CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATING THE “JUA KALIS” INTO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM IN...

CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATING THE “JUA

KALIS” INTO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SYSTEM IN UGANDA

Bashir Rajab KagerePolicy Analyst

Uganda National Council for Science and TechnologyP.O. Box 6884, Kampala, Uganda

August, 2008 Negombo, Sri lanka

Introduction

Uganda’s industrial sector GDP contribution of 21% in the financial

year 2006/07, up from 20.9% in 2005/06 focused on light manufacturing and

offering services for local consumption 90% of Uganda’s exports are agricultural

products with little technological input or value addition

August, 2008 Colombo, Sri lanka

Introduction Cont………….. Small Scale Industries

Poor performance of industries and the high levels of unemployment have led to the emergence of micro and small scale enterprises within both the formal and informal sector

fill in gaps between imported products and what is produced locally either because they are too expensive to afford or not available in the market


SSE growth: The Path to Industrialization

SSEs as a source of entrepreneurship and continual innovation

“breeding ground” or “seedbed” from which larger firms emerge

modern small and medium scale enterprises did not primarily originate from micro manufacturing enterprises but rather started with more than ten employees.

Firms uncover their true efficiencies, over time, through a learning process (Jovanovic, 1982)


“Jua Kali”: Who are they?

“Jua Kali” is a Swahili word meaning hot sun.

term is used to refer to small scale artisans eking out a living through manufacturing of products and offering services in the open scorching heat of the sun


Metallic doors


Metallic windows


Carpentry


Water Peddling Pump


Water Peddling Pump Cont….. The water peddling pump was developed

by the “jua kali” in kisenyi, kampala district. The pump is used for irrigation and is

powered by two bicycles The prototype was tested at Makerere

University and is capable of delivering a water flow of upto 27 litres per minute at a distance of 5metres

Still undergoing modification, but could pump upto 300 litres/ 45 sec


“Jua kali” Contribution to the Economy

It is estimated that there are 800,000 small scale enterprises operating under the informal sector in Uganda, employing 2.6 million people

Over 20% contribution to GDP


Characteristics of “Jua Kali”

Sole proprietorships with the owner as the only person in a managerial position

Do not have well laid out plans Labour intensive Imitation/ copying Easy entry and Exit Extensive use of local raw materials in

production


National Innovation System

Uganda possesses a poorly functioning national innovation system and innovation processes for her prevailing objectives and circumstances.

Developing countries are not organized in ‘systems of innovation’ but ‘learning systems’ (Viotti, 2002)


Components of Uganda’s STI System


Management of the STI System

Uganda’s STI system is managed through a constellation of macro and sectoral policies whose major focus is on non-STI specific indices of development

Parallel mandates of STI governing bodies complicate coordination of the system


Jua Kali: A case of Metal Fabrication Metal fabrication industry in Uganda is still in

its infancy Skills in the metal fabrication sector are

basically learned on the job through an older and experienced worker teaching a novice over a relatively long period of time

Some of the commodities produced include; metallic windows and doors, staircases, mortars, vehicle spare parts, spare keys, grinding machines, tanks, source pans, chairs, tables, etc


Metal fabrication Cont….

low levels of technology 45% of the metal fabricating firms did

not introduce any new products over a 3 year period ranging from 1997 to 2000 (Z.M. Nyiira et al, 2001).

Products introduced are either imitations of domestic models or applications of existing technology in the market


Metal fabrication Cont…..

Most metal fabricating enterprises begin small (1 to 5 people) and remain in this state since the goal of the initiative is for personal survival and not growth

Modern metal fabricating enterprises in the business include: Hwan Sung, Alminium halloware, Steel Rolling Mills Ltd, casements, etc


Challenges of Integrating Jua Kalis into the S&T System

i. Policy Environmentii. Institutional Frameworkiii.Classification of SMEsiv.Deepening of the Concept of

National Innovation Systemv. Financingvi.Technology Incubation/

clustering


Challenges Cont…..

vii. Technology Transfer and Management

viii. Standardization of Productsix.Competition and Legal Protectionx. Link between Jua Kali and

Industrial Establishmentsxi.Entry and Exit


Challenges Cont…..

xii. Jua kali Capacity to Absorb Technology

xiii. Tacit Knowledge


Conclusion In developing countries, SMEs are the

engines of growth and are responsible for most jobs, products, tax revenue and development. It is therefore imperative that governments in developing countries as a matter of necessity and survival of their economies support and fund knowledge creation and infusion into SMEs


Thank You For Listening


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CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATING THE “JUA KALIS” INTO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM IN...

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