Challenges in Cardiac Tissue Engineering

7/31/2019 Challenges in Cardiac Tissue Engineering

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Kegbbholh{ no Kgsmngk ]n{{xh Holnohhsnol

Lismgog Txofg`*Oitgìtnk" Qe/M/" 7 Onog ]gomio" Qe/M/"7"3 Gjgomnoh Limnhs" C/[/" 7 Sichs} Jgnmeid" J/[/" 7

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No}simxk}nio

] n{{xh holnohhsnol kixbm msgjg}nkgbb~ kegolh ixs bnth{gom ehbq x{ ix}bnth }eh dgnbxsh id ixs islgo{/ N} n{ ch*kijnol qbgx{ncbh }eg} jgo~ id ixs }n{{xh{" nd mgjglhm c~nofxs~ is mn{hg{h" kixbm ch shqbgkhm is shlhohsg}hm c~ dxok*}niogb cnibilnkgb lsgd}{/ Nmhgbb~" go holnohhshm lsgd} {eixbmshh{}gcbn{e oisjgb }n{{xh {}sxk}xsh gom qhs{n{}ho} dxok}niogksi{{ mnddhsho} {nvh {kgbh{" dxok}niogbb~ no}hlsg}h |n}e }ehei{} }n{{xh" gom shjimhb no sh{qio{h }i hotnsiojho}gb dgk*

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id }eh hbm/ G{ }n{{xh holnohhsnol n{ htibtnol" |h gsh qsicgcb~ fx{} g} }eh hom id }eh chlnoonol id g }sxb~ hukn}nol fixsoh~/3";

]eh ehgs} n}{hbd n{ g jgsthb id holnohhsnol c~ og}xsh" goislgo id hu}shjh {}sxk}xsgb gom dxok}niogb kijqbhun}~" |n}edxok}nio{ tn}gb }i {xstntgb/ ]eh ehgs} |gbb n{ kijqi{hm id }nle}b~ qgk`hm j~ik~}h{ gom csicbg{}{" |n}e mho{h {xq*qis}nol tg{kxbg}xsh gom kibbglho*cg{hm hu}sgkhbbxbgs jg}snu

%HKJ./ Chkgx{h id }eh enle mho{n}~ gom enle jh}gcibnkmhjgom id }eh khbb{" j~ikgsmnxj kio{xjh{ bgslh gjixo}{id iu~lho gom kgooi} }ibhsg}h e~qiung/ ]eh j~ik~}h{kio}sgk}nbh khbb{ id }eh ehgs}disj g }eshh*mnjho{niogb %;M.{~ok~}nxj }eg} hogcbh{ qsiqglg}nio id hbhk}snkgb {nlogb{gksi{{ {qhkngbnvhm no}sgkhbbxbgs fxok}nio{" }i qsimxkh jh*kegonkgb kio}sgk}nio{ }eg} qxjq cbiim dis|gsm/ =

Ehgs}n{ gb{i go islgo }eg} dgnb{ch~iomshqgns"|g~ }iiid}ho" chkgx{h id }eh no}sno{nk nogcnbn}~ id }eh mgjglhm ehgs} }n{{xh }ishlhohsg}h gd}hs nofxs~/ Ehgs} mn{hg{h gom {}si`h" }eh qsnoknqgb

kijqioho}{ id kgsmnitg{kxbgs mn{hg{h" gsh }eh s{} gom }eh}ensm bhgmnol kgx{h id mhg}eno }ehXon}hm [}g}h{" gkkixo}nol disohgsb~ =1( id gbb mhg}e{" jish }ego gbb kgokhs kijcnohm/Kiolhon}gb ehgs} mhdhk}{" |enke ikkxs no ohgsb~ 7= id hths~7111 oh|ciso kenbmsho" 8 gsh }eh ji{} kijjio kiolhon}gb mh*dhk}{ gom }eh bhgmnol kgx{h id mhg}e no }eh s{} ~hgs id bndh/

Xqio j~ikgsmngb nodgsk}nio" g tnlisix{ noffigjjg}is~ sh*{qio{h n{ hbnkn}hm" gom mhgm khbb{ gsh shjithm c~ jgksi*qeglh{/ Iths }eh {xc{hwxho} |hh`{ }i jio}e{" csicbg{}{gom homi}ehbngb khbb{ jnlsg}h gom disj lsgoxbg}nio }n{{xh}eg} xb}njg}hb~ chkijh{ g }enk` gom {}ndd kibbglhoix{ {kgs/[kgs disjg}nio shmxkh{ kio}sgk}nbh dxok}nio id }eh ehgs}" gombhgm{ }i tho}snkbh |gbb }enoonol gom shjimhbnol" gom xb}n*jg}hb~ }i ehgs} dgnbxsh/ Kbhgsb~" }n{{xh holnohhsnol kixbm ch

ji{} tgbxgcbh dis }eh shkio{}sxk}nio id jgbdisjhm ehgs}{ nokenbmsho gom }eh shlhohsg}nio id dgnbnol ehgs}{ no gmxb}{/

]eh }eshh `h~ dhg}xsh{ id og}nth j~ikgsmnxj6 %n. enlemho{n}~ id j~ik~}h{ gom {xqqis}nol khbb{" %nn. hd knho} iu~lhohukegolh ch}|hho }eh khbb{ gom cbiim" gom %nnn. {~okesioix{kio}sgk}nio{ iskeh{}sg}hm c~ hbhk}snkgb {nlogb qsiqglg}niodisj g {h} id mh{nlo shwxnshjho}{ dis holnohhsnol kgsmngk

7Mhqgs}jho} id Cnijhmnkgb Holnohhsnol" Kibxjcng Xonths{n}~" Oh| îs`" Oh| îs`/3Mhqgs}jho} id Hbhk}snkgb Holnohhsnol" ]eh Kiiqhs Xonio dis }eh Gmtgokhjho} id [knhokh gom Gs}" Oh| îs`" Oh| îs`/; Mhqgs}jho} id Kehjnkgb Holnohhsnol gom Gqqbnhm Kehjn{}s~" No{}n}x}h id Cnijg}hsngb{ gom Cnijhmnkgb Holnohhsnol" Xonths{n}~ id

]isio}i" ]isio}i" Kgogmg/

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}n{{xh/ ]eh ohhm }i shh{}gcbn{e }eh xoqgsgbbhbhm kijqbhun}~ id nofxshm ehgs} }n{{xh n{ g jgfis kegbbholh dis }eh hbm id kgs*mngk }n{{xh holnohhsnol/ \h shtnh| ehsh {ijh id }eh `h~kegbbholh{ }eg} }eh kgsmngk }n{{xh holnohhsnol hbm n{ dgknol"gom shqsh{ho}g}nth mnshk}nio{ id }eh kxssho} sh{hgske/

@h~ Kegbbholh{

Dis kbnonkgb x}nbn}~" holnohhshm kgsmngk }n{{xh {eixbm kio{n{}id gx}ibilix{ is njjxoh}ibhsg}hm" qehoi}~qnkgbb~ {}gcbhkgsmngk khbb qiqxbg}nio{ %j~ik~}h{" csicbg{}{" tg{kxbgs khbb{.|n}eno g og}nth*bn`h }n{{xh jg}snu %jibhkxbgs kijqi{n}nio"{}sxk}xsh" cnijhkegonk{./ ]eh {nvh gom }enk`oh{{ id go ho*lnohhshm lsgd} ohhm }i ch id kbnonkgbb~ shbhtgo} {nvh" g sh*wxnshjho} }eg} kgooi} ch jh} |n}eix} tg{kxbgsnvg}nio/Hbhk}sijhkegonkgb kixqbnol id }eh khbb{ |n}e }eh ei{} j~i*kgsmnxj |n}e {~okesioix{ kio}sgk}nbh gk}ntn}~ gom lhohsg}nioid kio}sgk}nbh diskh gsh gbb ohkh{{gs~ dis }eh shh{}gcbn{ejho} id kio}sgk}nbh dxok}nio id }eh ehgs}/

]eh x}nbnvg}nio id gmtgokhm kxb}xsh {~{}hj{" oh| njglnol{}sg}hlnh{ }i jion}is }eh qsilsh{{nio id kgsmngk shlhohsg}nio"gom gmhwxg}h gonjgb jimhb{ gsh gjiol }eh ksn}nkgb }iib{ dismhsntnol }eh snle} qiqxbg}nio{ id khbb{ gom dis holnohhsnolkio{}sxk}{ |n}e kgqgkn}~ dis kgsmngk shlhohsg}nio/ Ch~iom}eh{h bgslhb~ {knho}n k kegbbholh{" }ehsh gsh shwxnshjho}{ disshqsimxkncbh jgoxdgk}xsnol id }eh lsgd}{" gom }eh shlxbg}is~gom qxcbnk qibnk~ n{{xh{ }eg} |nbb ohhm }i ch gmmsh{{hm chdish}eh{h }ehsgqnh{ kgo ch jgmh gtgnbgcbh }i qg}nho}{/

Kegbbholh +76 [hbhk}nol }eh snle} qiqxbg}nio id exjgo khbb{

Dis go~ kxssho} }n{{xh holnohhsnol jimgbn}nh{ }eg} gsh chnol noth{}nlg}hm" nofhk}nio id shqgns khbb{ %|n}e ixs |n}eix} cnijg}hsngb." njqbgo}g}nio id g khbb*cg{hm kgsmngk lsgd}" isjicnbnvg}nio id }eh ei{} khbb{ no}i }eh {n}h id nofxs~" }eh keinkhid khbb{ n{ kho}sgb/ Gbb i}ehs kijqioho}{ id }eh }n{{xh*

holnohhshm {~{}hj{kgddibm" kxb}xsh hotnsiojho}" gom mh*bnths~ jimhh{{ho}ngbb~ jhmng}h }eh cnibilnkgb kgqgkn}~ id }eh khbb }i msnth shlhohsg}nio/ No hn}ehs kg{h" }eh shlhohsg}nioid kgsmngk jx{kbh gom {xqqis}nol tg{kxbgs kijqgs}jho}mhqhom{ io }eh }~qh gom mhthbiqjho}gb {}glh id }eh khbb{gom }ehns kgqgkn}~ }i msnth }eh shh{}gcbn{ejho} id j~ikgsmngb{}sxk}xsh gom dxok}nio g} jxb}nqbh enhsgskenkgb bhthb{/

Lntho }eh nogcnbn}~ id no}sno{nk shqgns jhkegon{j{ }i sh*lhohsg}h {xd knho} j~ikgsmnxj gd}hs n{kehjng" g lshg} mhgbid hddis} eg{ chho {qho} huqbisnol }eh shqgsg}nth kgqgcnbn}nh{id g |nmh tgsnh}~ id huilhoix{ {}hj gom qsilhon}is khbb{/Huqbi{nth lsi|}e no }eh hbm{ id tg{kxbgs gom mhthbiq*jho}gb cnibil~ eg{ bhm }i }eh kegsgk}hsnvg}nio id jxb}nqbh khbb}~qh{ |n}e qi}ho}ngb dis {xqqis}nol golnilhoh{n{" j~ilho*h{n{" is ci}e/

4>

Dnlxsh 7 shtnh|{ }eh ji{} huqbishm exjgokhbb }~qh{ dis kgsmngk shlhohsg}nio/

Ioh ictnix{ shwxnshjho} n{ }eg} id njjxoh }ibhsgokh id }ehshqgnskhbb{"gomn} {eixbmnmhgbb~ ch gmmsh{{hm c~ }eh keinkh id go gx}ibilix{ khbb {ixskh/ X}nbnvg}nio id gmxb} {}hj khbb{ dsijtgsnix{ {ixskh{ eg{ chho ji}ntg}hm c~ }eh gmtgo}glh{ id gb*bhtng}nol kiokhso{ gcix} njjxoh shfhk}nio is }sgo{jn{{nio id mn{hg{h/ Gb}eixle gmxb} {}hj khbb{ |hsh s{} n{ibg}hm dsij }eh cioh jgssi|" shkho} bn}hsg}xsh {xqqis}{ }ehns qsh{hokh no gtgsnh}~ id hu}sgjhmxbbgs~ islgo{ nokbxmnol gmnqi{h }n{{xh"mho}gb qxbq" knskxbg}nol cbiim" gjoni}nk ffixnm" gom fino}{~oitnxj/ 717= Bnjn}g}nio{ id }eh gmxb} {}hj khbb{ noth{}nlg}hm

}ex{ dgs nokbxmh }eh kgqgkn}~ id jh{hoke~jgb {}hj khbb{%J[K{. }i nomxkh tg{kxbilhoh{n{ cx} oi} ohkh{{gsnb~ j~i*lhoh{n{" gom }eh nogcnbn}~ id {`hbh}gb j~ik~}h{ dis qsiqhshbhk}snkgb kixqbnol |n}e kgsmngk j~ik~}h{/ ]eh jicnbnvg}nio id sh{nmho} kgsmngk khbb{ |ixbm qsitnmh go gb}hsog}h qg}e }ikgsmngk shlhohsg}nio" |n}e }eh kgthg} }eg} ic}gnonol {xd knho}oxjchs{ id }eh{h khbb{ shjgno{ g kegbbholh/

Goi}ehs ictnix{ shwxnshjho} n{ }i qsitnmh {ixskh{ id gbb

kgsmngk khbb qiqxbg}nio{ci}e j~ik~}h{ gom }eh {xqqis}nolkgsmngk csicbg{}{ gom tg{kxbgs khbb{/ Hjcs~ionk {}hj khbb{%H[K{." }eh iob~ {ixskh id khbb{ }eg} gsh no}sno{nkgbb~ kgsmnlhonk gom tg{kxbilhonk>"78 gom g og}xsgb keinkh chkgx{h id }ehns ijonqi}hok~ gom h{{ho}ngbb~ xobnjn}hm qi}ho}ngb dishuqgo{nio no tn}si" gsh oi} gx}ibilix{/ Gb{i" }eh x{h id }eh{hkhbb{ no xomnddhsho}ng}hm {}g}h kgssnh{ }eh sn{` id xokio}sibbmnddhsho}ng}nio/ Shkho} hukn}nol mhthbiqjho}{ id nomxkhmqbxsnqi}ho} {}hj %nQ[. khbb{ dsij tgsnix{ exjgo }n{{xh{ iqho}eh qi{{ncnbn}~ id kshg}nol gx}ibilix{ hjcs~ionk*bn`h khbb{ diskgsmngk shlhohsg}nio" |n}e }eh kgthg} }eg} }eh mhsntg}nio id nQ[ khbb{ notibth{" g} bhg{} g} }en{ }njh" lhoh}nk }sgo{disjg}nio/]eh iolinol hddis}{ }i mhsnth qehoi}~qnkgbb~ {}gcbh kgsmngkgom tg{kxbgs khbb qiqxbg}nio{ dsij exjgo H[K{ %eH[K{." no

oxjchs{ {xd knho} dis }n{{xh holnohhsnol eibm qsijn{h }eg}}eh gmtgo}glh{ id }eh{h khbb{ |nbb ch dxbb~ x}nbnvhm/> \hqsiqi{h }eg} }eh kiomn}nionol id }eh{h khbb{" c~ cniqe~{nkg{}njxbg}nio no ;M kxb}xsh {h}}nol{" jg~ sh{xb} no }eh {}gcnbn*vg}nio gom jg}xsg}nio id kgsmngk gom tg{kxbgs qsilhon}is{/74

Dis qsiqhs dxok}nio" {}hj khbb{ dis ehgs} shlhohsg}nio ohhm }i ch qsitnmhm |n}e qsi}hk}nio gom {xqqis} mxsnol }ehns mh*bnths~ gom no}hlsg}nio |n}e }eh ei{}/7 gom }ehns n{ibg}nio dsij exjgo ciohjgssi| 31 egth {}njxbg}hm }sgo{bg}niogb sh{hgske id }eh x{h id cioh jgssi|mhsnthm hbhjho}{ }i shlhohsg}h n{kehjnk j~i*kgsmnxj/ ]eh cioh jgssi| kijqgs}jho} kgo ch {xcmntnmhmno}i }|i no}hsmhqhomho} {qgkh{}eh ehjg}iqinh}nk khbbkijqgs}jho} gom }eh {}sijg kio}gnonol J[K{/ ]eh ehjg}i*qinh}nk kijqgs}jho}qsimxkh{ gqqsiunjg}hb~ 811 cnbbnio khbb{qhs mg~ }eg} x{h }eh cioh jgssi| tg{kxbg}xsh g{ g kiomxn} }i}eh {~{}hjnk knskxbg}nio/37"33 ]eh {}sijg n{ kijqi{hm id * csicbg{}{" gmnqik~}h{" ohsth{" gom }eh cioh jgssi|{ tg{kxbgs{~{}hj }eg} kio{n{}{ id g oh}|is` id dhoh{}sg}hm" }eno*|gbbhmth{{hb{ {xqqis}hm c~ }eh {xssixomnol ehjg}iqinh}nk khbb{/

Ehjg}iqinh}nk khbb kijqgs}jho} kio}gno{ g jxb}n}xmh id khbb }~qh{ g} tgsnix{ {}glh{ id mnddhsho}ng}nio/ Khbb{ kgo cegsth{}hm dis }sgo{qbgo}g}nio hn}ehs mnshk}b~ dsij g ciohjgssi| g{qnsg}h is nomnshk}b~ }esixle qhsnqehsgb cbiimjicnbnvg}nio/ ]eh bg}}hs jh}eim hjqbi~{ lsgoxbik~}h kibio~*{}njxbg}nol dgk}is %LK[D. }i {}njxbg}h jicnbnvg}nio dibbi|hm c~ gqehsh{n{ }i n{ibg}h qhsnqehsgb cbiim jioioxkbhgs khbb{%QCJOK{. dsij }eh knskxbg}nio/ Mho{n}~ lsgmnho} {hqgsg}nioid |eibh jgssi| g{qnsg}h{ n{ }~qnkgbb~ x{hm }i n{ibg}h ciohjgssi| jioioxkbhgs khbb{ %CJJOK{./ Hn}ehs jh}eim qsi*mxkh{ g eh}hsilhoix{ qiqxbg}nio id jioik~}h{" ehjg}iqin*h}nk {}hj khbb{" homi}ehbngb qshkxs{is{" gom g{{is}hm i}ehskhbbxbgs hbhjho}{/33

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CJJOK{ gom QCJOK{ huqsh{{ {xsdgkh jgs`hs{ }eg} kgo ch x{hm }i n{ibg}h {xcqiqxbg}nio{ id }sxh tg{kxbgs qsilhon}iskhbb{/ Ioh {xke jgs`hs" KM;=" isnlnogbb~ x{hm }i nmho}nd~ehjg}iqinh}nk {}hj khbb{ dis }eh shkio{}n}x}nio id ehjg}i*qinh{n{ gd}hs j~hbigcbg}nth }ehsgq~"3; n{ gb{i huqsh{{hm c~homi}ehbngb qsilhon}is khbb{ ci}e no }eh jgssi| gom no }ehknskxbg}nol cbiim/75"31 G {hkiom jgs`hs" GK7;;" kissh{qiom{}i go hqn}iqh io }eh }sgo{jhjcsgoh qsi}hno qsijnono*7 gom{njnbgsb~ kgo ch x{hm }i n{ibg}h ehjg}iqinh}nk gom homi}eh*bngb qsilhon}is khbb{/3=

[nokh }eh KM;=

gom GK7;;

qiqxbg}nio{ shqsh{ho} gjnois dsgk}nio id }i}gb CJJOK{ is QCJOK{" no{hs}nol gon{ibg}nio {}hq nokshg{h{ }eh eijilhohn}~ cx} mhkshg{h{ }ehgc{ibx}h oxjchs id khbb{ gtgnbgcbh dis nofhk}nio/ No jxb}nqbhgonjgb jimhb{ id gkx}h gom kesionk j~ikgsmngb n{kehjng"njjxoi{hbhk}hm khbb{ dsij }eh jioioxkbhgs dsgk}nio is{xc{h}{ }ehshid egth chho {ei|o }i nomxkh golnilhoh{n{ no}eh nodgsk} cismhs vioh" shmxkh j~ik~}h gqiq}i{n{" gom no*encn} bhd} tho}snkxbgs shjimhbnol gom mnbg}nio/31 Khbb mnddhs*ho}ng}nio no}i tg{kxbgs {}sxk}xsh{ gom qgsgksnoh shksxn}jho}id homilhoix{ qsilhon}is{ |hsh ci}e {ei|o }i qbg~ g sibh nojioioxkbhgs gom KM;= jhmng}hm shqgns/ ]sgo{mnddhsho}ng*

}nio no}i kgsmngk j~ik~}h{ n{" ei|hths" g sgsh htho} |n}e}eh{h khbb }~qh{"38 jg`nol }ehj ch}}hs {xn}hm dis tg{kxbi*lhoh{n{ }ego dis j~ilhoh{n{/

J[K{ shqsh{ho} ch}|hho 1/17( gom 1/117( id gbb oxkbh*g}hm khbb{ no gmxb} exjgo cioh jgssi|" cx} kgo ch shgmnb~huqgomhm no kxb}xsh/34 Xobn`h homi}ehbngb qsilhon}is{" |enkedis }eh ji{} qgs} gsh bnohglh sh{}snk}hm" J[K{ shgmnb~ disj cioh" dg}" kgs}nbglh" gom qi{{ncb~ j~ik~}h{no tn}si/3< No gm*mn}nio" g lsi|nol cim~ id bn}hsg}xsh {xllh{}{ }eg} J[K{ jg~ ch gcbh }i htgmh njjxoh mh}hk}nio mxh no qgs} }i }eh mnshk}

noencn}nio id noffigjjg}nio g{ |hbb g{ g bgk` id khbb*{xsdgkhki{}njxbg}is~ jibhkxbh{/ 35 ]eh{h njjxoijimxbg}is~ qsiq*hs}nh{ kijcnohm |n}e }eh gcnbn}~ }i sgqnmb~ huqgom J[K{ nokxb}xsh sgn{h }eh qi{{ncnbn}~ id mhthbiqnol go idd*}eh*{ehbdqsimxk} dis j~ikgsmngb shtg{kxbgsnvg}nio/

Qshkbnonkgb mg}g x{nol J[K{ no }eh gkx}h3> gom kesionk;1

{h}}nol id kgsmngk n{kehjng egth chho qsijn{nol gom egthbhm }i g shkho}b~ kijqbh}hm qeg{h*3 exjgo }sngb %|||/i{nsn{}u/kij : kbnonkgbY}sngb{/qeq./ Bn`h }ehns ehjg}iqih}nk gomhomi}ehbngb qshkxs{is kixo}hsqgs}{" J[K{ gsh kgqgcbh id {}njxbg}nol golnilhoh{n{ gom htho gs}hsnilhoh{n{;7 gd}hs gogkx}h j~ikgsmngb nodgsk}nio/ No gmmn}nio" njjxoi{hbhk}nio

DNL/ 7/ Khbb {ixskh{ dis kgsmngk shlhohsg}nio/ G tgsnh}~ id ci}e gmxb} gom hjcs~ionk {ixskh{ egth hjhslhm g{ kgomnmg}h{ diskhbb }ehsgq~/ [`hbh}gb j~icbg{}{" }eh s{} }i ch {hho no }eh kbnonkgb {h}}nol" egth chho dibbi|hm c~ cioh jgssi|mhsnthmjh{hoke~jgb gom ehjg}iqih}nk {}hj khbb{" gom shkho}b~ gmnqi{h*mhsnthm {}hj khbb{/ Id }eh{h oioj~ilhonk {ijg}nk khbb{" iob~sh{nmho} kgsmngk {}hj khbb{ egth chho nmho}n hm g{ homilhoix{ j~ilhonk qsilhon}is{" cx} }ehns bnjn}hm oxjchs hbnjnog}h{}ehj g{ g shbngcbh kgomnmg}h no khbb }ehsgq~/ Hjcs~ionk {}hj khbb{" mhsnthm dsij }eh noohs khbb jg{{ id }eh cbg{}ik~{}" lnth sn}i gbb }eh }eshh lhsj bg~hs{ %homimhsj" jh{imhsj" hk}imhsj. gom }ehns tgsnix{ khbb qiqxbg}nio{/ [xkkh{{dxb mhsntg}nio id kgsmnitg{kxbgs bnohglh{ dsij hjcs~ionk {}hj khbb{ eg{ qsh{ho}hm }ehj g{ }eh ji{} g}}sgk}nth j~ilhonk {ixskh dis khbb}ehsgq~/ Shkho} {xkkh{{ |n}e nomxkhm qbxsnqi}ho} {}hj %nQ[. khbb{" lhoh}nkgbb~ jimn hm gmxb} khbb{ }eg} mn{qbg~ hjcbn`h qbxsnqi}hok~" egth eno}hm g} }ehns qi}ho}ngb }i mnddhsho}ng}h no}i kgsmnitg{kxbgs bnohglh{/ nQ[ khbb{ shqsh{ho} g qsij~ilhonk {ixskh id kgsmngk khbb{ dis ehgs} }ehsgq~" hbxmnol ci}e h}enkgb gom njjxoilhonk kiokhso{" cx} sgn{nol wxh{}nio{shlgsmnol kesiji{ijgb {}gcnbn}~/ Kibis njglh{ gtgnbgcbh iobnoh g} |||/bnhchs}iobnoh/kij : }ho/

KEGBBHOLH[ NO KGSMNGK ]N[[XH HOLNOHHSNOL 7


4/20

chdish kxb}xsh gom huqgo{nio jg~ gbbi| dis {hbhk}nio id gjish eijilhoix{ qiqxbg}nio id jh{hoke~jgb qsilhon}iskhbb{/;7 Shlgsmbh{{ id |eh}ehs J[K{ mi no dgk} }sgo{mnddhs*ho}ng}h no}i kgsmngk jx{kbh;3 no tnti is {njqb~ dx{h }i hun{}nolj~ik~}h{" ;; }eh{h htho}{ gsh {xd knho}b~ sgsh }eg} {nlon kgo}jx{kbh jg{{ eg{ oi} chho shlhohsg}hm no qshkbnonkgb jimhb{/

Kbnonkgb }sngb{ |n}e }eh nofhk}nio{ id khbb qiqxbg}nio{ mhsnthmdsij cioh jgssi| egth {ei|o iob~ jgslnogb nokshg{h{ no

hfhk}nio dsgk}nio %18(./;=;"88"84 Fx{} ths~ shkho}b~ }ehnQ[ khbb{" mhsnthm c~ shqsilsgjjnol id gmxb} exjgo {ijg}nkkhbb{" gsh hjhslnol g{ goi}ehs {ixskh id khbb{ |n}e }ehkgqgkn}~ }i disj jx{kbh qsilhon}is{/ =581 \enbh jx{kbh sh*qbgkhjho} jg~ sh{}ish }eh |eibh ehgs} {~ok~}nxj" oio*j~ilhonk khbb{ kio}sncx}h }i tg{kxbilhoh{n{ gom gk}ntg}h ei{}shqiqxbg}nio id n{kehjnk }n{{xh }esixle qgsgksnoh hddhk}{/Ci}e }eh gmxb} gom hjcs~ionk khbb }~qh{ gsh }ex{ id no}hsh{}dis mhthbiqnol }ehsgqhx}nk iq}nio{ }eg} |ixbm sh{xb} nojgksi{kiqnk gom biol*}hsj njqsithjho}{ no ehgs} dxok}niogom sh{}ish dxok}niogbb~ kixqbhm j~ikgsmngb jg{{/

Kegbbholh +36 H{}gcbn{enol kgsmngk*bn`h }n{{xh jg}snu

Khbb{ sh{qiom }i }ehns hotnsiojho}" gom ioh id }eh `h~shlxbg}is~ kijqioho}{ id khbb chegtnis no hgke id }eh qi{{ncbh{khogsni{ id ehgs} shlhohsg}nio no tn}si kxb}ntg}nio id ho*lnohhshm kio{}sxk}{" khbb mhbnths~ no}i }eh ehgs}" njqbgo}g}nioid holnohhshm kio{}sxk}{ iths }eh nofxs~ {n}hn{ }eh HKJ/

Dis oisjgb dxok}nio" }eh shqgns khbb{ ohhm g oisjgbjg}snu" |n}e }eh kgsmngk*bn`h jibhkxbgs kijqi{n}nio" {}sxk*}xsh" gom jhkegonkgb qsiqhs}nh{/ G qshdisjhm jg}snu kgo chx{hm g{ g {kgddibm }i {hhm }eh khbb{ gom kshg}h kgsmngk }n{{xhkio{}sxk}{no tn}si" is }eh khbb{ kgo ch nomxkhm }i disj }ehnsi|o jg}snu" is }eh }|i gqqsigkeh{ kgo ch kijcnohm/ Iohkgo {}gs} dsij }eh mhkhbbxbgsnvhm jg}snu id }eh ehgs}" qiqx*bg}h n} |n}e kgsmnilhonk khbb{" gom nomxkh dxok}niogb g{{hjcb~id }eh khbb{no tn}si/8 Dnogbb~" khbb{ kgo ch mhbnthshm no}i }ehehgs}" x{nol g e~msilhb }i bikgbnvh }eh khbb{ g} }eh {n}h id

nofxs~ gom kiomn}nio }ehns hotnsiojho}";7

gom gbbi|hm }ihbgcisg}h }ehns jg}snu |enbh kixqbnol |n}e }eh ei{} }n{{xh/]|i dhg}xsh{ gsh {egshm c~ gbb }eh{h gqqsigkeh{6 }eh ho}nsh

jnbnhx id }eh HKJ n{ njqis}go} %jibhkxbgs kijqi{n}nio" en*hsgskenkgb {}sxk}xsh" gom cnijhkegonk{." gom }eh khbb{ ohhm }ishjimhb }eh non}ngb jg}snu gom }i lsgmxgbb~ shqbgkh n} |n}e n}{i|o jg}snu %}eh qsikh{{ hoegokhm c~ }eh enle mho{n}~ id kgsmngk khbb qiqxbg}nio{./

Kegbbholh{ nokbxmh }eh {hbhk}nio ch}|hho g {njqbh e~*msilhb gom g kgsmngk }n{{xh jg}snu id enle mhbn}~" gom ch*}|hho og}nth gom {~o}eh}nk jg}hsngb{" mh}hsjnog}nio id ei|jxke jg}snu ohhm{ }i ch shkio{}n}x}hmno tn}si" gom {kgddibmmh{nlo{ }eg} {xqqis} khbb kixqbnol gom g{{hjcb~ %dxok}niogblsixq{" bi| {}nddoh{{. gom tg{kxbgsnvg}nio %gssg~{ id kego*

ohb{./Og}nth }n{{xh jg}snu g{ |hbb g{ }eh {kgddibmnol jg}hsngb

{hsth g{ g {}sxk}xsgb gom nodisjg}niogb }hjqbg}h dis khbg}}gkejho} gom }n{{xh disjg}nio" gom qsitnmh oxjhsix{kehjnkgb gom cniqe~{nkgb kxh{ }eg} dxomgjho}gbb~ mh}hsjnohkhbb chegtnis/ No g og}nth }n{{xh" }eh HKJ kio}gno{ qsi}hno{"{xke g{ kibbglho{" qib~{gkkegsnmh{" gom |g}hs" gom eg{ g{}sxk}xsh }eg} n{ mhqhomho} io }eh bikg}nio gom dxok}nio id }eh }n{{xh/ Dgk}is{ {xke g{ HKJ jhkegonk{ gom khbb {egqhqbg~ g sibh no {}hj*khbb mnddhsho}ng}nio gom kgo ch holnohhshmno}i {~o}eh}nk jg}snkh{ dis mnshk}hm mnddhsho}ng}nio/

Jnjnk`nol }eh {}sxk}xsh gom {}nddoh{{ id og}nth }n{{xh jg*}snu/ Cnijg}hsngb {kgddibm{" mh{nlohm }i {hsth g{ g {xc{}n}x}h

id }eh og}nth jg}snu" gsh gtgnbgcbh }i }n{{xh holnohhs{ no jgo~mnddhsho} disj{/41 [ijh id }eh ji{} kijjio kg}hlisnh{ gshqisix{" csix{" gom e~msilhb {kgddibm{bn`h }eh jgo~ mnd*dhsho} }n{{xh {}sxk}xsh{ }eh~ gsh jgmh }i sh{hjcbh/47 Dis hu*gjqbh" qisix{ {kgddibm{ qsitnmh jgksi{kiqnk tinm{ dis }ehjnlsg}nio gom no b}sg}nio id khbb{/ No kio}sg{}" csix{ {kgd*dibm{ kgo ch dgcsnkg}hm io g {kgbh }eg} jnjnk{ }eh enhsgske~ id }eh og}nth HKJ gom x{hm }i kio}sib khbbxbgs gbnlojho}/43

]eh dgcsnkg}nio }hkeonwxh kgo qsimxkh {}sxk}xsh{ }eg} hu*encn} g |nmh sgolh id jhkegonkgb qsiqhs}nh{ |n}e hbg{}nkjimxbn dsij }eh Qg }i }eh LQg sgolh/ Exjgo J[K{ |hsh{ei|o }i huencn} bnohglh {qhkn kg}nio mhqhomnol io }eh {xc*{}sg}h jhkegonk{" |enke kisshbg}hm |n}e }eh no tnti jg}snuhbg{}nkn}~ %57


6/20

mhthbiqjho} io {kgddibm{ |n}e kio}sibbgcbh {}nddoh{{h{ |nbb chno{}sxjho}gb no mhthbiqnol {}sg}hlnh{ dis }eh shlhohsg}nio id nodgsk}hm ehgs}/

Og}nth is {~o}eh}nk jg}hsngb9 G {hkiom mhkn{nio no {kgd*dibm {hbhk}nio n{ }eh keinkh ch}|hho og}xsgb gom {~o}eh}nkjg}hsngb{/4= Og}xsgb jg}hsngb{ gsh gcbh }i qsitnmh {nlogb{ }ikhbb{ c~ jhkegon{j{ {xke g{ {xsdgkh shkhq}is no}hsgk}nio{" c~

xq}g`h" gom c~ mhlsgmg}nio c~ khbb*no{}sxk}nth hov~jh{/Ei|hths" og}xsgb {kgddibm{ jg~ ch mnd kxb} }i qsikh{{ |n}e*ix} mn{sxq}nol g qi}ho}ngbb~ njqis}go} enhsgskenkgb {}sxk}xsh/Gb{i" e~msilhb{ disjhm dsij og}xsgb jg}hsngb{ lhohsgbb~egthqiis jhkegonkgb qsiqhs}nh{ gom jg~ gb{i egth g qi}ho}ngb disnjjxoh sh{qio{h mhqhomnol io }eh {ixskh id }eh jg}hsngb/[~o}eh}nk cnijg}hsngb{ egth g |nmh sgolh id qsiqhs}nh{ }eg}jg~ ch ic}gnohm gom kx{}ijnvhm |n}e sh{qhk} }i jhkegonk{"kehjn{}s~" gom mhlsgmg}nio" cx} jg~ ch bnjn}hm no dxok}niogbkhbbxbgs no}hsgk}nio{ xobh{{ }eh~ gsh jimn hm |n}e gmeh{nioqhq}nmh{ is mh{nlohm }i shbhg{h cnibilnkgb jibhkxbh{/

Nokisqisg}nio id shlxbg}is~ jibhkxbh{/ [kgddibm{ kgo gb{i ch x{hm dis kio}sibbgcbh mhbnths~ id k~}i`noh{ is i}ehs shlx*

bg}is~ dgk}is{ }i khbb{ no g kio{}sxk}/ G mhu}sgo*cg{hm e~msilhb|n}e njjicnbnvhm gsl*lb~*g{q %SLM. qhq}nmh{ gom jnksi*hokgq{xbg}hm tg{kxbgs homi}ehbngb lsi|}e dgk}is |g{ {ei|o}i jgs`hmb~ nokshg{h }eh dsgk}nio id hokgq{xbg}hm eH[K{ hu*qsh{{nol tg{kxbgs homi}ehbngb lsi|}e dgk}is shkhq}is @MS:Db`*7* xq }i 31*dibm kijqgshm |n}e {qio}gohix{b~ mnddhsho*}ng}hm hjcs~inm cimnh{/48 C~ qg}}hsonol cnigk}nth jibhkxbh{io}i {kgddibm{ is mhbnthsnol kio}sibbhm lsgmnho}{ tng cnishgk*}is{" ioh kgo egth {qg}ngb kio}sib iths khbb mnddhsho}ng}nio gomxb}njg}hb~ mh{nlo ;M kgsmngk kio{}sxk}{ disno tn}sigomno tntix{h/

Cnijg}hsngb{ dis khbb mhbnths~ no}i }eh ehgs}/]eh qg{}mhkgmh{ cxs{} no khbb }ehsgq~ kbnonkgb }sngb{ eg{ sh{xb}hm no g

jxb}n}xmh id shqis}{ sgolnol dsij enle huqhk}g}nio{ }ijimh{} wxh{}nionol id }eh hd kgk~ id khbb }ehsgq~ dis kgs*mnitg{kxbgs mn{hg{h/ ]eh qhskhq}nio n{" ei|hths" }eg} khbb}ehsgq~ |ixbm lshg}b~ choh } dsij njqsithjho}{ no }eh}hkeonwxh{ id khbb mhbnths~ gom go njqsithm xomhs{}gomnolid jhkegon{j{ msntnol ehgs} shqgns/ G bgk` id {}gomgsmnvg*}nio gksi{{ kbnonkgb }sngb{chkgx{h id tgsngcbh khbb {ixskh{gom qshqgsg}nio{" mhbnths~ jh}eim{" }gslh} qg}nho} qiqxbg*}nio" }njh qino}{" gom dxok}niogb shgmix}{eg{ iob~ gmmhm}i }eh noehsho} tgsngcnbn}~" jg`nol g kijqsheho{nth ksi{{*{}xm~ kijqgsn{io sg}ehs mnd kxb}/ ]i jith dis|gsm" |h ohhm}i mhthbiq oh| }hkeoibilnh{ }eg} kgo gmmsh{{ }eh kegbbholh{gom bnjn}g}nio{ id }eh kxssho} qshkbnonkgb }sngb{/

Khbb nofhk}nio6 ]eh gmjnon{}sg}nio id khbb {x{qho{nio{ noffixnm tng g {~snolh is kg}eh}hssh{xb}{ no jg{{nth g}}sn}niogd}hs nofhk}nio" c~ qsikh{{h{ }eg} ikkxs gbji{} njjhmng}hb~"gom nssh{qhk}nth id khbb }~qh is disjxbg}nio" mhbnths~ jimh"gom mn{hg{h {}g}h/ ]eh{h qsikh{{h{ ikkxs chdish }eh tg{kxbgs{xqqb~ kgo ch h{}gcbn{ehm gom no}hlsg}nio |n}e }eh ei{} khbb{kgo ikkxs/ ]eh kgqgkn}~ id }eh ehgs} }i sh}gno njqbgo}hm khbb{dis htho 3= e n{ sg}ehs {jgbb"44 gom bikgb cgssnhs{ id khbb {xs*tntgb gom dxok}nio ch~iom }en{ }njh qino} gsh {xc{}go}ngb/[xstntgb id og`hm khbb{ no }eh ei{}nbh hotnsiojho} id gogkx}h is kesionk nodgsk} n{ g jgfis kegbbholh/

[hthsgb qi{{ncnbn}nh{ egth chho nmho}n hm dis njqsitnolkhbb holsgd}jho} gom jgunjnvnol }eh qi}ho}ngb id khbb{ }i

jhmng}h ehgs} shlhohsg}nio/ Ioh shqis}hm gqqsigke nmho}n*hm }eh gmmn}nio id qsi{xstntgb dgk}is{ no}i }eh khbb {x{qho*{nio g{ g jh}eim }i {xc{}go}ngbb~ njqsith }eh {xstntgb id }sgo{qbgo}hm kgsmnij~ik~}h{/88 G {ibx}nio dis njqsithm khbbsh}ho}nio" fx{} {}gs}nol }i ch huqbishm no }eh bgc {h}}nol{" n{ }ex{h id kg}eh}hs*cg{hm e~msilhb khbb mhbnths~" |enke cxnbm{ iohun{}nol mhbnths~ jh}eim{ x{hm no }eh kbnonk/ E~msilhb{" mh*bnthshm g{ g ffixnm qeg{h {x{qho{nio tng kg}eh}hs" {bi|b~ qi*

b~jhsnvh mxsnol }eh }sgfhk}is~ }i }eh }gslh} }n{{xh"qib~jhsnvnol gom ho}sgqqnol khbb{no {n}x/ \n}e gbshgm~ hu*}ho{nth x{h gom mhjio{}sg}hm {gdh}~ id kg}eh}hs*cg{hm khbbmhbnths~"4< }eh gmmn}nio id g mhbnths~ thenkbh iddhs{ g qi{{n* cnbn}~ dis njqsitnol holsgd}jho}/

E~msilhb{ iddhs gmmn}niogb mn{}nok} gmtgo}glh{ id kx{}i*jnvg}nio x{nol lsi|}e dgk}is{ }i {qhkn kgbb~ hoegokh }ehtg{kxbilhonk is j~ilhonk kgqgkn}~ id hokgq{xbg}hm khbb{"48

|enbh qe~{nkgbb~ {enhbmnol khbb{ dsij }eh egs{e n{kehjnk ho*tnsiojho}" g{ }eh~ jhmng}h shqgns/ Gb}eixle }en{ iq}nioqsitnmh{ dis g ohgs*}hsj {ibx}nio }i njqsith khbb sh}ho}nio no}eh ehgs}" n} kgo ch dxs}ehs gmtgokhm }i jhmng}h }eh hddhk}{ id}eh jnksihotnsiojho} no {n}x/

Khbb{ is holnohhshm }n{{xh9 ]eh bg{} dh| ~hgs{ egth {hhonokshg{hm dikx{ io khbb }sgo{qbgo}g}nio jimgbn}nh{ }eg} |ixbmhogcbh wxgo}n}g}nth {}xmnh{ id khbb mnddhsho}ng}nio gom kqbnol" gom ehbq mh}hsjnoh shlhohsg}nth kgqgkn}~ id tgsnix{khbb }~qh{ gom qshqgsg}nio{/ Ji{} khbb{" gom {}hj khbb{ noqgs}nkxbgs" shwxnsh qsi}hk}nio mxsnol }ehns mhbnths~ no}i }ehnodgsk} chm/7< ]eh kbnonkgb qi}ho}ngb id {}hj khbbcg{hm }ehsg*qnh{ kixbm ch shgbnvhm c~ qsitnmnol {xqqis} dis }eh{h khbb{mxsnol gom gd}hs njqbgo}g}nio" no g |g~ }eg} qsiji}h{ khbb{xstntgb" mnddhsho}ng}nio" gom }eh h{}gcbn{ejho} id dxok}niogbkioohk}nio{ |n}e }eh ei{} }n{{xh/ Dnlxsh 3 {kehjg}nkgbb~qsh{ho}{ }eshh qsnoknqgb gqqsigkeh{ }i khbb mhbnths~ }i }ehehgs} kxssho}b~ xomhs noth{}nlg}nio6 %n. nofhk}nio is nodx{nio idkhbb {x{qho{nio" %nn. nofhk}nio id khbb {x{qho{nio no g e~msilh}eg} qib~jhsnvh{ no {n}x" gom %nnn. njqbgo}g}nio id g kgsmngk}n{{xh qg}ke iths }eh nodgsk} chm/ ]eh mn{hg{h is nofxs~ wxh{}nio |nbb qsicgcb~ mh}hsjnoh |eh}ehs nofhk}nio id khbb{ islsgd}nol }n{{xh*holnohhshm kio{}sxk}{ n{ }eh qshdhsshm keinkh/

\eho kio{nmhsnol g }n{{xh holnohhsnol {}sg}hl~ dis qg*}nho}{ |n}e }hsjnogb ehgs} dgnbxsh" g} bhg{} }|i {khogsni{ kgo ch hotn{niohm/ G {njqbhs ioh n{ }i qbgkh g qg}ke id ho*lnohhshm ehgs} jx{kbh iths }eh nofxs~ {n}h/ G jish hbgcisg}hmioh n{ }i hukn{h oiodxok}nionol j~ikgsmnxj gom shqbgkh n}|n}e go holnohhshm ehgs} jx{kbh kio{}sxk}/ ]eh bg}}hs gq*qsigke shwxnsh{ enle jhkegonkgb {}gcnbn}~ id }eh qg}ke }i|n}e{}gom {~{}ibnk qsh{{xsh gom }en{ jg~ ch wxn}h mnd kxb} }igkenhth/ ]ex{" gmmnol }n{{xh*holnohhshm qg}keh{ }i }eh ehgs}sg}ehs }ego shqbgknol mn{hg{hm qgs}{ n{ bn`hb~ }eh jish shgb*n{}nk qhs{qhk}nth g} }en{ qino}/

Kegbbholh +;6 Kio{}sxk} {nvh gom }eh ohhm dis tg{kxbgsnvg}nio

Dis kbnonkgb x}nbn}~" go holnohhshm kgsmngk qg}ke {eixbegth go gshg id 7181kj 3 gom g }enk`oh{{ id {hthsgb jnbbn*jh}hs{/ [hthsgb }n{{xh holnohhsnol }hkeoibilnh{ gsh gcbh }ikshg}h g kgsmngk qg}ke id g bgslh hoixle {xsdgkh gshg" cx}holnohhsnol tngcbh jnbbnjh}hs{ }enk` kgsmngk kio{}sxk}{ gom}ehns no}hlsg}nio }i }eh tg{kxbgs {xqqb~ id }eh ei{} shjgno{jgfis kegbbholh{/

7


7/20

Kbhgsb~" }eh {nolbh ji{} njqis}go} dgk}is bnjn}nol }eh}enk`oh{{ id g }n{{xh kio{}sxk} }eg} kgo ch holnohhshmno tn}sigom {xstnth no tnti n{ }eh kio}sib id iu~lho {xqqb~ no }ehnjjhmng}h khbb jnksihotnsiojho}/ Mnddx{nio gbioh" g jhke*gon{j shbnhm xqio no ji{} kxssho}b~ x{hm }n{{xh kxb}xsh{~{}hj{" kgo jgno}gno }eh tngcnbn}~ id kgsmngk khbb{ iob~|n}eno g }eno bg~hs no njjhmng}h kio}gk} |n}e }eh kxb}xshjhmnxj %xq }i 711 j j }enk`" mhqhomnol io khbb mho{n}~45 ./Htho |eho }n{{xh kio{}sxk}{ gsh kxb}xshm no {~{}hj{ |n}ejhmnxj kiothk}nio gsixom }n{{xh kio{}sxk}{{qnoohsffig{`{" si}g}nol cnishgk}is{" gom iscn}gbb~ jnuhm mn{eh{4>"


8/20

kioohk}nio |n}e }eh ei{} cbiim {xqqb~/ ]en{ n{ kio{nmhshm gjgfis kegbbholh id kgsmngk }n{{xh holnohhsnol gom }eh {ibx}nion{ {}nbb oi} io }eh eisnvio/ Ei|hths" }ehsh gsh {hthsgb no}hs*h{}nol omnol{ }eg} jg~ qsitnmh kxh{ dis }eh mhthbiqjho} id gqqsigkeh{ }eg} kixbm xb}njg}hb~ gmmsh{{ }eh kegbbholh{ id dxok}niogb tg{kxbgsnvg}nio/ Hgsb~ mxsnol hjcs~ilhoh{n{" }ehjgjjgbngo ehgs} n{ bgslhb~ gtg{kxbgs" 57 gom }eh cbiim th{{hb{disj {njxb}gohix{b~ |n}e ehgs} mhthbiqjho} }i h{}gcbn{e }eh

njqsh{{nth tg{kxbgs mho{n}~ no }eh gmxb} ehgs} |n}e kgqnbbgs~mn{}gokh{ id iob~& 31 j j/ 53

No}hsh{}nolb~" H{kehoeglho gom kibbhglxh{ ic{hsthm }eg}}ehns holnohhshm kio{}sxk}{" kio}gnonol {}sgom{ id kgsmngkjx{kbh }eg} |hsh {jgbb hoixle }i shjgno tngcbh no oio*qhsdx{hm kxb}xsh" {xstnthm |eho njqbgo}hm no}i }eh gtg{kxbgshotnsiojho} id }eh nodgsk} chm gom wxnk`b~ tg{kxbgsnvhm/7

]eh keinkh id gonjgb jimhb{ n{ goi}ehs {nlon kgo} dgk}is"lntho }eg} }eh simho} jimhb{" ji{} dshwxho}b~ x{hm dis gtgsnh}~ id liim shg{io{" gsh oi} |hbb {xn}hm dis }eh {}xmnh{ id hbhk}sijhkegonkgb kixqbnol gom }eh sn{` id gsse~}ejng" ch*kgx{h id }eh jgfis mnddhshokh{ no }eh hbhk}snkgb qsiqhs}nh{ ch}|hho }eh simho} gom exjgo khbb{/>3 Gb{i" }eh noffigjjg*}is~ sh{qio{h gom {kgs disjg}nio jnle} ch h{{ho}ngb disjhmng}nol golnilhoh{n{" shksxn}jho} id ei{} khbb{" gom }ehithsgbb qsikh{{ id shlhohsg}nio/>;

G{ |n}e ji{} holnohhshm }n{{xh{" }eh h{}gcbn{ejho} id

kgsmngk }n{{xh dxok}nio n{ sg}ehs mnd kxb} }i gkenhth gom snlisix{b~ htgbxg}h/ Gb{i" bn`h no gbji{} gbb i}ehs gqqbnkg}nio{notibtnol cnibilnkgb lsgd}{" go ictnix{ gom xogo{|hshmwxh{}nio n{ Ei| jxke n{ hoixle9 no }hsj{ id dxok}niogb}n{{xh ix}kijh{" gom |enke qsiqhs}nh{ gsh jish njqis}go}}ego i}ehs" {eixbm ioh ohhm }i qsnisn}nvh/

Kegbbholh +86 Gmtgokhm kxb}xsh qbg}disj{

Hu}ho{nth {}xmnh{no tn}simi oi} ohkh{{gsnb~ qshmnk} ix}*kijh{ no gonjgb jimhb{/ ]i jhmng}h }en{ }sgo{n}nio" }n{{xhholnohhs{ egth mhthbiqhm cnijnjh}nk {~{}hj{ }eg} {hh` }ishkgqn}xbg}h }ehno tnti hotnsiojho} no g kio}sibbgcbh jgo*ohs/ Jitnol dsij {jgbb }i bgslh gonjgb jimhb{" gom htho*

}xgbb~ }i exjgo kbnonkgb }sngb{" n{ g{{ikng}hm |n}e exlh cnibilnkgb kijqbhun}~ }eg} kgooi} ch ithskijh nd |h jg`h g}sgo{n}nio ch}|hho }eh ffig} cnibil~ id kiotho}niogb khbbkxb}xsh gom |eibh gonjgb jimhb{/ Dxs}ehs gmtgokh{ no }ehgqqbnkg}nio id {}hj khbb{ shwxnsh g oh| lhohsg}nio id kxb}xsh{~{}hj{ }eg} |ixbm jish gx}eho}nkgbb~ shqsh{ho} }eh gk}xgbkhbb: }n{{xh hotnsiojho} gom ch jish qshmnk}nth id khbbxbgssh{qio{h{ no tnti/74

Mxsnol mhthbiqjho}" }n{{xh{ hjhslh dsij kiismnog}hm{hwxhokh{ id khbb qsibndhsg}nio" mnddhsho}ng}nio" gom dxok}nig{{hjcb~ }eg} gsh iskeh{}sg}hm c~ dgk}is{ isnlnog}nol dsij}eh {xssixomnol khbb{" jg}snu" gom }eh hu}hsogb hotnsiojho}/Bn`h|n{h" mxsnol }eh shqgns: shlhohsg}nio id gmxb} }n{{xh{"khbb{ sh{qiom }i }eh ho}nsh jnbnhx id nofxs~ is mn{hg{h/ [}go*mgsm kxb}xsh {~{}hj{ bgk` }eh khbb: jg}snu {xssixomnol gom}eh ksn}nkgbb~ njqis}go} no}hsqbg~ id jibhkxbgs gom qe~{nkgbdgk}is{/ Khbb chegtnis no }eh{h {h}}nol{ |nbb }ehshdish mnddhsdsij }eg} {hho no tnti" gom }eh x}nbn}~ id mg}g ic}gnohm dis go~{n}xg}nio id no}hsh{} |nbb ch sg}ehs bnjn}hm/ ]n{{xh holnohhsnol}hkeoibilnh{ gsh kio{nmhshm ksxkngb dis jitnol g|g~ dsij{}xmnh{ id {nolbh khbb{ }i|gsm }eh gogb~{n{ id qe~{nibilnkhomqino}{/>=

Mxsnol mhthbiqjho}" enleb~ kiismnog}hm {hwxhokh{ id khbbshoh|gb" mnddhsho}ng}nio" gom g{{hjcb~ lnth sn{h }i }ehdisjnol }n{{xh{ gom islgo{ no go islgon{j/ [qg}ngb gom}hjqisgb lsgmnho}{ id shlxbg}is~ dgk}is{ g} }eh bhthb id }eh

7


9/20

khbb gsh ohkh{{gs~ }i shlxbg}h khbb dxok}nio no g mhthbiqnolgom gmxb} islgon{j/ ]i {}xm~ }eh dxok}nio gom huqbin} }eh choh }{ id }eh{h dgk}is{no tn}si" }hkeonwxh{ id }n{{xh holn*ohhsnol egth chkijh nokshg{nolb~ dikx{hm io qsitnmnol khbb{|n}e jnksihotnsiojho}{ {njnbgs }i }ei{h dixom no tnti/ ]i}g`h dxbb gmtgo}glh id }eh qi}ho}ngb x{h{ id {}hj khbb{" g} bhg{}{ijh id }eh g{qhk}{ id }eh m~ogjnk ;M hotnsiojho}{ }eg} gshg{{ikng}hm |n}e }ehns shoh|gb" mnddhsho}ng}nio" gom g{{hjcb~

no og}nth }n{{xh{ ohhm }i ch shkio{}sxk}hm/ Ioh kegbbholh |hdgkh }img~ n{ }i h{}gcbn{e hddhk}nth kissh{qiomhokh ch}|hho}eh no tn}si gom no tnti {}xmnh{" }esixle }eh x}nbnvg}nio id gmtgokhm }hkeoibilnh{ }eg} kijcnoh }nle} kio}sib id jnksi*hotnsiojho}gb dgk}is{ |n}e }eh cnibilnkgb mhbn}~ oisjgbb~{hho no |eibh gonjgb{/

Cnibilnkgb qsnoknqbh{ gom holnohhsnol mh{nlo/ [}hj khbb{shgk} }i htho jnox}h kegolh{ no }ehns hotnsiojho}" gom }ehhotnsiojho} eg{ chho shkilonvhm g{ g `h~ shlxbg}is id khbb{xstntgb" chegtnis" gom mnddhsho}ng}nio kgqgkn}~/4"=8">8>5 Nd oi}kiomn}niohm dis }eh hotnsiojho} }eh~ |nbb hokixo}hs no tnti}eh qe~{nkgb gom cnikehjnkgb {nlogb{ g{ |hbb g{ }eh e~qiunkhotnsiojho} id n{kehjnk }n{{xh}eh shqgns khbb{ gsh bh{{

bn`hb~ }i gmgq} }i msg{}nkgbb~ kegolhm kiomn}nio{ no }ehns oh|hotnsiojho} gom no{}hgm dgnb }i mnddhsho}ng}h gom {hksh}h `h~dgk}is{" is mnh/ ]en{ gqqhgs{ }i ch }eh kg{h dis shqgns khbb{dsij ci}e j~ilhonk gom oioj~ilhonk {ixskh{/ 4"=8

]i qsitnmh go gqqsiqsng}h jnksihotnsiojho} }i kiomn}niokhbb{ dis shqgns" go gb}hsog}nth khbb mhbnths~ jh}eim kixbm ch}i mhbnths khbb{ |n}eno g {kgddibmnol jg}hsngb/ [}hj khbb{ gbioh"|n}eix} g {xqqis}nol {}sxk}xsh" |nbb qsicgcb~ oi} ch {xd *knho} dis ji{} }ehsgqnh{/ ]eh dgk}is{ g{{ikng}hm |n}e }eh HKJ}eh~ sh{nmh no gsh ioh id }eh `h~ mnshk}nio{ id }eh iolinolsh{hgske/ ]eh mh}hsjnog}nio gom kio}sib id khbb{kgddibm no*}hsgk}nio{ gsh ksn}nkgb }i ho{xsh }eg} }eh jg}hsngb gom ei{} bnth}ilh}ehs gom dxok}nio kisshk}b~/

G kijjio gqqsigke gmiq}hm no jgo~ }hkeonwxh{ id }n{*

{xh holnohhsnol n{ }i kxb}xsh khbb{ io g cnijg}hsngb {kgddibmgom shlxbg}h }eh hotnsiojho}gb kiomn}nio{ tng cnishgk}is{}i|gsm shkio{}sxk}nol g dxok}niogb }n{{xh/ \n}e }en{ gq*qsigke" ioh kgo g}}hjq} }i jgonqxbg}h }eh khbb{ sh{qio{h{ noqshmnk}gcbh |g~{ c~ x}nbnvnol }eh {gjh kijqbhu dgk}is{`oi|o }i mnshk} mhthbiqjho} gom shjimhbnol no tnti/ [kgd*dibm{ gom cnishgk}is{ gsh x{hm }i qsitnmh k~}i`noh{ %mnddx{*nol" njjicnbnvhm" qsh{ho}hm }i }eh khbb{ no disj id lsgmnho}{no {qgkh is }njh." jg}snu qsiqhs}nh{ %gsken}hk}xsh" {}nddoh{{."gom cniqe~{nkgb dgk}is{ %e~msim~ogjnk {ehgs" jhkegonkgb{}sh}ke" hbhk}snkgb {nlogb{./ [nokh }eh kxh{ qsh{ho}hm }i }ehkhbb{ gsh }eh qsnoknqgb mh}hsjnogo}{ id khbb qehoi}~qh gomdxok}nio" }eh mh{nlo id }n{{xh holnohhsnol {~{}hj{ n{ ohkh{*{gsnb~ no{qnshm c~ cnibil~ no hn}ehs }eh gmxb} is mhthbiqnolislgon{j/

Cnishgk}is{ dis hotnsiojho}gb kio}sib gom cniqe~{nkgb{nlogbnol/ G cnishgk}is n{ }~qnkgbb~ mh ohm g{ g mhtnkh }eg}qsitnmh{ }nle} kio}sib id hotnsiojho}gb kiomn}nio{ %{xke g{iu~lho : ox}snho} }sgo{qis}. gom }eh gqqbnkg}nio id jibhkxbgsgom qe~{nkgb shlxbg}is~ dgk}is{" }i noffixhokh khbb kxb}xshqsikh{{h{ %{xke g{ khbb huqgo{nio" mnddhsho}ng}nio" gom }n{{xhdisjg}nio io ;M {kgddibm{./ G cnishgk}is {eixbm nmhgbb~qsitnmh g og}nth*bn`h khbb hotnsiojho} gom gmmsh{{ }eh {qh*kn k shwxnshjho}{ dis }eh }n{{xh id no}hsh{}/ ]ehshdish" cni*shgk}is{ gsh id}ho kx{}ij mh{nlohm }i shkgqn}xbg}h }eh

{qhkn k jhkegon{j{ id ox}snho} }sgo{dhs gom {qhkn k cni*qe~{nkgb {nlogb{ no hgke }~qh id og}nth }n{{xh/

Jg{{ }sgo{qis}6 Ox}snho} hukegolh n{ ioh id }eh ji{}ksn}nkgb dgk}is{ dis khbb {xstntgb gom dxok}nio/ Ehgb}e~ kgsmng}n{{xh kio}gno{ mho{h tg{kxbgs oh}|is }eg} {xqqis}{}eh kijqgk} gom enleb~ jh}gcibnkgbb~ gk}nth j~ikgsmnxj/Mnddx{niogb lsgmnho}{ id iu~lho kgo shmxkh }eh disjg}nio id tngcbh }n{{xh }i go ix}hs bg~hs }eg} n{ iob~& 711 j j }enk`

%kissh{qiomnol }i }eh qhoh}sg}nio mhq}e id iu~lho." |n}egqiq}i}nk gom mhgm khbb{ no }eh cxb` id }eh kio{}sxk}/>>

Cnishgk}is{ }eg} qhsdx{h iu~lho*snke kxb}xsh jhmnxj}esixle }eh kxb}xshm }n{{xh egth chho x{hm }i holnohhs }enk`gom kijqgk} kio{}sxk}{ kio{n{}nol id tngcbh gom |hbb*mnddhsho}ng}hm khbb{/5>"711

Iu~lho {xqqb~ gb{i qbg~{ g ksn}nkgb sibh no }eh {xstntgb gommnddhsho}ng}nio id {}hj khbb{/ Htho g ths~ {njqbh {~{}hj" g{}nsshm ffig{` |n}e qhsdx{nio id kxb}xsh jhmnxj gom jion*}isnol id iu~lho bhthb{" hoegokhm }eh ~nhbm gom tngcnbn}~ id kgsmnij~ik~}h{ mhsnthm dsij H[K{ hokgq{xbg}hm no glgsi{hlhb jnksimsiq{/ 74"71771;

Jhkegonkgb kiomn}nionol6 Jhkegonkgb {}njxbn gsh jgfisshlxbg}is{ id }eh mhthbiqjho} gom dxok}nio id jgo~ }n{{xh

}~qh{" nokbxmnol }eh j~ikgsmnxj/ Jhkegonkgb diskh{ shlxbg}hkhbb qe~{nibil~ xomhs oisjgb gom qg}eibilnkgb kiomn}nio{gom noffixhokh }eh mnshk}nio id {}hj*khbb mnddhsho}ng}nio/ Dhugjqbh" og}nth cbiim th{{hb{ mhthbiq gom dxok}nio |n}eno gkijqbhu jhkegonkgb hotnsiojho} }eg} notibth{ e~msim~*ogjnk {ehgs" bxjnogb qsh{{xsh" knskxjdhsho}ngb {}sh}ke" gombioln}xmnogb {}sh}ke" ohkh{{n}g}nol }eh mhthbiqjho} id cni*shgk}is{ |n}e jhkegonkgb {}njxbg}nio dis holnohhshm cbiimth{{hb{/71= No i}ehs {}xmnh{" exjgo J[K{ |hsh lsi|o io g{nbnkioh }xch }eg} kijcnohm }eh gqqbnkg}nio id ffii| {ehgs"sgmngb {}sh}ke" gom qxb{g}nbh qsh{{xsh }i nomxkh }eh huqsh{{niid homi}ehbngb khbb gom {jii}e jx{kbh khbb jgs`hs{/718

Gshg{ id gqqbnkg}nio6 ]eshh gshg{ id cnishgk}is gqqbnkg*}nio{ gsh id lshg} no}hsh{}6

]n{{xh holnohhsnol id dxok}niogb exjgo lsgd}{ dis sh*lhohsg}nth jhmnknoh/ Hugjqbh{ nokbxmh }eh holnohhsnolid }n{{xh lsgd}{ |n}e lsgmnho}{ id jibhkxbgs" {}sxk}xsgb"gom jhkegonkgb qsiqhs}nh{ }eg} notibth }eh x}nbnvg}nio id g oh| lhohsg}nio id cnibilnkgb {kgddibm{ gom cnishgk}is{|n}e jxb}nqgsgjh}snk {}njxbg}nio/No tn}sijimhb{ id mn{hg{h/ Holnohhshm }n{{xh{" no kio* fxok}nio |n}e jnksi}hkeoibilnh{" kgo ch x{hm g{ huqhs*njho}gb }iib{ }i {}xm~ }eh qsilsh{{nio id mn{hg{h" }ehhddhk}{ gom jhkegon{j{ id msxl gk}nio" gom }ehshc~ dg*knbn}g}h }ehsgqhx}nk mn{kiths~/Dxomgjho}gb sh{hgske id exjgo {}hj khbb{/ Holnohhshmcnijnjh}nk hotnsiojho}{ }eg} gbbi| {}hj khbb{ }i chjhg{xshm gom qe~{nkgbb~ jgonqxbg}hm no xoqshkhmho}hm|g~{ gsh oi| shqbgknol }eh {njqbh cx} mh knho} hotn*siojho}{ id kxb}xsh mn{eh{/74"714 \n}e }eh gnm id dxok*}niogb njglnol %io jibhkxbgs" khbbxbgs" gom }n{{xh bhthb{"no tn}si gom no tnti." |h kgo hotn{nio go ho}nshb~ oh|`nom id {}hj*khbb {knhokh/

Mh{nlonol no tntibn h huqhsnjho}gb jimhb{6 Shkho} gm*tgokh{ no {kgddibm gom cnishgk}is mh{nlo{ egth hogcbhm {n*jxb}gohix{ kio}sib iths jxb}nqbh jibhkxbgs gom qe~{nkgbshlxbg}is~ {nlogb{ |n}eno cnibilnkgbb~ {ixom kxb}xsh hotnsio*jho}{/ Mnddhsho} mh{nlo{ gsh kxssho}b~ chnol huqbishm cg{hm io}eh qsnoknqbh{ bhgsohm dsij }eh khbbxbgs jnksihotnsiojho} id



10/20

}eh }n{{xh id no}hsh{}/ No lhohsgb" }eh x{h id ;M {kgddibm{ gom cnishgk}is{ no{}hgm id }|i*mnjho{niogb %3M. {h}}nol{ id kbg{{n*kgb Qh}sn mn{eh{ hogcbh{ huqhsnjho}g}nio xomhs kiomn}nio{ }eg}kgo ch }nle}b~ kio}sibbhm gom gmfx{}hm }i jg}ke }ei{hno tnti/74

Dnlxsh ; {xjjgsnvh{ }eh hotn{niohm {khogsni id {}xm~nol{}hj khbb{ xomhskiomn}nio{ qshmnk}nth id }ehnschegtnisno tnti /Cnijg}hsngb {kgddibm %no disj id g e~msilhb" og}nth }n{{xh jg*}snu" is g {~o}eh}nk qisix{ {}sxk}xsh mh{nlohm }i jnjnk og}nth

jg}snu. qsitnmh{ }eh khbb{ |n}e g ;M hotnsiojho} no |enke}eh~ sh{nmh {xssixomhm c~ i}ehs khbb{ gom jg}snu jibhkxbh{/[kgddibm{ ohhm }i ch mh{nlohm }i jnjnk }eh jg}snu no |enke }ehkhbb{ sh{nmhmxsnol mhthbiqjho}" }n{{xh shlhohsg}nio" is no}eh kio}hu} id g mn{hg{h/ ]eh cnishgk}is n{ no }xso mh{nlohm }iqsitnmh jxb}nqbh dxok}nio{" {ijh id |enke gsh xonths{gb %ho*tnsiojho}gb kio}sib. gom {ijh gsh }n{{xh {qhkn k %jibhkxbgsgom qe~{nkgb {nlogb{./ Dis holnohhsnol kgsmngk }n{{xh" }eh `h~shwxnshjho}{ nokbxmh }eh hd knho} {xqqb~ id iu~lho" kg{kgmh{id jibhkxbgsdgk}is{%}eh kijcnog}nio{gom }njnol id |enke gshksn}nkgb }i }eh shoh|gb gommnddhsho}ng}nio id {}hj khbb{." gom}ehqsitn{nio id hbhk}snkgb gom jhkegonkgb {nlogb{ %|enke qbg~jgfis sibh{ no }eh dxok}niogb g{{hjcb~ gom kixqbnol id kgsmngkkhbb{ gom }ehns qsilhon}is{./

]eh cg{nk jh}eim{ id ;M {}hj*khbb kxb}xsh gsh |hbb h{}gc*bn{ehm" cx} }eh kegbbholh id qsitnmnol kiomn}nio{ qshmnk}nthid khbb chegtnis no tnti shjgno{/ C~ kgshdxbb~ {}xm~nol tgsn*ix{ kegsgk}hsn{}nk{ id }eh og}nth %mhthbiqnol is gmxb}. khbbhotnsiojho} gom gqqb~nol }ehj mxsnol ;M kxb}xsh" ioh kgo chlno }i mhthbiq mnddhsho}ng}hm" dxok}niogb }n{{xh{ dsij {}hj*khbb {ixskh{/

Kegbbholh +46 Njglnol

Njglnol n{ goi}ehs gshg id no}ho{nth sh{hgske gom enleqi}ho}ngb njqgk} }eg} n{ ji}ntg}hm c~ }eh ohhm }i noth{}nlg}hkhbb dg}h" {xstntgb" gom mnddhsho}ng}niono tn}sigom no tnti

no shgb }njh gom io g biol }hsj/ 71


11/20

isnho}g}nio id kgsmngk j~ik~}h{ |n}eno }eh tho}snkxbgs |gbb n{ ci}e enleb~ mh ohm gom enleb~ gon{i}siqnk/ ]eh kio}sgk}nbhgqqgsg}x{ id kgsmngk j~ik~}h{ kio{n{}{ id {gskijhsh{ gs*sgolhm no qgsgbbhb/ ]eh kio}sgk}nio{ id }eh ehgs} gsh lhohs*g}hm c~ {qhkngbnvhm kgsmngk j~ik~}h{qgkhjg`hs khbb{bikg}hm no }eh {noig}sngb oimh/ ]eh hbhk}snkgb {nlogb{ {qshgmdsij }eh oimh iths }eh j~ikgsmnxj" kgx{nol mhqibgsnvg}nioid khbb jhjcsgoh{ }eg} nokshg{h{ }eh gjixo} id k~}iqbg{jnkkgbknxj" }snllhsnol jhkegonkgb kio}sgk}nio/ ]eh qsiqglg}nioid }eh hbhk}snkgb hukn}g}nio }esixle }eh }n{{xh c~ nio kxssho}{no }eh hu}sgkhbbxbgs gom no}hskhbbxbgs {qgkh{ iskeh{}sg}h{{~okesioix{ kio}sgk}nio{ }eg} hogcbh qxjqnol id cbiim/

H{}gcbn{enol }eh enhsgskenkgb {kgbh{ id kgsmngk }n{{xh {}sxk}xsh

]n{{xh holnohhsnol eg{ g}}hjq}hm }i shkgqn}xbg}h }ehenleb~ mnddhsho}ng}hm jibhkxbgs" {}sxk}xsgb" gom dxok}niogbqsiqhs}nh{ id }eh ehgs} g} tgsnix{ enhsgskenkgb {kgbh{no tn}si/

G} }eh kho}njh}hs {kgbh" }n{{xh holnohhsnol gnj{ dis kij*qgk} kio{}sxk}{ id g }enk`oh{{ kijqgsgcbh }i }eg} id }ehexjgo j~ikgsmnxj % & 7/8 kj./ ]eh jgno kegbbholh nojhh}nol }en{ shwxnshjho} n{ no }eh enle jh}gcibnk mhjgom id

kgsmnij~ik~}h{ dis iu~lho %3


12/20

@h~ gqqsigkeh{

]eh lhohsgb }n{{xh holnohhsnol qgsgmnlj n{ }i kijcnoh khbb{|n}e {~o}eh}nk is og}nth {kgddibm jg}hsngb{ gom }eho gqqb~mnddhsho} qe~{nkgb gom: is kehjnkgb kiomn}nio{ }i lhohsg}h}n{{xh{ }eg} hjxbg}h }eh qsiqhs}nh{ id }eh og}nth }n{{xh{/773"77;

]g~bis gom kibbhglxh{8< }ii` g mnddhsho} gom sgmnkgb gqqsigke}i|gsm x{nol }eh ho}nsh mhkhbbxbgsnvhm sg} ehgs} g{ g {kgddibmdis {hhmnol dsh{e khbb{ }eg} kgo shkshg}h }eh }n{{xh jg}snu/ ]en{qsikh{{ id |eibh ehgs} mhkhbbxbgsnvg}nio bhgth{ chenom }eh}n{{xh jg}snu |n}e bgslhb~ qsh{hsthm {}sxk}xsh" jhkegonkgbqsiqhs}nh{ gom jgo~ id }eh jg}snu qsi}hno{/ ]eh noth{}nlg}is{x{hm }eh og}xsh{ i|o cxnbmnol cbik { g{ g {`hbh}io dis cxnbmnol g oh| islgo/ ]eh {kgddibm |g{ {hhmhm c~ ohiog}gb sg}ehgs} khbb{ gom kxb}xshm dis xq }i 7 jio}e no g cnishgk}is |n}ekisiogs~ qhsdx{nio id kxb}xsh jhmnxj" gom hbhk}snkgb {}njx*bg}nio |g{ gqqbnhm }i {~okesionvh khbb kio}sgk}nio{/ C~ mg~ 5"}eh~ ic{hsthm qxjqnol dxok}nio }eg} kissh{qiomhm }i gcix}3( id gmxb} is 38( dh}gb ehgs} dxok}nio/ ]eh ohu} {}hq n{ }ihokixsglh iq}njgb lsi|}e g} hgke {}glh id jg}xsn}~/

\h mh{ksnch gom kijqgsh }eshh mn{}nok}b~ mnddhsho} gq*qsigkeh{ }i kgsmngk }n{{xh holnohhsnol }eg} egth chho ji{}hu}ho{nthb~ {}xmnhm6 %n. kshg}nio id {}gk`gcbh khbb {ehh}{|n}eix} x{nol g {kgddibm"77= %nn. jhkegonkgb {}njxbg}nio id kgsmngk j~ik~}h{ kxb}xshm no kibbglho lhb">3 gom %nnn. hbhk*}snkgb {}njxbg}nio id kgsmngk j~ik~}h{ kxb}xshm io qisix{{kgddibm{/5> ]esixle }eh gogb~{n{ id }eh{h }eshh gqqsigkeh{"|h shtn{n} }eh kegbbholh{ id lhohsg}nol {~okesioix{b~ kio*}sgk}nbh kgsmngk kio{}sxk}{ }eg} kgo lhohsg}h diskh" no}hlsg}h"tg{kxbgsnvh" {xstnth" gom dxok}nio xqio njqbgo}g}nio/

]n{{xh holnohhsnol c~ {}gk`nol khbb {ehh}{

[enjnvx" I`goi" gom kibbhglxh{ 77= qsiqi{hm g }hkeonwxh}eg} notibth{ {}gk`nol id khbb {ehh}{ }i disj ;M kio{}sxk}{/N{ibg}hm ohiog}gb sg} tho}snkxbgs j~ik~}h{ |ixbm s{} chkxb}xshm io }hjqhsg}xsh*sh{qio{nth {xsdgkh{/ ]eh{h {xsdgkh{

gsh lsgd}hm |n}e }eh }hjqhsg}xsh*sh{qio{nth qib~jhs qib~%O*n{iqsiq~bgk~bgjnmh. c~ hbhk}sio chgj huqi{xsh" ~nhbmnol{xsdgkh{ }eg} gsh {bnle}b~ e~msiqeicnk gom khbb gmeh{nth g} gkhbb kxb}xsh }hjqhsg}xsh id ;">3"77>"731 Xomhs }eh{hkiomn}nio{" khbb{ disjhm enleb~ mnddhsho}ng}hm kgsmngk jx{kb{~ok}nxj }eg} huencn}hm kio}sgk}nbh gom hbhk}siqe~{nibilnkgbqsiqhs}nh{ id |is nol j~ikgsmnxj/ Njqbgo}g}nio huqhsn*jho}{ no ehgb}e~ sg}{ {ei|hm {xstntgb gom tg{kxbgsnvg}nio id }eh }n{{xh lsgd}{/>3 Njqbgo}g}nio huqhsnjho}{ no nodgsk}hm sg}{mhjio{}sg}hm" snlisix{b~ gom kiotnoknolb~" }eg} }eh{h kio*{}sxk}{" |eho qbgkhm iths }eh nodgsk} chm" mhbg~ }eh }enoonolid }eh ehgs} |gbb gom nomxkh dxok}niogb njqsithjho}/


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}eh {}sh}ke njqsithm islgonvg}nio id kgsmngk j~ik~}h{" no*kshg{hm }eh jn}ikeiomsngb mho{n}~" }eh bhol}e id j~i bg*jho}{" gom }eh diskh id kio}sgk}nio/77> No go njqsithm {h}*xq"ohiog}gb sg} kgsmngk khbb{ |hsh {x{qhomhm no }eh kibbglho:Jg}snlhb jnu gom kg{} no}i knskxbgs jibm{/3 Cbiim th{{hb{ dixom no }eh njqbgo}hmkio{}sxk}{ disjhm iob~ dsij }eh miois %MGQN . khbb{" {xl*lh{}nol }eg} }eh kio}gk} ch}|hho }eh ei{} gom njqbgo} th{{hb{bhgm{ }i no}hlsg}nio id }eh }|i {~{}hj{ gom }i qhsdx{nio id }eh njqbgo}hm holnohhshm kgsmngk kio{}sxk}/ ]en{ omnol n{

njqis}go} chkgx{h id }eh qi{{ncnbn}~ }eg} dxs}ehs mhthbiq*jho} id }eh qsnjn}nth kgqnbbgsnh{ no holnohhshm kio{}sxk}{no tn}sijg~ ~nhbm lshg}hs qhsdx{nio id }eh kio{}sxk}{no tnti"}ex{ gbbi|nol dis g }enk hs kgsmngk }n{{xh njqbgo}/

Dxok}niogbb~" }eh ehgs}{ {ei|hm {nlon kgo} hobgslhjho} id bhd} tho}snkxbgs mnjho{nio gom tibxjh 7= mg~{ gd}hs nodgsk*}nio/ ]|ho}~*hnle} mg~{ bg}hs" {egj ehgs}{ egm g lshg}b~ no*kshg{hm bhd} tho}snkxbgs hom mng{}ibnk tibxjh gom qsh{{xsh"|ehshg{ njqbgo}hm ehgs}{ {ei|hm iob~ g {jgbb nokshg{h nohgke id }eh{h qgsgjh}hs{/ Shqsh{ho}g}nth qsh{{xshtibxjhbiiq{ shthgbhm }eg} }eh hom {~{}ibnk qsh{{xshtibxjh shbg}nioegm g {nlon kgo}b~ enlehs {biqh no }eh kgsmngk kio{}sxk}lsgd}hm lsixq }ego no }eh {egj kio}sib/ ]ex{" lsgd}hm ehgs}{|hsh gcbh }i mhthbiq g lshg}hs gk}nth diskh }ego }ei{h oi}

lsgd}hm/ ]en{ n{ nomnkg}nth id }eh holnohhshm kio{}sxk}{qbg~nol g {nlon kgo} sibh no }eh kio}sgk}nbh gk}ntn}~ id }ehnodgsk}hm ehgs}{/ Gb}eixle }eh njqbgo}{ mnm oi} shths{h }ehqsicbhj{ g{{ikng}hm |n}e nodgsk}nio" }eh~ mnm {nlon kgo}b~njqsith }eh mng{}ibnk gom {~{}ibnk dxok}nio id }eh ehgs}/

]eh gqqsigke mhthbiqhm c~ H{kehoeglho gom kib*bhglxh{>7 eg{ {ei|o" no g snlisix{ gom kiotnoknol |g~" }eg}njjg}xsh kgsmngk khbb qiqxbg}nio{ egth shjgs`gcbh gcnbn}~ }ig{{hjcbh no}i kgsmngk kio{}sxk}{" nd {xcfhk}hm }i jhkegonkgb{nlogb{ mxsnol kxb}ntg}nio/ ]eh~ gb{i {ei|hm }eg} }eh biiq*{egqhm kio{}sxk}{" g{{hjcbhm no}i bgslhs {}sxk}xsh{" kgo oi}iob~ {bi| mi|o }eh qsilsh{{nio id ehgs} mn{hg{h no go gonjgbjimhb id kesionk nodgsk}nio cx} gb{i sh{xb} no dxok}niogb nj*qsithjho}{/ \h dibbi| |n}e lshg} no}hsh{} }eh iolinol hd*dis}{ id }en{ lsixq }i hu}hom }ehns }hkeoibil~ }i exjgo khbb{ixskh{/

]n{{xh holnohhsnol |n}e jhmnxj qhsdx{nio gom hbhk}snkgb {}njxbg}nio

Ixs bgcisg}is~ eg{ mhthbiqhm g cnijnjh}nk gqqsigke }ikgsmngk }n{{xh holnohhsnol id kijqgk}" jnbbnjh}hs{ }enk`"{~okesioix{b~ kio}sgk}nol kgsmngk }n{{xh kio{}sxk}{" c~ qsi*tnmnol6 %n. kiothk}nthmnddx{nth iu~lho }sgo{qis} %ksn}nkgb diskhbb {xstntgb gom dxok}nio. gom %3. hukn}g}niokio}sgk}niokixqbnol %ksn}nkgb dis khbb mnddhsho}ng}nio gom g{{hjcb~./



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15/20

jhkegonkgb {}njxbg}nio sh{xb}hm no dxok}niogb kixqbnol id kgsmngk khbb{/>7;" Q=7*HC113831 }i L/T/*O/." O[HSK" gom KDN BIDlsgo}{ %}i J/S/." ONE Lsgmxg}h Dhbbi|{enq %}i S/J/" dsij ];3 EB15131" 7>>;/;/ Bgovg" S/" Bgolhs" S/" gom Tgkgo}n" F/ Qsnoknqbh{ id ]n{{xh

Holnohhsnol" Ci{}io6 Hb{htnhs Gkgmhjnk Qsh{{" 311


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>/ ^gol" B/" [iioqgg" J/E/" Gmbhs" H/M/" Sihq`h" ]/@/" @g}}*jgo" [/F/" @hoohm~" J/" h} gb/ Exjgo kgsmnitg{kxbgs qsi*lhon}is khbb{ mhthbiq dsij g @MS hjcs~ionk*{}hj*khbb*mhsnthm qiqxbg}nio/ Og}xsh=8;" 83=" 3115/

71/ Lnjcbh" F/J/" @g}v" G/F/" gom Cxoohbb" C/G/ Gmnqi{h*mhsnthm{}hj khbb{ dis shlhohsg}nth jhmnknoh/ Knsk Sh{711" 73=>"311/

74=" 7>>/ ]g`geg{en" ]/" @gb`g" K/" Jg{xmg" E/" Keho" M/" [nbths" J/"@hgsoh~" J/" h} gb/ N{kehjng* gom k~}i`noh*nomxkhm jicn*bnvg}nio id cioh jgssi|*mhsnthm homi}ehbngb qsilhon}iskhbb{ dis ohitg{kxbgsnvg}nio/ Og} Jhm8" =;=" 7>>>/

31/ @ikehs" G/G/" [kex{}hs" J/M/" [vgcibk{" J/F/" ]g`xjg" [/"Cxs`eidd" M/" \gol" F/" h} gb/ Ohitg{kxbgsnvg}nio id n{kehjnkj~ikgsmnxj c~ exjgo cioh*jgssi|*mhsnthm golnicbg{}{qshtho}{ kgmnij~ik~}h gqiq}i{n{" shmxkh{ shjimhbnol gomnjqsith{ kgsmngk dxok}nio/ Og} Jhm 8/

3;/ Jgs}no*Ehogi" L/G/" Qnkio" J/" Gjnbb" C/" Wxhsib" [/" Lio*vgbhv" F/S/" Jgs}nohv" K/"h} gb/ N{ibg}nio id KM;=

qsilhon}is khbb{ dsij qhsnqehsgb cbiim c~ x{h id go gx}i*jg}hm njjxoijgloh}nk {hbhk}nio {~{}hj6 dgk}is{ gddhk}nol}eh sh{xb}{/ ]sgo{dx{nio=1" ;8" 3111/

3=/ [ejhb`it" [/T/" [}/ Kbgns" S/" B~mho" M/" gom Sg n" [/GK7;; : KM7;; : qsijnono*7/ No} F Cnikehj Khbb Cnib;8">" 311=/

3>>/

35/ Gllgs|gb" [/" gom Qn}}holhs" J/D/ Exjgo jh{hoke~jgb{}hj khbb{ jimxbg}h gbbilhohnk njjxoh khbb sh{qio{h{/Cbiim 718" 7578" 3118/

3>/ Gjgmi" B/K/" [gbngsn{" G/Q/" [kexbhsn" @/E/" [}/ Fieo" J/" Unh" F/*[/" Kg}}gohi" [/"h} gb/ Kgsmngk shqgns |n}e no}sgj~ikgsmngbnofhk}nio id gbbilhohnk jh{hoke~jgb {}hj khbb{ gd}hs j~i*kgsmngb nodgsk}nio/ Qsik Og}b Gkgm [kn X[G713" 77=8" 311;/;;/ [kexbvh" J/" Chbhjg*Chmgmg" D/" ]hkeogx" G/" gom Csgxo" ]/Jh{hoke~jgb {}hj khbb{ gsh shksxn}hm }i {}sng}hm jx{kbh c~ODG] : NB*=*jhmng}hm khbb dx{nio/ Lhoh{ Mht7>"7


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j~icbg{} }sgo{qbgo}g}nio no qg}nho}{ |n}e n{kehjnk kgsmni*j~iqg}e~6 dixs*~hgs dibbi|*xq/ Knskxbg}nio 773" 7" 31117" 311/

83/ Bgxl|n}v" @/*B/" Jish}}n" G/" Bgj" F/" Lsxchs" Q/" Keho" ^/"\iimgsm" [/" Bno" B/*V/" Kgn" K/*B/" Bx" J/J/" Sh}e" J/"Qbg}i{e~o" I/" ^xgo" F/U/F/" Htgo{" [/" gom Kenho" @/S/Qi{}og}gb n{b7 kgsmnicbg{}{ ho}hs dxbb~ mnddhsho}ng}hm kgs*mnij~ik~}h bnohglh{/ Og}xsh =;;" 4=/ H{kehoeglho" ]/" Dno " K/" Shjjhs{" X/" [keibv" E/"\g}}kei|" F/" \hnb" F/" h} gb/ ]eshh*mnjho{niogb shkio{}n}x*}nio id hjcs~ionk kgsmnij~ik~}h{ no g kibbglho jg}snu6 goh| ehgs} jx{kbh jimhb {~{}hj/ DG[HC F 77" 45;" 7>>>" 3115/

48/ Dhsshnsg" B/[/" Lhshke}" [/" Dxbbhs" F/" [enhe" E/D/" Txofg`*Oitg`itnk" L/" gom Bgolhs" S/ Cnigk}nth e~msilhb {kgddibm{dis kio}sibbgcbh tg{kxbgs mnddhsho}ng}nio id exjgo hjcs~*ionk {}hj khbb{/ Cnijg}hsngb{35" 3>>/


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43" 311=/

51/ [eho" ^/E/" [einkeh}" J/[/" gom Sgmn{nk" J/ Tg{kxbgs ho*mi}ehbngb lsi|}e dgk}is njjicnbnvhm no kibbglho {kgddibmqsiji}h{ qhoh}sg}nio gom qsibndhsg}nio id homi}ehbngb khbb{/Gk}g Cnijg}hs ="=1/ Sgmn{nk" J/" Qgs " E/" Jgs}ho{" ]/Q/" [gbgvgs*Bgvgsi" F/H/"Lhol" \/" \gol" ^/" h} gb/ Qsh*}shg}jho} id {~o}eh}nk hbg{*}ijhsnk {kgddibm{ c~ kgsmngk csicbg{}{ njqsith{ ho*lnohhshm ehgs} }n{{xh/ F Cnijhm Jg}hs Sh{ G54" 5"81"33;" 3113/

>;/ [hlhs{" T/D/J/" gom Bhh" S/]/ [}hj*khbb }ehsgq~ dis kgsmngkmn{hg{h/ Og}xsh=87" >;8/ Mgbh~" \/Q/" Qh}hs{" [/C/" gom Bgs{ho" J/ Hu}sgkhbbxbgs jg*}snu m~ogjnk{ no mhthbiqjho} gom shlhohsg}nth jhmnknoh/ F Khbb [kn737" 388" 3115/

>4/ Bho{ke" J/\/" Mgehsio" B/" gom [kebghlhs" ]/J/ Qbxsnqi}ho}{}hj khbb{ gom }ehns onkeh{/ [}hj Khbb Sht3" 758" 3114/

>5" 3115/

>5/ [kgmmho" M/]/ ]eh {}hj*khbb onkeh g{ go ho}n}~ id gk}nio/Og}xsh ==7"718" 311;" 3115/

71;/ Csi|o" J/G/" N~hs" S/@/" gom Sgmn{nk" J/ Qxb{g}nbh qhsdx{nio cnishgk}is dis kgsmngk }n{{xh holnohhsnol/ Cni}hkeoib Qsil3=">15"38" 3114/

718/ IKhgscegnbb" H/M/" Qxokegsm" J/G/" Jxsqe~" J/" Cgss~"D/Q/" JkExle" Q/H/" gom Cgssio" T/ Sh{qio{h id jh{ho*ke~jgb {}hj khbb{ }i }eh cnijhkegonkgb hotnsiojho} id }ehhomi}ehbnxj io g ffihuncbh }xcxbgs {nbnkioh {xc{}sg}h/ Cni*jg}hsngb{ 3>"7471" 3115/

714/ Limnhs" G/D/" Jgsib}" M/" Lhshke}" [/" ]gfo{h`" X/" Jgs}ho{"]/Q/" gom Txofg`*Oitg itnk" L/ Holnohhshm jnksihotn*siojho}{ dis exjgo {}hj khbb{/ Cns}e Mhdhk}{ Sh{ K Hj* cs~i ]img~ 5=" ;;8" 3115/

714" 3115/

715/ [kesihmhs" ]/ Njglnol {}hj*khbb*msntho shlhohsg}nio nojgjjgb{/ Og}xsh =8;" ;=8" 3115/

71>/ Enbbjgo" H/" gom Jiish" G/ Gbb*iq}nkgb gog}ijnkgb ki*shln{}sg}nio dis jibhkxbgs njglnol id {jgbb gonjgb{ x{nolm~ogjnk kio}sg{}/ Og} Qei}ionk{ 7" 834" 31158/

773/ H{kehoeglho" ]/" gom Vnjjhsjgoo" \/E/ Holnohhsnol

j~ikgsmngb }n{{xh/ Knsk Sh{>5%3."h7>" 3114 Dhc ;/77;/ Sgmn{nk" J/" Qgs " E/" gom Txofg`*Oitg itnk" L/ Kgsmngk

}n{{xh holnohhsnol/ No6 Bgovg" Bgolhs" Tgkgo}n" hm{/ Qsnoknqbh{ id ]n{{xh Holnohhsnol" ;sm hmn}nio/ Ci{}io6 Hb{htnhsGkgmhjnk Qsh{{" 3111"h=1" 3113/

754 TXOFG@*OITG@ITNK H] GB/


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778/ ^qh~" M/B/" Kbgqegj" M/H/" gom MhEggo" S/B/ Mhthbiqjho}id hbhk}snkgb kixqbnol gom gk}nio qi}ho}ngb {~okesio~ ch*}|hho qgnshm gllshlg}h{ id hjcs~ionk ehgs} khbb{/ F JhjcsCnib87" 54/

77/ Dno`" K/" Hslxo" [/" @sgbn{ke" M/" Shjjhs{" X/]/H/" \hnb" F/"gom H{kehoeglho" ]/ Kesionk {}sh}ke id holnohhshm ehgs}}n{{xh nomxkh{ e~qhs}siqe~ gom dxok}niogb njqsithjho}/DG[HC F7="44>" 3111/

731/ Vnjjhsjgoo" \/*E/" Mnmnh" J/" \g{jhnhs" L/E/" Onumisdd"X/" Eh{{" G/" Jhbo~kehoì" N/" Ci~" I/" Ohxexchs" \/B/"\h~gom" J/" gom H{kehoeglho" ]/ Kgsmngk lsgd}nol id ho*lnohhshm ehgs} }n{{xh no {~olhonk sg}{/ Knskxbg}nio714"N*787" 3113/

737/ Cixcbn`" F/" Qgs`" E/" Sgmn{nk" J/" ]ilogog" H/" Keho" D/" Qhn"

J/" h} gb/ Jhkegonkgb qsiqhs}nh{ gom shjimhbnol id e~csnmkgsmngk kio{}sxk}{ jgmh dsij ehgs} khbb{" csno" gom cnimh*lsgmgcbh"hbg{}ijhsnkòn}}hm dgcsnk/ ]n{{xhHol77"7733" 3118/

733/ \gol" ^/" Gjhhs" L/G/" [ehqqgsm" C/F/" gom Bgolhs" S/ G}ixlecnimhlsgmgcbhhbg{}ijhs/ Og} Cni}hkeoib 31"413" 3113/

73;/ Sgmn{nk" J/" Mhho" \/" Bgolhs" S/" gom Txofg`*Oitgìtnk"L/ Jg}ehjg}nkgb jimhb id iu~lho mn{}sncx}nio no ho*lnohhshm kgsmngk }n{{xh |n}e qgsgbbhb kegoohb gssg~ qhsdx{hm|n}e kxb}xsh jhmnxj kio}gnonol iu~lho kgssnhs{/ Gj FQe~{nib Ehgs} Knsk Qe~{nib355" E738" 7>>1/

73/ Tgomhocxsle" E/E/" [ibhs{{n" S/" [ego{`~" F/" Gmgj{" F/\/"gom Ehomhs{io" [/G/ Jhkegonkgb {}njxbg}nio id islgoi*lhonk kgsmnij~ik~}h lsi|}e no tn}si/ Gj F Qe~{nib KhbbQe~{nib3>4/

7;1/ Gx" E/]/" Kehol" N/" Kei|mexs~" J/D/" gom Sgmn{nk" J/ No*}hsgk}nth hddhk}{ id {xsdgkh }iqilsgqe~ gom qxb{g}nbh hbhk*}snkgb hbm {}njxbg}nio io isnho}g}nio gom hbiolg}nio id csicbg{}{ gom kgsmnij~ik~}h{/ Cnijg}hsngb{ 35"=37" E7178" 3114/

Gmmsh{{ kissh{qiomhokh }i6Lismgog Txofg`*Oitgìtnk" Qe/M/

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Challenges in Cardiac Tissue Engineering

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