Ch

all

en

ges

for

Hig

h-S

peed

Tra

nsp

ort

ati

on

20.1

0.20

16H

igh

Spe

ed I

nitia

tive

Port

o, P

ortu

gal

J. S

teel

ant

ESA-E

STE

CSec

tion

of A

erot

herm

odyn

amic

sAnd

Pro

puls

ion

Ana

lysi

sN

ethe

rlan

ds

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

2

Ou

tlin

e

Gene

ral O

utlin

e:

1.W

here

do w

e stan

d now

?2.

Chall

enge

s: Ge

nera

l Top

ics to

be ad

dres

sed f

or a

HST

study

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

3

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

Wh

ere

do

we s

tan

d n

ow

?

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

4

Wh

ere

do

we s

tan

d n

ow

?

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

5

Traj

ecto

ryD

ista

nce

Fl

own

[k

m]

Gre

at

Cir

cle

dis

tan

ce

[km

]

Tota

l Fl

igh

t Ti

me

Fuel

co

nsu

med

[t

on]

Fuel

R

emai

nin

g

[ton

]

TO

mas

s [t

on]

Con

sum

ed

Kg

Fuel

/1

00

km/

PA

X

BR

U-S

YD

18

,73

41

6,7

34

2h

47

18

10

.25

40

03

.23

BR

U-S

YD

*1

8,7

34

16

,73

42

h4

21

72

9.5

40

03

.06

BR

U-L

AX

12

,84

59

,07

52

h2

01

37

44

.54

00

3.5

5B

RU

-NR

T1

1,8

43

9,4

83

2h

13

13

15

0.2

40

03

.69

BR

U-N

RT

11

,84

39

,48

32

h1

31

19

21

36

0

3.3

5

Bru

ssel

s –

Syd

ney

:Fl

igh

t Ti

me

< 3

hB

russ

els

–To

kyo:

Flig

ht

Tim

e <

2h

15

Wh

ere

do

we s

tan

d n

ow

?

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

6

Wh

ere

do

we s

tan

d n

ow

?

1.H

igh

-Sp

eed

Tra

nsp

ort

Para

dig

ma.

High

-Spe

ed T

rans

port

is co

ncep

tuall

y fea

sible

b.Sp

ecifi

c Fue

l con

sum

ptio

n in

crea

ses l

inea

rly w

ith cr

uise

spee

d:

•sa

me en

ergy

need

ed fo

r give

n ran

ge in

depe

nden

t of c

ruise

Mac

hc.

Fuel

defin

es p

oten

tial r

ange

:•

Hydr

ogen

: larg

est r

ange

≥ 16

,000k

m (9

,000n

m; >

95%

mar

ket)

•Hy

droc

arbo

n: ra

nge l

imite

d ≤ 10

,000k

m (5

,500n

m; ~

50%

mar

ket)

d.GT

OW:

•~

400to

ns –

300P

AX –

Hydr

ogen

–An

tipod

al Fli

ght (

M5/M

8)•

GTOW

: var

ies on

ly wi

th 20

% to

40%

for 1

00PA

X vs

. 300

PAX

in ca

se of

Hyd

roge

n-fue

le.

Rang

e vs G

TOW

•sa

me R

ange

: GTO

W 2

times

lighte

r with

H2-

fuel th

an w

ith H

C•

sam

e GTO

W: r

ange

abou

t 1.75

times

larg

er w

ith H

2 wrt

to HC

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

7

2.

Th

erm

al Para

do

xa.

The f

aste

r one

flies

: the l

ower

the a

bsor

bed h

eat, t

he lo

wer t

he in

terna

l stru

ctura

l tem

pera

ture

•he

at flu

x has

less

time t

o pen

etrate

into

the st

ructu

re•

30%

lowe

r at M

8 vs.

M4

b.Th

e fas

ter o

ne fl

ies: t

he hi

gher

the e

xtern

al wa

ll tem

pera

ture b

ut lev

els of

f rap

idly

due t

o the

high

ly no

n-lin

ear h

eat r

adiat

ion:

•W

all te

mper

ature

s var

ies fr

om 70

0K Æ

900K

as M

4 ÆM8

•W

ell w

ithin

CMC

limits

(impr

oves

with

temp

eratu

re)

Wh

ere

do

we s

tan

d n

ow

?

250.0°C

1500.0°C 500

1000

1500

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

8

3.

Str

uct

ura

l Para

do

xa.

The f

aste

r one

flies

: the l

ower

the e

xpos

ure-

time t

o the

rmo-

mech

anica

l cyc

ling

loads

•sh

orter

fligh

t time

Ælon

ger li

fe tim

e•

qdyn

is un

chan

ged

and T

wallre

mains

conta

ined

•15

% m

ore f

light

cycle

s at M

ach 8

comp

ared

to M

ach 6

b.Th

e fas

ter o

ne fl

ies: t

he ex

terna

l wall

temp

eratu

re in

creas

e is l

imite

d:

•CM

C ma

terial

s imp

rove

with

T

Wh

ere

do

we s

tan

d n

ow

?

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

9

4.

En

vir

on

men

tal

Para

dig

ma.

High

-spe

ed tr

ansp

ort o

ccur

s in

the s

trato

sphe

re: H

2O em

ission

s hav

e the

lar

gest

effec

t•

H 2O

lifetim

e red

uces

with

incre

asing

altitu

de:

•M5

: 25 t

o 30 y

rs•

M8: 1

to 3

yrs

b.NO

x em

issio

ns la

rge e

ffect

on oz

one:

•

20km

-30k

m: oz

one l

ayer

Wh

ere

do

we s

tan

d n

ow

?

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

Gen

era

l Layo

ut

10

WG1: 

Activity 

Coordination

WG4: 

Aero (thermo) 

dynamics ‐Thermal 

WG5: 

Materials & 

structures 

WG6: 

Systems

WG7: 

Flight Control –

Avionics –GNC –

HMS ‐FDI

WG8: 

Propulsion ‐

Combustion

WG9:

Environmental 

issues

WG10: 

Operation, 

Logistics, 

Business

WG3: 

Overall Design and 

Integration

WG2: 

Collaborative Platform 

Coordination

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

11

Ou

tlin

e

Gene

ral O

utlin

e:

1.W

here

do w

e stan

d now

?2.

Chall

enge

s: Ge

nera

l Top

ics to

be ad

dres

sed f

or a

HST

study

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

Overa

ll D

esi

gn

& I

nte

gra

tio

n

12

Ch

alle

ng

e:-

Embe

dding

of pr

opuls

ion un

its w

ithin

aero

frame

while

max

imizi

ng th

e com

bined

prop

ulsive

and

aero

dyna

mic e

fficien

cy an

d mini

mizin

g the

stru

ctura

l effic

iency

for h

igh-sp

eed c

ruisi

ng-

Assu

ring o

pera

tion o

ver t

he fu

ll spe

ed ra

nge:

from

subs

onic

to cru

ise-

Assu

ring a

low

envir

onme

ntal Im

pact

Top

ics:

-Mu

lti-fun

ction

al air

frame

layo

ut an

d opti

miza

tion t

o add

ress

aero

dyna

mics

, pro

pulsi

on an

d the

rmal

prote

ction

with

itera

tion o

f var

ious p

ropu

lsion

cycle

s-

Conc

eptua

l Mod

elling

of al

l sub

syste

ms bu

t con

sider

ing hi

gh-sp

eed f

light

(5≤M

≤8) Æ

mode

ls to

evalu

ate m

asse

s, vo

lumes

, cos

ts etc

.. pr

ior to

detai

led de

sign

-De

sign o

f the o

n-bo

ard t

herm

al-en

ergy

man

agem

ent

Sp

ecif

ic e

xper

tise

nee

ded

wrt

h

igh

-sp

eed

veh

icle

s:-

Fast

iter

ative

des

ign

capa

bilit

ies fo

r high

-spee

d in

tegr

ated

aero

-pro

pulsi

ve-th

erm

al co

nfigu

ratio

ns: e

.g. su

perso

nic in

takes

, wav

eride

rs,

high-

spee

d pro

pulsi

on un

its…

-Fa

st b

ut re

liabl

e elab

orat

ion

of (s

ub)s

yste

ms o

n a m

acro

-scale

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

Str

uct

ure

& M

ate

rials

13

Ch

alle

ng

e:-

Multi-

bubb

le ar

chite

cture

s: co

mpar

tmen

ts for

PAX

, tank

s…-

Ther

mo-e

lastic

beha

viour

of str

uctur

es: a

irfram

e, co

ntrol

surfa

ces…

-St

ructu

ral p

arad

ox: th

ermo

-mec

hanic

al fat

igue &

cree

p Æ

char

acter

izatio

n for

long

-life t

ime

-Co

mbus

tor ch

ambe

rs: hi

gh he

at loa

ds +

reac

tive e

nviro

nmen

t-

Mater

ial ch

arac

teriza

tion a

t high

-temp

eratu

re

-Flu

id-St

ructu

re In

terac

tion

Top

ics:

-Op

timiza

tion o

f mult

i-bub

ble ar

chite

cture

s thr

ough

out a

mi

ssion

and t

hrou

ghou

t a lif

e-cy

cle: s

tatic

and d

ynam

ic an

alysis

cons

iderin

g also

PIO

(Pilo

t Indu

ced O

scilla

tions

)-

Mater

ial ch

arac

teriza

tion a

nd lif

e-tim

e pre

dictio

n for

CMC

-ma

terial

s at h

igh te

mper

ature

Sp

ecif

ic e

xper

tise

nee

ded

wrt

hig

h-s

pee

d v

ehic

les

:-

Over

all in

tegr

ated

airfr

ame-

prop

ulsio

n st

ruct

ures

in co

mbina

tion w

ith cr

yoge

nic ta

nkag

e &

therm

al pr

otecti

on sy

stem.

-Hi

gh-te

mpe

ratu

re, li

ght-w

eight

mat

erial

s: CM

C, M

MC, U

HTC,

..

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

Aero

(th

erm

o)d

yn

am

ics

-T

herm

al

14

Ch

alle

ng

e:-

Lami

nariz

ation

of bo

unda

ry lay

er-

Corre

ct as

sess

ment

of tra

nsitio

n ons

et an

d len

gth at

high

-spee

d in c

ombin

ation

of ho

t wall

s-

Asse

ssing

effec

ts of

roug

hnes

s ind

uced

tran

sition

due

to im

perfe

ction

s of th

e geo

metry

: step

&

gap a

nalys

is-

Ther

mal P

rotec

tion a

nd C

ontro

l Sys

tems

Top

ics:

-Tr

ansit

ion cr

iteria

at hi

gh-sp

eeds

: rou

ghne

ss su

ch as

step

s, ga

ps in

low

noise

tunn

els-

Mode

lling o

f tran

sition

onse

t and

leng

th-

Conju

gate

heat

trans

fer an

d hea

t pen

etrati

on in

to str

uctur

e: siz

ing of

TPS

and (

pass

ive) c

ontro

l by

mea

ns of

cryo

genic

tank

s.

Sp

ecif

ic e

xper

tise

nee

ded

wrt

hig

h-

spee

d v

ehic

les

:-

High

-spe

ed tr

ansit

ion

expe

rimen

ts an

d m

odell

ing

-Hi

gh-s

peed

aero

dyna

mics

& st

abilit

y-

Nose

-to-ta

il com

puta

tions

i.e. s

imult

aneo

usly

inter

nal (c

ombu

stion

) and

exter

nal fl

ow

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

Fli

gh

t C

on

tro

l -A

vio

nic

s –

GN

C –

HM

S -

FD

I

15

Ch

alle

ng

e:-

Contr

olling

vehic

le at

high s

peed

: stat

ic an

d dyn

amic

analy

sis-

Autom

atic r

erou

ting c

apab

ilities

-Ne

ed to

detec

t and

antic

ipate

faults

or de

grad

ation

of c

ompo

nents

:

Top

ics:

-GN

C: au

tomati

c ada

ptatio

n in

case

of fa

ults,

….

-De

velop

ing in

strum

entat

ion w

orkin

g in h

arsh

cond

itions

: temp

eratu

re, p

ress

ure,

heat

fluxe

s,…-

HMS-

FDI: H

ealth

mon

itorin

g sys

tem an

d Fau

lt Dete

ction

Isola

tion

-FA

DS: F

lush A

ir Data

Sys

tem Æ

fast e

valua

tion o

f veh

icle a

ttitud

e us

ing flu

sh m

ounte

d sen

sors.

Sp

ecif

ic e

xper

tise

nee

ded

wrt

hig

h-

spee

d v

ehic

les

:-

High

-spe

ed G

NC –

avion

ics –

flight

contr

ol-

High

-spe

ed in

stru

men

tatio

n &

sens

ors f

or H

MS

and F

DI

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

Pro

pu

lsio

n -

Co

mb

ust

ion

16

Ch

alle

ng

e:-

Desig

n of p

ropu

lsion

cycle

s able

to op

erate

over

a wi

de sp

eed r

ange

-De

sign o

f pro

pulsi

on un

its ab

le to

gene

rate

enou

gh ac

celer

ation

thro

ugho

ut the

spee

d ran

ge-

Intak

e des

ign ab

le to

oper

ate ro

bustl

y ove

r a w

ide sp

eed r

ange

-Sl

oshin

g in (

horiz

ontal

) tan

ks +

Cryo

genic

phen

omen

a

Top

ics:

-De

velop

ment

of AT

R-cy

cle pr

e-co

oled o

r not

-Du

al Mo

de R

amjet

deve

lopme

nt: tr

ansit

ion be

twee

n mod

es-

Comb

ustio

n mod

elling

: high

-spee

d com

busti

on, e

miss

ions

-Co

mbus

tor te

chno

logy:

emiss

ion co

ntrol

(NOx

,…),

rege

nera

tive c

oolin

g (fue

l), inj

ector

Sp

ecif

ic e

xper

tise

nee

ded

wrt

hig

h-s

pee

d v

ehic

les

:-

High

-spe

ed p

ropu

lsion

s cyc

les: t

urbo

and r

am ba

sed

-Cr

yoge

nic t

anka

ge in

cl. sl

oshin

g, ins

ulatio

n, pip

ing..

-Hi

gh-s

peed

inta

ke, c

ombu

stor

& n

ozzle

des

ign

and

test

ing

-Hi

gh-s

peed

com

bust

ion

mod

ellin

g an

d exp

erim

ents

incl. e

miss

ions

-De

signs

to re

duce

NOx

emiss

ions

-Co

olin

g: re

gene

rativ

e and

tran

spira

tion c

oolin

g, inj

ector

s..

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

Syst

em

s

17

Ch

alle

ng

e:-

Desig

n of v

ariou

s sys

tems o

n boa

rd w

hich c

an co

pe w

ith

¾fas

t rea

ction

times

: actu

ators,

…¾

High

The

rmal

envir

onme

nt¾

Cryo

genic

fuels

Top

ics:

-EC

LS sy

stem:

PAX

cabin

+ ot

her c

ompa

rtmen

ts-

Fuel

pump

s: ca

vitati

on, h

igh m

ass f

low ra

tes,

powe

r dem

ands

-On

boar

d pow

er ge

nera

tion:

all-e

lectric

?-

Ther

mal P

rotec

tion S

ystem

(Pas

sive)

and

Ther

mal C

ontro

l Sys

tem (A

ctive

).

Sp

ecif

ic e

xper

tise

nee

ded

wrt

hig

h-s

pee

d v

ehic

les

:-

Com

pone

nt se

lectio

n an

d (s

ub)s

yste

m m

odell

ing

(i.e. s

izes,

mass

es, o

pera

tion…

) sp

ecific

ally n

eede

d at

high-

spee

d (the

rmal,

reac

tion t

ime…

-Th

erm

al &

Ener

gy M

anag

emen

t by o

n-bo

ard c

losed

cycle

s

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

En

vir

on

men

tal

Issu

es

18

Ch

alle

ng

e:-

Pred

iction

and A

llevia

tion o

f Son

ic Bo

om-

Pred

iction

and A

llevia

tion o

f Jet

Noise

at ta

ke-o

ff and

land

ing-

Asse

ssme

nt of

emiss

ions o

n clim

ate im

pact

& ra

diativ

e for

cing

Top

ics:

-Pa

rame

tric A

sses

smen

t of fu

el em

ission

s (HC

vs H

2) on

clim

ate at

diffe

rent

altitu

des

-So

nic bo

om re

ducti

on sc

heme

s: ae

ro-sh

aping

, rer

outin

g, …

-So

nic bo

om ca

ustic

s, tur

bulen

ce…

-Re

ducti

on of

jet n

oise a

t take

-off

-As

sess

ment

of fus

elage

boun

dary

layer

noise

on P

AX ca

binS

pec

ific

exp

erti

se n

eed

ed w

rt h

igh

-sp

eed

veh

icle

s :

-Co

uplin

g of s

tratos

pher

ic dy

nami

cs w

ith re

lated

clim

ate

chem

istry

incl.

aero

sols…

for v

ariou

s emi

ssion

rates

-Hi

gh S

peed

Jet n

oise

and

acou

stics

: exp

erim

ental

rigs

and n

umer

ical to

ols-

Tools

to pr

edict

soni

c boo

m on

grou

nd: a

mplitu

de an

d sh

ape

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

Op

era

tio

n, Lo

gis

tics

, Bu

sin

ess

…

19

Ch

alle

ng

e:-

Asse

ssing

the c

omme

rcial

viabil

ity of

HST

at po

int of

intro

ducti

on: 2

050

-As

sess

ing th

e ope

ratio

nal a

nd lo

gistic

aspe

cts fo

r HST

Top

ics:

-Ev

aluati

ng O

DP (O

rigin-

Desti

natio

n Pair

s) an

d rou

tes fo

r 205

0-

Asse

ssing

chan

ges i

n Air T

raffic

Man

agem

ent (

strato

sphe

ric fli

ght)

-De

velop

ing ac

cura

te co

st mo

dels:

deve

lopme

nt &

oper

ation

al, fu

el… i.e

. rec

urre

nt an

d non

-re

curre

nt co

sts-

Evalu

ating

mar

ket c

aptur

e-

Asse

ssing

impa

ct on

logis

tics a

nd op

erati

ons:

turn-

arou

nd tim

es, fu

elling

of Hy

drog

en, n

eed o

f co

oling

…-

Traje

ctory

optim

izatio

n with

partic

ular c

onstr

aints:

envir

onme

ntal

Sp

ecif

ic e

xper

tise

nee

ded

wrt

hig

h-s

pee

d v

ehic

les

:-

Capa

bilitie

s to f

orec

ast u

p to 2

050 t

he P

AX ro

utin

g an

d siz

e of i

nter

est f

or H

ST-

Cost

asse

ssm

ent t

ools:

deve

lopme

nt, o

pera

tiona

l etc…

allow

ing to

elab

orate

a bu

sines

s cas

e.-

Tools

to as

sess

feas

ible t

ime-

slots

incl. h

uman

aspe

cts (

bio-rh

ythm…

) and

on-

grou

nd

oper

atio

nal a

spec

ts

Chal

lenges

in H

ST –

Proposa

l el

emen

ts f

or

H2020

Safe

ty, Sta

nd

ard

s…

20

Ch

alle

ng

e:-

Exten

ding S

afety

Elem

ents

towar

ds hi

gh-S

peed

Tran

spor

tation

-El

abor

ating

/exten

ding

Stan

dard

s for

all (s

ub)sy

stems

and c

ompo

nents

towa

rds h

igh-sp

eed

Top

ics:

-Ma

terial

/Stru

ctura

l testi

ng st

anda

rds a

t high

temp

eratu

re-

Safet

y with

resp

ect to

fuel,

pass

enge

rs (d

ual w

all ca

bin)…

.

Sp

ecif

ic e

xper

tise

nee

ded

wrt

hig

h-s

pee

d v

ehic

les

:-

Mate

rial/S

truct

ural

test

ing

stan

dard

s at h

igh te

mper

ature

-Sa

fety

aspe

cts w

ith fu

el ha

ndlin

g, lea

kage

…