u WWF-

    Pu, FuAz, p u.B Kz - u pv wp p. F xp, Kz

    kw p p p vb w Lk R uu- w b. W p P. nigricans, u puv bv, w pw .T Kz pv vubp ppv, , qu, bjv (Fu 5). Du 20042005, - u w qu pp-u w u u

    Figure 5.G u Lk R (FECONAKADIP 2007). Nu-b (k) p b pu 2004 Kz u. Fu: C. Avz, WWF-Pu.

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    11co-management o a migratory ish (prochilodusnigricans)

    p vp p (E-b . 2005). I 2007, Lk R - p w p ppv( b 1 p). T p v

    5- p (20072011) p bYu w u w upp WWF-Pu.

    T Lk R pu ub P. nigri-cans k p. T p z- p P. nigricans v Kz k uu w b. T p -z p u Cichla monoculus, Hy-

    pothalamus edentatus, Colossoma macropomum, b p Kz. Sp P. nigricans, p - z vu b pu (>25) z (10). I pb P. nigricansupw p. T u p b u w - u w u w ( C MG 2003). I

    ub P. nigricans p, Lk R p v p bjv: (1) vw u qu bv

    Lk R uu w b, (2) pv pu Lk R, (3) b p ppu p w vu k

    P. nigricans, (4) pp Lk R p Puv Az, (5) Kz z u u Lk R (FECONAKADIP 2007).

    Fisheries Co-Management as a Tool

    for Addressing Threats

    to Prochilodus nigricans

    Hw Kz (Yu) vp- p - p p P. nigricans Puv Az? Bu p p p, f-u qu ppu v u v . Nv-, v v u

    p ppp p v pu xp- xp v w PzRv b.

    Table 1.G Kz p (FECONAKADIP 2007).

    1. A p b z Lk R.2. D ju p.3. Objv xp u p, u bu k p

    xp .4. R b Kz u, z, u p p.

    5. I bu p u p.6. Exp uu v.7. F u qu, u ub , ,

    p, qu, z.8. Dp u u xp w w b p, p, k,

    .9. Exp uv v.10. F M P Evu.

    11. Apv qu ju pu .12. Dp v u Lk R.13. R u .

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    12 anderson et al.

    T p - v b pv u- P. nigricans k p b v Yu u

    u. Sp, p (.., z p ) pb u w p kw pw. T pw wb Kz - kw u (Eb . 2005; FECONAKADIP2007). A Lk R w juv p u (pColossoma macropomum) - z u p.P v u

    w v ub ub - . I b w p, Yu uv p v Lk R u P-uv u z p-u u z (R O Pqu; R.M.N. 1472001-PE). F P. nigricans, u

    z 10 , w w u, k v DIREPRO. I u w v b pu w u- p, u k -bu Kz u.

    Sub ub Kz, z u - p, v pu v bu u p- P. nigricans Kzv bu z Kz u. T b P. nigricans Lk R pb v- pv u Kz . T vp p bwKz u v k

    up bu Kz. C - up w w u b b u -

    b Kz p Lk R. R uqu - p b bvP. nigricans, w-

    v z w b Kz p, P. nigricans k up w p k pw LkR. Fu, w Kz u, b u b Yu, K-z v v x w p P. nigricans w u - p (FECONAKADIP 2007).

    W p pu v, w p pv p v -, pu Kz b p v u k- v. Tv p wPz Rv b b v b xp b upu p. I , v Lk R. A Bz p u-

    Lk R , v w Puv v p xp pb uu xp pu v . S bv w

    wu qu u w Kzpp, p Puv v- Cv 169 ( -u b pp) ILb Oz b v v u p b v v u u - u u (Gp2006). I p, u p bwpu p u uv u v u k p pu p v - b v u v (Gp 2006).O pb u u w pu p k quv v upp -

    p u qu, , Lk R. B b k bw v Kz uvv P. nigricans u

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    13co-management o a migratory ish (prochilodusnigricans)

    Lk R, pv v w u k pu v w Pz Rv b.

    Challenges

    T vp p - p p k b uvv P. nigricans p Lk R w upp- -b v Kz.L- p p p p , u v u - LkR b . Exp p Az b v w -u-b - p p b pp u u ppp qu, , upp (Cp . 2004). Cp . (2004) v pv uu :(1) up u,(2) v p

    k x, (3) v w u p, (4)u kwup , (5) - u p b (.., k ).

    M Kz - Lk R. Nv, v - u p v b. F, u p-u b p, w b u b v , p z p w Yu-, w p p . S, v Kz - (Yu), w v z (.., WWF-Pu R Uuu), p uf upp. I pp u-

    , bu wu ub w u uu b Kz. T, k bw

    FECONAKADIP (Kz F-) u b (.., M- F) u pv upp . Fu, P.

    nigricans, p p b Lk R ppu- p p u w Kz p ppb. O u v u p, v b v (Cp . 2004); pb b p LkR v. F, vu ppv w - z w u pv ppu- p k P. nigricans. F, u Puv w, pu p pup, w Kzu u u- Lk R w u- - pp. I p z

    u w, p - Lk R uu.

    Conclusions

    H, w b u Puv Az vv p v b k u -. T Kz xp - p P. nigricans uu w p j w u u, pu, Az. Bu P.nigricans p p ub uu uu Az, u vp p b Kz p u p b x-p p b.

    I Lk R Kz,

    - -p u p f- p. Tu,

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    14 anderson et al.

    w Kz p v, x p-u v pu u w -uvv P. nigricans w p

    Kz. L- ub - u Lk R w qu uvv Kz u v u, p Kz , pv pp -.

    Acknowledgments

    T v b v up-p ub z u

    Kz u, FECONAKADIP, R- C Iu Pp (COR-PI), Puv M F, WWF-PuP Of, R Uuu, Fu- Az, Gb W Su-b (GLOWS) P.

    w pv b W Cv S, Uv K-DICE, F IUv, FuAz (Lu M), -p u (J. C. P). T M-

    Au Fu, DGIS, WWF-I,WWF-CH, U.S. A IDvp pv upp u vp p. Sp k z- p M Gv- Du F 2007 C- Du F D GbEv Spu. T up w -pv b v vw.

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