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The Phonetic Inventory of
Southern Min
Alex Chan
University of California, Berkeley
Department of Linguistics
Linguistics 110 (Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology)
Course Project
Instructor: Professor Susan Lin
Graduate Student Instructor: Jevon Heath
Language Consultant: Jingxian Chen (Sarah)
2 December 2015
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1. Language Consultant: Jingxian Chen (Sarah)
Sarah was born in Quanzhou, the largest city of the Fujian Province, China. She is 21, and
studies Media Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, as an international student.
Sarah grew up in Quanzhou and moved to Hong Kong with her parents when she was 11 years
old. She learned Southern Min from her parents and from speaking with whoever knows the
language, in Hong Kong and mainly in Fujian. Both her father and mother speak Southern Min
fluently and have limited proficiencies in Mandarin and Cantonese. Her father additionally has
limited working proficiency in Tagalog. She, however, has native proficiencies in all Southern
Min, Mandarin, and Cantonese, and full professional proficiency in English. In addition, she also
has working proficiencies in Tagalog because she stayed in the Philippines with her family for
five years when she was small and in Japanese because she once took Japanese classes in
college, and elementary proficiency in Korean given that she is a big fan of Korean dramas. She
communicates with her parents and family in Southern Min.
I hereby would like to once again thank Sarah for her full effort and support in helping me
understand and appreciate the phonetic inventory of Southern Min, one of the most popular
languages that are still widely spoken in Southeast Asia.
2. Table of Content
Content Page Number
Language of Consultant 2
Table of Content 2
Language 3
Phonology 4 - 5
Consonants 6 - 7
Vowels 8 - 14
Tones 15 - 19
References 20
Appendix: Word List 21 - 25
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3. Language: Southern Min
Southern Min, or Min Nan, is a Sinitic language, which is a family of Sino-Tibetan languages,
spoken by 38,950,000 speakers, approximately 4% of the 1 billion speakers of Sinitic.
It is a branch of Min Chinese spoken in certain parts of China including southern Fujian,
northeastern Guangdong, Hainan, and southern Zhejiang, as well as in Taiwan, Thailand,
Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The Min Nan dialects are also spoken by
descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora.
Min Nan can trace its roots through the Tang Dynasty. Min Nan people call themselves “Tang
people,” which is synonymous to “Chinese people”. Because of the widespread influence of the
Tang culture during the great Tang dynasty, there are today still many Min Nan pronunciations
of words shared by the Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese languages.
There are three principal branches of Southern Min: Hokkien, Datian, and Teochew, also known
as Chaoshan. In common parlance, Southern Min usually refers to Hokkien. Amoy and
Taiwanese Hokkien are both combinations of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. The Southern
Min dialect group also includes Teochew, though Teochew has limited mutual intelligibility with
Hokkien. Southern Min is not mutually intelligible with Eastern Min, Cantonese, or Standard
Chinese.
Southern Min dialects lack a standardized written language. Souther Min speakers are taught
how to read Mandarin in school. As a result, there has not been an urgent need to develop a
writing system. In recent years, an increasing number of Southern Min speakers have become
interested in developing a standard writing system, either by using Chinese characters, or using
Romanized script.
Southern Min has one of the most diverse phonologies of Chinese varieties, with more
consonants than Mandarin or Cantonese, on the other hand, are more or less similar to those of
Mandarin. In general, Southern Min dialects have six tones, and tone sandhi is extensive.
This paper would be addressing the phonetic inventory of Southern Min, from its syllable
structures, consonants, and vowels, to suprasegmentals and tones.
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4. Phonology
4.1 Overview
The basic phonological unit in Southern Min is the syllable, not the word.
All morphemes are monosyllabic and have transparent meanings. Each syllable and thus each
morpheme bears a tone. Southern Min is an analytic and monosyllabic language.
For examples, we have, in Southern Min, [bɔ˦] for ‘wife,’ [kun˥˩] for ‘sleep,’ and [hia˩˥] for
‘ear’. Even if some Southern Min words seem to be having more syllables, these words actually
consist of a number of free morphemes, such that the number of free morphemes and the number
of syllable equal to each other. For instance, [de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥] for ‘earth’ actually comprises two
morphemes and thus two syllables, in which [de˨] means ‘ground’ and [ɡiʊ˩˥] means ‘ball’. [de˨]
and [ɡiʊ˩˥] combining together forms the meaning for ‘earth’. [dæ˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥] for ‘leftside’
actually comprises three morphemes and thus three syllables, in which [dæ˧] means ‘left,’ [tʃiu˧]
means ‘hand,’ and [bui˩˥] means ‘side’.
It is also worthy to note that in English, ‘earth’ is one word, as is ‘leftside’. In Southern Min,
however, [de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥] is actually two words, while [dæ˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥] is actually three words. In
conclusion, Southern Min is a monosyllabic language.
4.2 Syllable Structures
Syllables consist maximally of an onset consonant, a glide, a nucleus, a coda consonant, and
tone. Each syllable must carry a tone.
Onset consonants, however, are not compulsory. Some syllables do not carry an onset consonant,
as seen in [am˥˩] for ‘dark’ and [in˦] for ‘they’. Onset consonants, if present, are mostly stops.
Examples of such include [gag˩˥] for ‘hold’ and [gwa˦] for ‘I’. All kinds of stops, voiced,
voiceless, oral, and nasal, can be in the onset position of a syllable. In addition, there are three
fricatives, [s] (e.g. [sɛʔ˥˩] for ‘say’), [ʃ] (e.g. [ʃa˧] for ‘sand’), and [h] (e.g. [hun˧] for ‘smoke’),
and two lateral approximants, [l] (e.g. [lanŋ˧] for ‘we’) and [ʎ] (e.g. [ʎam˦˧˦] for ‘sand’) which
can also be in the onset position of a syllable.
Coda consonants are not compulsory either. If present, however, coda consonants are always
stops. These can be either oral ([b], [d], [k], [g], [p], [ʔ]), as seen in [dʒip˥˩ ʎʌ˩˥ ma˩˥] for ‘some’
and [lid˩˥] for ‘sun’; or nasal ([m], [n], [ŋ]), as seen [ʎam˦˧˦] for ‘salt’ and [hun˧] for ‘smoke’.
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As both onset and coda consonants are optional, both open and closed syllables exist in the language.
Also as both onset and coda consonants are optional, a syllable that comprises only the nucleus is
possible, as seen in [iu˦˧˦] for swim and [i˦] for ‘chair’.
Throughout the word list, only one syllable exhibits the absence of a nucleus. The first word in
[m ʃi] for ‘not’ consists of only a syllabic bilabial nasal stop.
It is also worthy to note that [ŋ] only exists as a coda consonant, as seen in, for examples, [dɔŋ˨
mud˩˥] for ‘animal’ and [hɛŋ˧] for ‘breast’.
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5. Consonants
5.1 Overview
This section addresses the places of articulations, manners of articulations, and consonant
clusters and affricates of these consonants. Consonant clusters are basically not allowed, but
there are presences of affricates and some exceptions.
5.2 Place of Articulation, Manner of Articulation, and Voicing of the Consonants
Figure 1. Consonants (pulmonic) Table.
19 consonants are present in Southern Min. Most are either stops and fricatives. Oral stops can
also be aspirated, as seen in [phun˩˥] for ‘cloud,’ [gud˧ thaʊ˥˩] for ‘bone,’and [khua˥˩] for ‘see’.
5.3 Consonant Clusters and Affricates
Southern Min basically does not allow for consonant clusters. Most, if not all, consonants, are
present either as word-initial, word-final, or intervocalically.
However, there exists three types of affricates.
Table 1: Table of Affricates.
IPA Transcription Gloss
[tɕ]
[tʃ]
[dʒ]
[tɕa˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥]
[tʃui˥˩]
[dʒai˧]
Rightside
Mouth
Know
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Throughout my word list, some words exceptionally allows for consonant clusters, due to the
presence of a glide followed by an onset consonant, in addition to the three types of affricates
described above. These words include but are not limited to [bjiŋ˧] for ‘ice’ and [gwa˦] for ‘I’.
There has been one more exception: [lanŋ˧] for ‘we’.
5.4 Consonant Contrasts
[b] and [pʰ] and [d] and [th] are seemingly in contrastive distributions. Many minimal pairs
relating the two pairs of speech sounds were found in the word list.
Table 2: Examples of Consonant Contrasts.
[Transcription] ‘Gloss’ [Transcription] ‘Gloss’
[b]
[bui˩˥] ‘fat’
[bun˩˥] ‘blow’
[bak˥˩] ‘hundred’
[bɔ˦] ‘wife’
[d]
[di˥˩] ‘second’
[daŋ˥˩] ‘freeze
[pʰ]
[pʰui˥˩] 'bark’
[phun˩˥] ‘cloud’
[phak˥˩] ‘hit’
[pʰɔ˥˩] ‘vomit’
[th]
[thi˥˩] ‘sew’
[thaŋ˦˧˦] ‘worm’
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6. Vowels
6.1 Overview
10 vowels are present in Southern Min. Both monophthongs and diphthongs are ordinary in the
language. Triphthongs are not common, but are possible. This section addresses the vowel
anteriority, height, and roundness, combination, formants, and suprasegmental features of these
vowels.
6.2 Vowel Anteriority, Height, and Roundness
Figure 2. Vowel Chart.
The language’s vowels are in themselves a balanced system: 5 front vowels and 5 back vowels
exist in the language, in which 4 are either close or close-mid and 6 are either open or open-mid.
6.3 Diphthongs and Triphthongs
Combinations of vowels, forming either diphthongs or triphthongs, can be classified into three
categories, one that begins with [i], one with [u], and one with [a].
There are five diphthongs and two triphthongs, which is also the only two triphthongs that exists
in my word list, that begin with [i], namely [ia], [iɛ], [iʊ], [iæ], [iu], and [iɑʊ] and [iɑɔ]; another
five diphthongs that beings with [u], namely [ua], [uɛ], [ui], [uæ], [ue]; and two diphthongs that
begins with [a].
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Table 3: Diphthongs and Triphthongs.
IPA Transcription Gloss
Starts with [i]
[ia]
[iɛ]
[iʊ]
[iæ]
[iu]
[iɑʊ]
[iɑɔ]
Starts with [u]
[ua]
[uɛ]
[ui]
[uæ]
[ue]
Starts with [a]
[ai]
[aʊ]
[ɑʊ˧ bia˦]
[ʃiɛ˥˩]
[de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥]
[tʃiæ˥˩]
[dæ˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥]
[tiɑʊ˦ bɔ˦]
[dʒiaɔ˦]
[tɕuan˧ bɔ˥˩]
[buɛ˦]
[bui˩˥]
[huæ˦]
[twue˦]
[tai˦]
[gud˧ thaʊ˥˩]
Back
Burn
Earth
Laugh
Leftside
Dance
Bird
All
Eight
Fat
Flower
Leg
Bad
Bone
Fig 3. In the second syllable (highlighted above) in [de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥] for ‘Earth,’ there is a significant
drop in F2, while F1 remains rather constant throughout, indicating that in this syllable, a high
front vowel is followed by a high back vowel.
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Fig 4. As highlighted above, which shows [buɛ˦] for ‘Eight,’ there is a slightly increase in F1 and
a sharp rise in F2, indicating that in the syllable, a high back vowel is followed by an open-mid
front vowel.
Fig 5. With both F1 and F2 decreasing in the second syllable (highlighted above) in [gud˧ thaʊ˥˩]
for ‘Bone,’ there is sufficient evidence to believe that a low front vowel is followed by a high
back vowel there.
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Fig 6. In the highlighted session above, which is the first syllable of [tiɑʊ˦ bɔ˦] for ‘Dance,’ F1
first increases and then decreases, marking the presence of a triphthong.
6.4 Formants and Language Consultant’s Acoustic Vowel Chart
Table 4: Formants of Vowels.
Transcription Gloss Vowel F1 (Hz) F2 (Hz)
[hid˥˩ ɛː˦] That [i] 426.150126 2713.435710
[id˨ iː˧˦˧] There [i] 423.288466 2535.194055
[dʒiaɔ˦] Bird [i] 423.609524 2289.578873
[dʌn˦ sæb˥˩] Throw [æ] 922.198210 1600.797872
[dæ˨ læ˦] Where [æ] 654.399643 1682.577367
[dæ˨ læ˦] Where [æ] 749.136817 1612.174867
[bɛ˨ bɛː˩˥] Younger Sister [ɛ] 639.498059 2231.577211
[buɛ˦˧˦] Pull [ɛ] 649.728008 2140.462641
[sɛʔ˥˩] Say [ɛ] 656.137533 2086.968363
[bʌg˩˥] Tie [ʌ] 963.505925 1490.879810
[dʌn˦ sæb˥˩] Throw [ʌ] 971.641885 1552.407992
[nʌŋ˧] Two [ʌ] 685.826450 1674.435578
[gun˦] We [u] 517.070400 881.529863
[dɔŋ˨ mud˩˥] Animal [u] 489.971770 970.346395
[gud˧ thaʊ˥˩] Bone [u] 405.411798 1048.115902
[pʰɔ˥˩] Vomit [ɔ] 666.824881 987.830088
[tɕa˧ bɔ˦] Woman [ɔ] 660.895469 950.540161
[bɔ˦] Wife [ɔ] 640.003187 962.368876
[de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥] Earth [e] 609.886547 2232.995078
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[he˦] Fire [e] 549.051589 2264.503642
[tʃaʊ˦] Grass [ʊ] 590.483577 965.488116
[taʊ˨ mæŋ˩˥] Hair [ʊ] 605.513920 953.393789
[dʒiɛ˥˩ taʊ˩˥] Stone [ʊ] 545.297906 968.381342
[ʃa˥˩ mi˩˥] What [a] 956.227953 2279.847355
[ɡʌ˩˥ na˩˥] Child [a] 749.665728 1710.827476
[sa˨ pa˥˩] Fight [a] 1026.625305 1641.746044
[sɑn˥˩] Thin [ɑ] 978.995060 1438.357096
[bwɑ˩˥] Cold [ɑ] 1096.628667 1393.935121
[thɑŋ˦˧˦] Worm [ɑ] 1033.358631 1461.962480
Fig 7. Sarah’s Acoustic Vowel Space.
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6.5 Vowel Length
Both short and long vowels do seem to exist in Southern Min, as Sarah has illustrated.
When comparing [phi˥˩] for ‘smell’ and [ni˧] for ‘squeeze,’ for instance, the high vowels from
the two words are different in length, with the one in the former word longer than the one in the
latter’s.
Fig 8. Spectrogram of [phi˥˩] for ‘smell’.
Fig 9. Spectrogram of [ni˧] for ‘squeeze’.
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As indicated above, the high vowel in [phi˥˩] for ‘smell’ is approximately 0.30289 seconds long,
while the high vowel in [ni˧] for ‘squeeze’ is approximately 0.19749 seconds long.
The two open-mid front unrounded vowels in [bɛ˨ bɛː˩˥] for ‘younger sister’ are the best
example out of all to demonstrate the presence of long vowels in Southern Min.
Fig 10. Spectrogram of [bɛ˨ bɛː˩˥] for ‘younger sister’.
As indicated above, it is obvious that the second vowel is much longer in length than the first
vowel. As a matter of fact, the first vowel is measured to be 0.276698 seconds long while the
second is measured to be 0.0388840 seconds long.
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7. Tones
7.1 Overview
Tones play a big role in Southern Min. All syllables in Southern Min must carry one of the six
(the seventh tone is very rare) tones, namely the high tone (˦), mid tone (˧), low tone (˨), falling
tone (˥˩), rising tone (˩˥), falling-rising tone (˦˧˦), and the very rare rising-falling tone (˧˦˧),
which appears in the word list twice only. Both tone sandhi and tone contrasts are extensive in
the language.
7.2 Tone Levels
Table 5: Illustrations of Tones.
Tone Level Transcription Gloss
High tone
Mid tone
Low tone
Falling tone
Rising tone
Falling-rising tone
Rising-falling tone
[twui˦]
[gwa˦]
[gwa˦]
[ʃwa˧]
[gun˧]
[dʒai˧]
[kia˨ di˨]
[m˨ ʃi˨]
[laʊ˨]
[a˥˩ mi˥˩]
[pʰuɛ:˥˩]
[tʃiʔ˥˩]
[guʔ˩˥]
[lid˩˥]
[bun˩˥]
[dam˦˧˦] [ʎam˦˧˦] [dʒua˦˧˦] [tɕid˥˩ ui˧˦˧]
[id˨ iː˧˦˧]
Leg
I
Liver
Mountain
Near
Know
Live
Not
Old
Night
Narrow
Seven
Smooth
Sun
Blow
Wet
Salt
Snake
Here
There
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Fig 11. Spectrogram of [a˥˩ mi˥˩] for ‘night,’ demonstrating a falling tone.
Fig 12. Spectrogram of [bun˩˥] for ‘blow,’ demonstrating a rising tone.
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Fig 13. Spectrogram of [dam˦˧˦] for ‘wet,’ demonstrating a falling-rising tone.
Fig 14. Spectrogram of [tɕid˥˩ ui˧˦˧] for ‘here,’ demonstrating a rising-falling tone.
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7.3 Tone Sandhi
Tone Sandhi is very extensive in Southern Min.
Fig 13. [dua˥˩] for ‘big’ and [ʃwɛ˥˩] for ‘small’. The first and second blue lines proves
respectively the falling tones of [dua˥˩] and [ʃwɛ˥˩]. When the two words are pronounced
together, as [dua ʃwɛ], however, the tone of [dua] becomes a falling-rising one, shown as the
third blue line.
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Fig 14. [hæ˦] for ‘good’ and [tai˦] for ‘bad’. The first and second blue lines proves respectively
the high tones of [hæ˦] and [tai˦]. When the two words are pronounced together, as [hæ tai],
however, the tone of [hæ] becomes a falling-rising one, shown as the third blue line.
7.4 Tone Contrasts
Tones also are important in contrasting meanings of words. Words that are contrasted by tones
are all pronounced differently and thus differ in meanings not in terms of the onset nor the rime,
but of the tones.
Table 6: Table of Examples Tone Contrasts
[Transcription] ‘Gloss’ [Transcription] ‘Gloss’ [Transcription] ‘Gloss’
[si˦] ‘die’
[daŋ˥˩] ‘freeze’
[buɛ˦˧˦] ‘pull’
[lid˩˥] ‘sun’
[si˥˩] ‘four’
[daŋ˧] ‘heavy’
[buɛ˦] ‘eight’
[lid˦˧˦] ‘day’
si˧] ‘yes’
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8. References
1. http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp025_taiwanese.html
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Min
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Appendix: Word List
Filename Transcription
All-1 [tɕuan˧ bɔ˥˩]
And-1 [gab˧]
Animal-1 [dɔŋ˨ mud˩˥]
Back-1 [ɑʊ˧ bia˦]
Bad-1 [tai˦]
Bark-1 [pʰui˥˩]
Belly-1 [bak˧ dɔ˦]
Big-1 [dua˥˩]
Bird-1 [dʒiɑɔ˦]
Bite-1 [ga˧]
Black-1 [ɔ˧ ʃiɑɡ˥˩]
Blood-1 [hwæ˥˩]
Blow-1 [bun˩˥]
Bone-1 [gud˧ thaʊ˥˩]
Breast-1 [hɛŋ˧]
Breathe-1 [hɔ˨ kip˥˩]
Burn-1 [ʃiɛ˥˩]
Cap-1 [bæ˧]
Car-1 [tʃia˧]
Chair-1 [i˦]
Child-1 [ɡʌ˩˥ na˩˥]
Clothing-1 [sa˧ kɔ˥˩]
Cloud-1 [phun˩˥]
Cold-1 [bwa˩˥]
Come-1 [lai˦˧˦]
Cook-1 [tʃi˩˥ tɕia˥˩]
Count-1 [sʌŋ˥˩]
Cut-1 [ga˧]
Dance-1 [tiɑʊ˦ bɔ˦]
Dark-1 [am˥˩]
Day-1 [lid˦˧˦]
Die-1 [si˦]
Dirty-1 [am˧ tɕam˧]
Dog-1 [gaʊ˦]
Drink-2 [lim˨]
Dry-1 [da˨]
Ear-1 [hia˩˥]
Earth-2 [de˨ ɡiʊ˩˥]
Eat-1 [dʒia˥˩]
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Egg-1 [gwæ˧ nʌŋ˦˧˦]
Eight-1 [buɛ˦]
Elder brother-1 [a˩˥ hia˥˩]
Elder sister-1 [a˧ dʒi˦]
Eye-1 [bak˨ dʒiʊ˧]
Far-1 [hʌŋ˧]
Fast-1 [gin˦]
Fat-1 [bui˩˥]
Father-1 [bɑ˨ bɑ˩˥]
Fear-1 [giɑ˥˩]
Few-1 [dʒia˦]
Fight-1 [sa˨ pa˥˩]
Fire-1 [he˦]
First-1 [dʒit˩˥]
Fish-1 [hi˩˥]
Five-1 [gɔ˦]
Flower-1 [huæ˦]
Fog-1 [sui˩˥ gwæ˧]
Foot-1 [ka˧]
Four-1 [si˥˩]
Freeze-1 [daŋ˥˩]
Fruit-1 [gæ˦˧˦ tɕi˦]
Full-1 [ba˦]
Give-1 [dʌŋ˦˧˦]
Good-1 [hæ˦]
Grass-1 [tʃaʊ˦]
Green-1 [tʃi˧ ʃʌk˦]
Guts-1 [da˦]
Hair-1 [taʊ˨ mæŋ˩˥]
Hand-1 [tʃiu˦]
He-1 [i˦]
Head-1 [taʊ˧ kʌk˦]
Hear-1 [tia˧]
Heart-1 [ʃim˦]
Heavy-1 [daŋ˧]
Here-1 [tɕid˥˩ ui˧˦˧]
Hit-1 [phak˥˩]
Hold-1 [gag˩˥]
How-1 [dʒiʊ˧ wa˧]
Hundred-1 [bak˥˩]
Husband-1 [aŋ˧]
I-1 [gwa˦]
Ice-1 [bjiŋ˧]
In-1 [lai˩˥ daʊ˧]
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Kill-1 [tai˩˥]
Know-1 [dʒai˧]
Lake-1 [ɔ˩˥]
Laugh-1 [tʃiæ˥˩]
Leaf-1 [hiæ˦˧˦]
Leftside-1 [dæ˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥]
Leg-1 [twui˦]
Light-1 [gʌŋ˧]
Live-1 [kia˨ di˨]
Liver-1 [gwa˦]
Long-1 [dʌŋ˩˥]
Man-1 [da˧ bɔ˧]
Many-1 [a˩˥ tɕuɛ˥˩]
Meat-1 [hiæk˦˧˦]
Moon-1 [gæʔ˨ niʊ˩˥]
Mother-1 [ma˨ ma˩˥]
Mountain-1 [ʃwa˧]
Mouth-1 [tʃui˥˩]
Name-1 [miæ˦˧˦]
Narrow-1 [pʰuɛ:˥˩]
Near-1 [gun˧]
Neck-1 [a˧ mun˩˥]
New-1 [ʃiŋ˧]
Night-1 [a˥˩ mi˥˩]
Nose-1 [phi˥˩]
Not [m˨ ʃi˨]
Old (for people) [laʊ˨]
Old (for things) [gu˥˩]
One-1 [iʔ˦]
Other-1 [bʌʔ˥˩ ɛ˩˥]
Paper-1 [dʒua˦]
Pen-1 [bit˦]
Person-1 [laŋ˩˥]
Play-2 [tiʔ˥˩ tæ˩˥]
Pull-1 [buɛ˦˧˦]
Push-1 [thu˥˩]
Rain-1 [hɔ˧]
Red-1 [æŋ˥˩ ʃuk˥˩]
Right-1 [dia˩˥]
Rightside-1 [tɕa˧ tʃiu˧ bui˩˥]
Road-2 [sæ˥˩]
Root-1 [gun˧]
Rope-1 [dʒæ˥˩]
Rotten-1 [nua˥˩]
24
Salt-1 [ʎam˦˧˦]
Sand-1 [ʃa˧]
Say-1 [sɛʔ˥˩]
Sea-1 [hai˦]
Second-1 [di˥˩]
See-1 [khua˥˩]
Seven-1 [tʃiʔ˥˩]
Sew-1 [thi˥˩]
Sharp-1 [tɕiam˧]
Short-1 [dɛ˦]
Sing-2 [tʃiu˥˩]
Sit-1 [dʒɛ˦ dʒɛ˧]
Skin-1 [phɛ˧ hu˦]
Sky-1 [phi˧]
Sleep-1 [kun˥˩]
Slow-1 [ban˥˩]
Small-1 [ʃwɛ˥˩]
Smell-1 [phi˥˩]
Smoke-2 [hun˧]
Smooth-1 [guʔ˩˥]
Snake-1 [dʒua˦˧˦]
Snow-1 [sɛ˥˩]
Sofa-1 [sa˧ huæʔ˥˩]
Some-1 [dʒip˥˩ ʎʌ˩˥ ma˩˥]
Spit-1 [gui˥˩]
Split-1 [hun˥˩ kui˦˧˦]
Squeeze-1 [ni˧]
Stab-1 [tʃab˧]
Stand-1 [khia˥˩]
Star-1 [tʃi˥˩]
Stick-1 [liam˦˧˦]
Stone-1 [dʒiɛ˥˩ taʊ˩˥]
Straight-1 [did˩˥]
Suck-1 [giu˩˥]
Sun-1 [lid˩˥]
Swell-1 [dʒiaŋ˦]
Swim-1 [iu˦˧˦]
Table-1 [dæʔ˥˩]
Tail-1 [bɛ˦]
Ten-1 [dʒæb˦˧˦]
That-1 [hid˥˩ ɛː˦]
There-1 [id˨ iː˧˦˧]
They-1 [in˦]
Thick-1 [gaɔ˧]
25
Thin-2 (for things) [bæʔ˦˧˦]
Thin-3 (for people) [san˥˩]
Think-1 [ʃiʊ˧]
This-1 [dʒid˥˩ ɛ:˩˥]
Three-1 [saː˧]
Throw-1 [dʌn˦ sæb˥˩]
Tie-1 [bʌg˩˥]
Tooth-1 [tʃui˦ ki˦]
Tree-1 [tʃiʊ˥˩]
Turn-1 [dʒuan˦]
Twenty-1 [di˥˩ dʒæb˩˥]
Two-1 [nʌŋ˧]
Vomit-1 [pʰɔ˥˩]
Walk-1 [gia˦˧˦]
Wash-1 [suɛ˦]
Water-1 [dʒui˦]
We-1 (exclusive) [gun˦]
We-2 (inclusive) [lanŋ˧]
Wet-1 [dam˦˧˦]
What-1 [ʃa˥˩ mi˩˥]
When-1 [di˧ ʃi˩˥]
Where-1 [dæ˨ læ˦]
White-1 [bɛ˥˩ ʃiæg˥˩]
Who-1 [ʃuŋ˨ a˩˥]
Wide-1 [kwa˥˩]
Wife-1 [bɔ˦]
Wind-1 [hwaŋ˧]
Wipe-1 [tʃiʔ˥˩]
Woman-1 [tɕa˧ bɔ˦]
Woods-1 [tʃa˩˥]
Work-1 [ʃɔŋ˧ ban˦]
Worm-1 [thaŋ˦˧˦]
Year-1 [ni˩˥]
Yellow-1 [aŋ˨ ʃug˩˥]
Yes-1 [si˧]
Younger Brother-1 [ʃæ˩˥ di˨]
Younger Sister-1 [bɛ˨ bɛː˩˥]