This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the NationalBureau of Economic Research
Volume Title: An Appraisal of the 1950 Census Income Data
Volume Author/Editor: Conference on Research in Income and Wealth
Volume Publisher: Princeton University Press
Volume ISBN: 0-691-04102-4
Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/unkn58-2
Publication Date: 1958
Chapter Title: Changes in the Industrial Distribution of Wages in theUnited States, 1939-1949
Chapter Author: Herman P. Miller
Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c1059
Chapter pages in book: (p. 357 - 430)
Changes in the Industrial Distribution of
Wages in the United States, i99—i99
HERMAN P. MILLER, BUREAU OF TI-IE CENSUS
Wages are among the most stable components of aggregate income.1They are generally less subject to the fluctuations characterizingearnings from "riskier" activities like the operation of a farm or abusiness, or receipts from other sources like dividends, rents, androyalties. This fact, perhaps, explains why income analysts havetended to overlook the vast body of 1940 census data on the distri-bution of wage income as well as some of the information providedby the 1950 census.
The present study attempts to remedy this oversight. It is basedlargely on wage data tabulated from the past two decennial censusesand on data obtained in the annual income surveys conducted bythe Bureau of the Census. It aims to identify some of the variableas well as the stable elements of the distribution of wage income.Recently available data indicate that between 1939 and 1949 therewas a marked decrease of inequality in this distribution. What arethe underlying forces responsible for the change? What general les-sons can be learned from the changes for specific industry groups?These are two questions which the present study attempts to answer.
Changes in the Distribution of Wages
Between 1939 and 1949 total wages increased from $46 billion to$134 billion. This threefold increase was accompanied by a markedchange in their level and distribution.
In 1939 the average wage earner received about $800 during theentire year. By 1949 this figure rose to $2,000 (Table 1). In 1939only 1 per cent of the wage earners had incomes of $5,000 or moreand 60 per cent had incomes below $1,000. By 1949 the proportionin the higher classes increased fourfold, and the proportion in thelowest class was cut by one-half. For men alone, typically the pri-mary income recipients in their families and likely to be full-timeworkers, the changes are even more striking.
The changes in the level of wage income and in the frequencydistribution of the earners were accompanied by a marked change
1Because wages and salaries are not distinguished in this paper, "wages" and"wage income" will be used to include both types of income.
355
USES OF INCOME DATATABLE 1
Wage Income of Persons, by Income Class and Sex, 1939, 1945, and 1949
INCOME CLASS
Both Sexes Male Female1939' 1945 1949 1939' 1945 1949 1939' 1945 1949
(per cent)
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0$ 1—$ 999 60.0 32.9 27.6 52.8 23.0 19.6 79.0 49.0 44.4
1,000— 1,999 29.2 28.4 21.8 33.4 21.8 18.1 18.1 39.3 29.62,000— 2,499 5.3 13.2 13.2 6.8 16.4 12.9 1.6 7.8 13.92,500— 2,999 2.0 9.7 11.0 2.6 14.1 13.3 0.5 2.4 6.43,000— 4,999 2.4 13.6 22.0 3.1 20.8 30.0 0.6 1.5 5.65,000 and over 1.0 2.4 4.2 1.4 3.8 6.1 0.1 — 0.2
(dollars)
Median income 789 1,617 2,016 939 2,157 2,476 555 1,023 1,208
Note: In this and the following tables, figures do not always add to totals because of round-ing.
'Include receipts from public emergency work.Source: Current Population Reports—Consumer income, Bureau of the Census, Series P-60,
No. 7, 1951, Table 23 (for 1939 and 1949) and P-60, No. 2, 1948, Table 22 (for 1945).
in the dispersion (or "inequality") in the distribution of this typeof income. Table 2 shows the relative distribution of wage incomefor several years between 1939 and 1949.
The substantial changes in the relative distribution of wage in-• come took place during the war years. Between 1939 and 1945 theshare received by the highest fifth of the recipients decreased from49 per. cent to 44 per cent. In contrast, the years immediately fol-lowing World War 11(1947—1949) did not see any change in therelative distribution. This suggests that something about the ex-pansion of economic activities stimulated by World War II re-sulted in a decrease in the concentration of wage income. However,
TABLE 2
Percentage of Total Wage Income Received by Persons Ranked byAmount Received, Selected Years, 1939—1949
RANK 1939 1945 1947 1948 1949
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Lowest fifth . 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.6Second fifth 8.4 10.1 10.3 10.2 10.1Middle fifth 15.0 17.4 17.8 18.6 18.7Fourth fifth 23.9 25.7 24.7 25.5 26.2Highest fifth 49.3 43.9 44.3 42.8 42.4
Source: Herman P. Miller, income of the American People, Wiley, 1955, p. 104.
356
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONduring the immediate postwar period, when employment levels werehigh, there was relatively little change in income concentration. Thisshould be kept in mind when the data for detailed industries areconsidered.
Tables 1 and 2 clearly indicate a marked equalization in thedistribution of wage income between 1939 and 1949. To whatextent can this be explained by census wage data for separate in-dustries? This paper will consider the relationship between theequalization of wages and salaries between 1939 and 1949 and (1)changes in the industrial distribution of the labor force, (2) changein the relative earnings position of industries, (3) decrease in thewage spread between high-paid and low-paid industries, and (4)decrease in the wage spread between high-paid and low-paid work-ers within industries.
Impact of Changes in the Labor Force
The frequency distribution of all workers classified by the amountof wage income is the weighted sum of a large number of com-ponent distributions. Conceivably this distribution could havechanged even if all of the component groups retained their initialdistributions and only their associated weights changed. For ex-ample, each of the 117 industries examined in this report mighthave had exactly the same distribution of wage income in 1949 asit had ten years earlier, but changes in the industrial distributionof the labor force (the proportion of workers in each industry)might have caused a change in the distribution of total wages.
The decline in the importance of agricultural activities and theincreasing importance of manufacturing, evident for many decades,appear in the data for the two most recent decennial censuses. Table3 shows that between 1940 and 1950 the proportion of personsemployed in agriculture dropped by about one-third (from 19 to 13per cent), but the proportion employed in manufacturing, particu-larly in durable goods manufacturing, increased significantly (from11 to 13 per cent). How are these changes related to equalizationin the distribution of total wages?
An attempt is made to answer this question in Table 4. On theassumption that each industry had exactly the same number ofmale workers in 1949 as it had ten years earlier and that the onlyvariable was the frequency distribution of workers by wage income,the separate distributions were combined to obtain a single distribu-tion based on 1939 weights and 1949 frequencies, shown in fifths.
357
USES OF INCOME DATATABLE 3
Employed Persons, by Major Industry Group, 1940 and 1950
INDUSTRY GROUP' 1940 1950
(number in thousands)
Total 44,888 55,843
(percent)Agriculture 18.7 12.8Mining 2.0 1.7Construction 4.6 6.2Manufacturing 23.6 25.3
Durable goods 11.4 13.2Nondurable goods 11.8 11.8Not specified manufacturing 0.4 0.3
Transportation, communication, and otherpublic utilities 6.9 7.6
Wholesale and retail trade 16.8 18.6Service industries 22.5 21.6All other industries 3.4 4.7Industry not reported 1.5 1.5
'The industry in which the person was employed (or the industry of his lastjob, if unemployed) at the time of the census.
Source: 1950 Census of Population, Employment and Income in the UnitedStates, by Regions, 1950, Series PC-7, No. 2, Table 8.
TABLE 4
Percentage of Total Wage Income Received by Male Workers Ranked by AmountReceived; Actual, 1939 and 1949, and Standardized, 1949
1939 1949RANK OF WORKERS Actual' Actual a Standardized b
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Lowest fifth 3.8 5.2 4.9Second fifth 92 13.3 12.8Middle fifth 16.2 18.2 18.2Fourth fifth 23.3 23.3 23.5Highest fifth 46.6 39.8 40.6
'Based on Appendix Tables B-i and B-2.b The standardized distribution was obtained by multiplying the actual distribu-
tions in Table B-i by the numbers of workers in Table B-2 and summing theresults.
The standardized distribution shows the changes associated withvariations in the component frequency distributions, assuming nochanges in the weights associated with each distribution.
Apparently most of the equalization of wages and salaries be-tween 1939 and 1949 can be explained without reference to changesin the industrial distribution of the labor force. The share of aggre-
358
CHANGES IN WAGE trSTRIEUTIONgate wage income received by the top fifth of the male workers de-creased from 47 per cent in 1939 to 40 per cent in 1949. This fifthwould have received 41 per cent of the aggregate in 1949 if therehad been no change in the industrial distribution of the labor force.Therefore by far the greatest part of the. equalization of wages dur-ing the decade is attributable to changes in the component distribu-tions rather than to changes in the weights associated with thosedistributions.
Changes in the Dispersion of Wages within Industries
To what extent does the change in the over-all distribution reflect adecrease in the dispersion of wages between high-paid and low-paid Workers within specific industries?
An examination of the changes in the dispersion of wage incomefor men indicates that there was a narrowing of wage differentialsin all but five of the 117 industries examined. In fifty-four industriesthe share of the aggregate wages received by the highest paid fifthof the workers in the industry decreased by less than 10 per cent;in an additional fifty-four industries the share received by the topfifth decreased by between 10 and 20 per cent, and in four indus-tries the decrease was over 20 per cent (Table 5). Decreases in
TABLE 5
Industries Ranked by 1949 Mean Wage Income of Male Workers, by Change inDispersion of Income between 1939 and 1949
'
.
CHANGE INHIGHEST
SHARE OF TOTAL RECEIVED BY-PAID FIFTH OF WORKERS,
1939 TO 1949Decrease
20.0% 10.0 to Less thanRANK OF INDUSTRY TOTAL or More 19.9% 10.0% Increase
Total 117 4 54 54 5Lowest tenth 5 — — 5 —Second tenth 13 — 3 8 2Third tenth 12 1 5 5 1
Fourth tenth 11 — 4 7 —Fifth tenth 11 — 6 3 2Sixth tenth . 18 — 11 7 —Seventh tenth 19 1 13 5 —Eighth tenth 8 — 3 5 —Ninth tenth 4 1 — 3 . —Highest tenth 16 1 9 6 —
Changes in dispersion are defined here in terms of changes in the share of aggre-gate wage income received by the highest-paid fifth of the workers.
Source: Derived from Appendix Table B-4.
359
USES OF INCOME DATAdispersion were somewhat greater in the high-paid industries thanin those with relatively low average incomes. Thus, fourteen of thetwenty-eight industries in the highest three tenths (ranked bymedian wage or salary income in 1949) had decreases in disper-sion of 10 per cent or more, whereas oniy nine of the thirty indus-tries in the lowest three tenths had decreases this great.
Some factors affecting the distribution of wages within an in-dustry can be brought into sharper focus by examining the changesin average wages for specific occupations within it. Data availablefrom the past two censuses permit the analysis of changes in aver-age wage income for the following groups of male workers withineleven manufacturing industries, which include about one-fourthof all wage workers: laborers (not elsewhere classified or n.e.c.);operatives (n.e.c.); and all other workers. Although these data areextremely useful, they are defective in several important ways.
In the first place, they do not show separate income distributionsfor all laborers and for all operatives within each industry, butonly for those who were not classified in specific occupations. Thisdefect can be roughly adjusted for by the procedure discussed be-low. A second and more important defect, which cannot be ad-justed for, stems from the fact that the residual category "otherworkers" does not distinguish between craftsmen and the other oc-cupations. For this reason the data cannot be regarded as show-ing the differential income gains of unskilled, semiskilled, andskilled workers within each industry but rather of unskilled, semi-skilled, and "higher-paid" workers, since about three-fourths of the"other workers" category in most industries is composed of pro-fessional and managerial workers and craftsmen.
The unadjusted data, summarized in Table 6, show that in eachof the industries studied, the lowest-paid workers made the greatestrelative gains and the highest-paid workers made the smallest. Forexample, in the iron and steel industry the increase in average wagesbetween 1939 and 1949 was 152 per cent for laborers, 133 per centfor operatives, and 112 per cent for "other workers." The increasein the food manufacturing industry was 149 per cent for laborers,123 per cent for operatives, and 109 per cent for "other workers."
• As previously indicated, the data require adjustment. It is knownfrom a tabulation of industry by occupation (but without a furtherclassification by wage income) that there were 376,000 male opera-tives and 46,000 male laborers in the motor vehicle and motorvehicle equipment manufacturing industry in 1950.2 However, 2 79,-000 operatives and 45,000 laborers were not classified in specific
2 1950 Census of Population, Vol. iv, Special Reports, Part 1, Chap. C.
3 6o
The
dis
trib
utio
ns o
f m
ean
wag
es s
how
n fo
r la
bore
rs a
nd o
pera
tives
are
assu
med
to b
e th
e sa
me
whe
ther
they
incl
ude
or e
xclu
de la
bore
rs a
ndop
erat
ives
cla
ssif
ied
as "
othe
r w
orke
rs"
in th
e ce
nsus
(se
e te
xt f
or e
xpla
-na
tion)
.-so
me
labo
rers
and
ope
rativ
es (
see
text
).E
xclu
des
all l
abor
ers
and
oper
ativ
es (
see
text
).C
hang
es in
the
inco
me
diff
eren
tials
bet
wee
n op
erat
ives
and
"ot
her
wor
kers
" ar
e di
ffic
ult t
o m
easu
re f
or th
is in
dust
ry. I
n th
e 19
40 c
ensu
s
saw
yers
wer
e cl
assf
fied
as
craf
tsm
en; i
n th
e 19
50 c
ensu
s, a
s op
erat
ives
.A
lso
adju
sted
mea
ns in
this
indu
stry
are
sub
ject
to c
onsi
dera
bly
grea
ter
erro
rs o
f es
timat
ion
than
thos
e fo
r ot
her
indu
stri
es b
ecau
se m
ore
than
one-
half
of
the
"oth
er w
orke
rs"
cate
gory
con
tain
ed o
pera
tives
and
la-
bore
rs, a
s w
ell a
s be
caus
e of
the
chan
ge in
cla
ssif
icat
ion
of s
awye
rs.
Sour
ce: D
eriv
ed f
rom
App
endi
x T
able
s B
-i a
nd B
-2 a
nd f
rom
Her
-m
an P
. Mill
er, i
ncom
e of
the
Am
eric
an P
eopl
e, W
iley,
195
5, T
able
sC
l and
C3.
Mea
n W
ages
of
Mal
e
TABLE 6
Laborers, Operatives, and "Other Workers" in Selected Manufacturing Industries, 1939 and 1949
1939
1949
PER
CE
NT
AG
E I
NC
RE
ASE
, 193
9'ro
194
9"O
ther
Wor
kers
""O
ther
Wor
kers
""O
ther
Wor
kers
"
Lab
or-
Ope
r-U
nad-
Ad-
Lab
or-
Ope
r-U
nad-
Ad-
Lab
or-
Ope
r-U
nad-
Ad-
n.m
usT
ayer
s a
ativ
es'
just
ed b
just
ed'
ers
ativ
es a
just
edju
sted
'er
r a
ativ
es a
just
ed b
just
ed
Food and
kind
red
prod
ucts
$85
3Textiles,
text
ile p
rodu
cts
and
appa
rel
675
$1,119
878
$1,662
1,609
$1,842
1,718
$2,128
1,913
$2,491
2,452
$3,481
3,606
$3,762
3,791
149
183
123
179
109
124
104
121
Furn
iture
, lum
ber,
and
woo
d pr
oduc
ts"
573
Pape
r, p
aper
pro
duct
s,an
d pr
intin
g87
1
852
1,16
0
1,03
3
1,89
6
1,44
7
1,95
0
1,58
5
2,32
5
1,90
6
2,77
5
2,36
4
3,74
6
3,53
1.
3,83
8
177
167
124
139
129
98
144
97
Che
mic
als,
pet
role
um, a
ndco
al p
rodu
cts
912
1,34
52,
188
2,29
92,
444
3,05
34,
362
4,55
616
812
799
98
Ston
e, c
lay,
and
gla
ssproducts
815
1,114
Iron and steel and not
1,745
1,872
2,213
2,684
3,497
3,691
172
141
100
97
spec
ifie
d m
etal
indu
s-tr
ies
924
1,162
1,670
1,778
2,32
52,
711
3,54
33,
762
152
133
112
99
Non
ferr
ous
met
als
and
.
thei
r pr
oduc
ts99
01,
110
1,67
11,
827
2,30
72,
602
3,52
33,
833
133
134
111
110
Machinery
943
1,177
1,817
1,898
2,318
2,797
3,757
3,89
5146
138
107
105
Motor vehicles and mo-
tor vehicle
equi
pmen
t1,074
1,227
1,695
1,825
2,621
2,876
3,793
4,074
144
134
124
123
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
equi
p-m
ent,
exce
pt m
otor
vehi
cles
866
1,11
21,
577
1,64
72,
262
2,91
03,
575
3,65
316
116
212
712
2
USES OF INCOME DATAoccupations within their respective major groups. Thus, about97,000 operatives (largely welders and painters) and 1,000 labor-ers were included in the category of "other workers," which iscomprised for the most part of craftsmen and white-collar workers.These workers can be separated from the "other workers" group byassuming that they have the same distribution by wage income asoperatives (n.e.c.) and laborers (n.e.c.). The addition of theformer groups to operatives (n.e.c.). and laborers (n.e.c.) does notchange the mean for the combined group since identical distribu-tions were assumed for both. However, their removal from "otherworkers" raises the mean for the latter group from $3,793 to$4,074. Similar adjustments were made, for each industry and therevised results for "other workers" are presented in the "adjusted"columns. In every case, with the exception of the furniture, lumber,and wood products industry, the adjustment tended to reduce therelative gain in average wage income for this group.
TABLE 7
Relationship of Mean Wages of Laborers, Operatives, and "Other Workers," inSelected Manufacturing Industries, 1939 and 1949
Mean Wage of:"Other Workers" Operatives
as%of as%ofLaborers' Laborers'
1939 1949 1939 1949INDUSTRY
'Food and kindred products 216 177 131 117Textiles, textile products, and apparel 255 198 130 128Furniture, lumber, and wood products 253 223 149 120Paper, paper products, and printing 224 165 133 119Chemicals, petroleum, and coal productsStone, clay, and glass productsIron and steel and not specified metal industriesNonferrous metals and their productsMachineryMotor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment
252230192185201170
186167162166168155
147137126112125114
125121117113121110
Transportation equipment, except motor vehicles 190 161 128 129
Source: Derived from Table 6.
Another way of viewing the differential gains of unskilled, semi-skilled, and "other workers" within specified manufacturing indus-tries is presented in Table 7. The average wage income of laborersis expressed first in relation to the average for high-paid workerswithin each industry for 1939 and 1949, and then in relation tothe average for operatives. In every industry there was a markedreduction in income differentials between high-paid workers andlaborers, it being greatest in the stone, clay,, and glass products
362
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONindustry. In this industry, high-paid workers made 2.3 times asmuch as laborers in 1939 but only 1.7 times as much in 1949. Thewage differentials were most stable in the motor vehicle and motorvehicle equipment industry; high-paid workers made 1.7 times asmuch as laborers in 1939 and 1.6 times as much in 1949.
Because of the heterogeneous nature of the "other workers" cate-gory, changes in differentials between oniy unskilled workers (labor-ers) and semiskilled workers (operatives) within each industrymay be more significant. Here again, Table 7 shows a reduction inwage differentials within most industries. In 1939, for example,operatives in the food processing industry; the paper and printingindustry; and the stone, clay and glass industry made about one-third more than laborers. In 1949, they made only one-fifth more.In the chemicals, petroleum, and coal products industries the dif-ferential between operatives and laborers was reduced from nearlyone-half to one-fourth.
It could be argued that these decreases are in some measureattributable to the reduction in unemployment, which had the great-est impact on the earnings of low-paid workers. While there is somejustification for this view, it may unduly minimize the importanceof reductions in wage rate differentials, which are not affected byvariations in the extent of employment. Evidence on this point ispresented in Table 8, which shows the average wage or salary in-come in 1939 and 1949 of operatives and laborers who were full-year workers in specified manufacturing industries. A full-yearworker is defined in this table as a person who worked fifty weeksor more during the year. Weeks worked, as defined in the 1950census, includes all weeks in 1949 during which work was per-formed. Accordingly, full-year workers for 1949 are persons whodid any paid work (not necessarily full-time) in fifty weeks ormore. Persons who worked regularly on a part-time basis were thuscounted as full-year workers in 1949. In contrast, the 1940 censusenumerators were instructed to convert part-time work to equiva-lent full-time weeks. Accordingly, a full-year worker for 1939 is aperson who worked full-time during the entire year. This changetended to understate the decrease in wage differentials because theinclusion of regular part-time workers in the 1939 data would haveprobably reduced the average income for laborers proportionatelymore than the average income for operatives.
Despite this, it is apparent from Table 8 that there was a reduc-tion in wage differentials between unskilled and semiskilled workersin most of the industries. The greatest reductions were in foodprocessing; furniture, lumber, and wood products; chemicals,
363
TABLE 8
Relationship of Mean Wages of Full-Year Laborers and Operatives in Selected ManufacturingIndustries, 1939 and 1949
1939 1949Mean WOpera-
age of:Labor- (1) as %
Mean WOpera-
age of:Labor- (4) as
tives a ers a of (2) tives a err a of (5)INDUSTRy (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Food and kindred productsTextiles, textile products, and
$1,323 $1,097 121 $2,834 $2,549 111
apparel 1,061 852 125 2,771 2,235 124Furniture, lumber, and wood
productsPaper, paper products, and
printing
1,056
1,350
736
1,073
143
126
2,301
3,098
1,902
2,616
121
118Chemicals, petroleum, and coal
productsStone, clay, and glass productsIron and steel and not specified
metal industries
1,5401,355
1,411
1,1691,030
1,209
132132
117
3,3532,986
3,040
2,7932,575
2,652
120116
115Nonferrous metals and their
productsMachinery
1,3591,447
1,2301,202
110120
3,0163,180
2,7272,768
111115
Motor vehicles and motor ye- .
hide equipment 1,555 1,393 112 3,311 3,063 108Transportation equipment, ex-
cept motor vehicles 1,476 1,164 127 3,301 2,671 124
a Not elsewhere classified.Source: Herman P. Miller, income of the American People, Wiley, 1955, Tables C2 and C4.
petroleum, and coal products; and stone, clay, and glass products.In most of the other industries there were small, but persistent, re-ductions.
The preceding tables are based entirely on census results and aresubject to all of the biases inherent in the household survey tech-nique as well as difficulties of interpretation. For this reason, it isparticularly important to refer to independent data on the samesubject as a check. Table 9 presents estimates derived from theBureau of Labor Statistics index of urban wage rates. They showthe percentage increase in wage rates for skilled, semiskilled, andunskilled workers by industry groups from October 1943 to April1947. These data support the conclusions based on census results.In almost all of the industries the greatest relative gains in wagerates were made by unskilled workers and the smallest by skilledworkers.
Changes in the Level of Wages among industries
The decade which ended in 1949 was a period of rapid increase inaverage earnings for practically all industries. The increases, how-
364
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONTABLE 9
Percentage Increase in Urban Wage Rates, by Industry, October 1943—April 1947
.
mmusmy TotalSkilled
WorkersSemiskilled
WorkersUnskilledWorkers
Total 32.3 27.7 34.5 35.7Food and kindred products 34.3 28.3 35.1 38.8Tobacco manufactures 41.3 30.1 40.2 48.8Textile mill productsApparel and allied productsFurniture and finished lumber prod-
51.547.9
45.334.2
.
58.549.5
52.342.4
ucts 44.9 40.9 44.3 55.3Paper and allied productsPrinting, publishing, and allied in-
dustries
35.3
46.9
28.0
45.0
34.4
49.6
40.9
51.4Chemicals and allied products 37.8 34.7 37.3 40.7Products of petroleum and coalRubber productsLeather and leather products
31.734.046.9
28.830.947.9
31.734.145.1
34.738.554.0
Basic iron and steel 25.2 21.4 22.7 38.8ShipbuildingMetal working, excluding basic iron
18.8 15.9 — 24.4
and steel and shipbuilding 27.5 23.2 29.0 31.2
Source: Harry Ober, "Occupational Wage Differentials, 1907—1947," MonthlyLabor Review, Dept. of Labor, August 1948, p. 131.
'ever, were by no means uniform. Out of 117 industries examined,eighteen had increases in average wage income of less than 100per cent, forty-seven of 100 to 125 per cent, thirty-eight of 125 to150 per cent, and fourteen of 150 per cent or more (Table 10).
TABLE 10
Industries Ranked by 1949 Mean Wage Income of All Workers, by Increase inMean Income between 1939 and 1949
'
INCREASE IN1939
MEAN INCOME,TO 1949
Less than 100.0 to 125.0 to 150.0%RANK OF INDUSTRY TOTAL 100.0% 124.9% 149.9% or More
Total 117 18 47 38 14Lowest tenth 5 — 3 1 1
Second tenth 13 1 4 6 2Third tenth 12 ' 1 3 6 2Fourth tenth 11 1 4 4 2Fifth tenth Ii 2 3 3 3Sixth tenth 18 2 10 4 2Seyenth tenth 19 3 8 8 —Eighth tenth 8 3 2 3 —Ninth tenth 4 1 3 — —Highest tenth 16 4 7 3 2
Source: Derived from Appendix Table B-4.
365
USES OF INCOME DATAThese different gains could have had an important impact on thedistribution of total wage income.
There was a marked difference between the gains of high-paidand low-paid industries (Table 10). Among the thirty lowest-paidindustries, eighteen had gains in average earnings of 125 per centor more, and only two failed to double their average wage incomes.In contrast, of the twenty-eight highest-paid industries, only eighthad increases of 125 per cent or more, and an equal number failedto double their average earnings. These data lend support to thehypothesis that the greater relative gains of the lower-paid indus-tries are a factor in the general reduction in the dispersion of wageincome during the decade.
An examination of the particular industries involved quicklydispels the notion that the greater relative gains of the low-paidgroups can be entirely explained by a single factor such as the in-crease in union membership during the decade. For example, in-cluded among the lowest third of the industries with income gainsof 125 per cent or more are agriculture, restaurants, logging, saw-mills, taxicab service, gasoline service stations, drug stores, laun-deries, and many others in which the impact of the union has beenrelatively slight. Probably most of the relatively greater wage in-creases in the low-paid industries resulted from the pressure forworkers exerted by the other industries in the expanding defenseprogram during the early 1940's. Industries losing workers wereforced to raise wages to hold their existing labor force or to attractpeople outside the labor market. This increase in wages tended tochange the wage relationships which prevailed in 1940. During thewar, the revised wage differentials, established early during the de-fense program, were more or less stabilized by regulation. As aresult, the postwar period inherited a wage structure which differedsignificantly from that of 1940. The relatively full-employmentconditions during the postwar period have served to maintain thedifferentials.
Despite the differential gains in average earnings among indus-tries, there were comparatively few changes in the relative positionof industries. When ranked by mean wage income in 1949, ninety-four of the 117 industries studied remained either in the sametenths or in tenths adjacent to the ones they had been in 1939 (Ap-pendix Table B-5). However, welfare and religious services droppedfrom the seventh tenth in 1939 to the third in 1949; educationalservices, from the eighth to the fourth; telephone and state andlocal public administration, from the highest to the sixth; andpostal services and credit agencies, from the highest to the eighth.
366
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONAbout one-third of the workers in these industries were in govern-ment or education.
Reasons for the Decrease in Differentials
The statistical data clearly show that the decrease in the dispersionof wages during the decade which ended in 1949 is primarily at-tributable to decreases in wage differentials between skilled andunskilled workers within each industry and between high-paid andlow-paid industries. What forces operated to produce these changes?
The decrease in differentials between skilled and unskilled work-ers can perhaps best be understood as part of a historical processobserved in the United States since the turn of the century.3 In1907, for example, the median earnings of skilled workers in manu-facturing industries was about twice that received by unskilledworkers. By the end of World War I it was only 75 per cent greater,and by the end of World War II, only about 55 per cent greater(Table 11). Thus, during a forty-year period, the differential be-
TABLE 11
Relationship between Earnings of Skilled and Unskilled Occupations inManufacturing Industries, 1907—1947
(average earnings for representative unskilled occupations = 100)
PERIOD Median Range'
1907 205 180—2801918—1919 175 150—2251931—1932 180 160—2201937—1940 165 150—1901945—1947 155 145—170
'Middle half of all indexes.Source: Harry Ober "Occupational Wage Differentials, 1907—1947," Monthly
Labor Review, Dept. of Labor, August 1948, p. 130.
tween skilled and unskilled workers was reduced by about 50 percent, or by an average of about 1 per cent per year.
Many factors, of course, contributed to the reduction, and thereis disagreement on the importance of specific factors. One studenthas explained the decrease during this period largely in terms offorces affecting the supply of workers for unskilled jobs.4 He points
'The tendency for occupational wage differentials to narrow has also been ob-served in Great Britain. The British experience is analyzed in a study by K. 0. C.Knowles and D. J. Robertson, "Differences between the Wages of Skilled and Un-skilled Workers, 1880—1950," Bulletin of Oxford University Institute of Statistics,April 1951, pp. 109—127.
particularly Harry M. Douty, "Union Impact on Wage Structures," Pro-ceedings of Sixth Annual Meeting of Industrial Relations Research Association,1953.
367
USES OF INCOME DATAout that the restriction of immigration and a declining birth rateup to the 1940's tended to reduce the supply of unskilled workersrelative to that of skilled workers and thereby to increase the rela-tive price of the former. Also the extension of the minimum legalage for leaving school both delayed the entrance of many youngpeople into the labor force and increased the numbers eligible forthe more skilled jobs. But the increase in the productivity of un-skilled labor by its combination with larger quantities of capitalmay also have made it economically feasible to raise wages.
Wage differentials since the depression have probably continuedto be affected by the relative supply of skified and unskilled work-ers. As previously indicated, the lowest paid, least organized indus-tries are among those which made the greatest relative gains duringthe 1940's. Workers in these industries undoubtedly benefited fromthe pressures for higher wages exerted by organized workers. Inaddition, however, many employers in these industries doubtlessraised wages because they were afraid of losing workers to thehigher paying defense industries. So the relative labor supply wasprobably important in the decrease of wage differentials even dur-ing the past decade.
At the same time, however, two powerful forces, the federalgovernment and the unions, have influenced wage regulation andwage determination to an unprecedented extent during the pasttwenty years. Before the depression of the 1930's the governmentexercised little direct control over wages. Even the unions playeda relatively minor role during this period.5
Since the 1930's, however, the federal government has assumedan increasingly prominent role. Aside from its direct influence as theemployer of an ever-growing proportion of the labor force, it has at-tempted to regulate wage differentials under a minimum wage lawand by the policies and decisions of the various wage control andstabilization boards beginning with the National War Labor Boardin 1942. Each of these has tended to affect wage structures dif-ferently.
The past twenty years have also witnessed a tremendous growthin union membership, from 2.9 million in 1933, mostly craftsmenconcentrated in a few industries like construction, railroads, andprinting, to about 17 million in 1952 scattered throughout the econ-
51t has been pointed out that "as late as 1934, union—management contractsfixed the wages and working conditions for some three or four million workers andwere confined, to a great extent, to the so-called sheltered trades such as printing,construction, or bakeries, or to regulated industries like railroads." (see Everett M.Kassalow, "New Patterns of Collective Bargaining," insights into Labor issues,ed. by R. A. Lester and J. Shister, Macmillan, 1948, p. 117).
368
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONomy.° Most economists agree that the growth of the big union, likethe growth of big government, has had some impact on wagestructures. Some, like Milton Friedman, believe that the efficacyof union pressure has been exaggerated. But even Friedman con-cedes that between 10 and 20 per cent of the labor force "can besupposed to have had their wages significantly affected by the exist-ence of unions."
One cannot separate the impact of government and union policyon wage differentials from those of other forces. The fact that thepolicies of both of these major institutions generally coincided withthe changes in wage dispersion does not signify that they causedthese changes.
FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT
Federal minimum wage regulation began in 1938 with the pas-sage of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The statutory minimum wageset was 25 cents an hour. Subsequently the minimum was raised to30 cents (1939), 35 cents (1941), 40 cents (1944) and 75 cents(1950). By 1955 about 24 million of the 44 million workers inprivate firms were covered by the law.8
The law could theoretically have reduced dispersion• in the dis-tribution of wages by raising the average level in low-paid indus-tries more than in high-paid industries and of low-paid workersmore than of high-paid workers. Actually, however, it has probablyhad little impact because it was enacted at the beginning of a rela-tively long period of high employment during which wage rates,even in covered industries, were substantially above the minimum.It was estimated in 1954, for example, that an increase in the mini-mum wage rate for workers covered by the Fair Labor StandardsAct from 75 cents an hour to $1.00 an hour would affect less than2 million workers out of the total of 44 million.9 However, there issome evidence that it influenced the wage structure within at leastone industry—the southern lumber industry.10 This may provideimportant clues to the impact of an effective minimum wage lawon the average level and dispersion of wages within industries. The
'Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1954, Bureau of the Census, p. 235.7Milton Friedman, "Some Comments on the Significance of Labor Unions for
Economic Policy," impact of the Union, ed. by David McC. Wright, Harcourt,Brace, 1951.
'Economic Report of the President, January 1955, p. 58.'Clarence D. Long, "The Minimum Wage," mimeographed, May 6, 1954.10J. P. Walker and Harry M. Douty, "Effects of Minimum Wage in Southern
Sawmills," and J. F. Walker, "Earnings in the Southern Lumber Industry," inthe September 1950 and October 1953. issues, respectively, of the Monthly LaborReview, Dept. of Labor.
369 S
USES OF INCOME DATAtrend of wages in the southern lumber industry has been summar-ized as follows: "When the first FLSA minimum of 25 cents becameeffective in October 1938, the average in the industry rose almostimmediately from about 27 cents to 31 cents. The 5-cent raise inthe minimum a year later increased the average 3 cents, from 32 to35 cents an hour. The next 5-cent increase in the minimum (to 35cents) in November 1941 raised the industry average from 39 to42 cents per hour. . . . The 75-cent minimum, effective January25, 1950, had the immediate result of raising the average 11 centsto 80 cents an hour by March 1950." '
Both the timing and the magnitude of these changes suggest thatthis average is very responsive to changes in the statutory minimumhourly wage. In view of this fact, it is reasonable to assume that theminimum wage law tends to raise the average level of wages in thelow-paid industries. The law may account in some measure for thefact that average annual earnings of laborers in the furniture,lumber, and wood products industry rose proportionately morebetween 1939 and 1949 than those of laborers in every other indus-try for which data are shown, with the exception of the textile andapparel industry (Table 6).
Although the minimum wage law appears to have had a directimpact on the average level of wages in the southern lumber indus-try, apparently it has had only a negligible effect on the dispersionof wages within the industry. The available evidence is presented inTable 12, where the relationship in average hourly earnings for six
TABLE 12
Relationship of Average Hourly Earnings of Six Occupations in theSouthern Lumber Industry, 1949, 1950, and 1953(average earnings of machine off-bearers = 100)
October— .
OCCUPATIONDecember
1949March1950k
April1953
Teamsters, logging 105 103 104Truck drivers, logging 106 103 106Fallers and buckers, hand • 117 114 111Circular head-saw operators 170 153 164Band-head-saw operators 216 195 206
The minimum hourly wage was raised to 75 cents on January 25, 1950.Source: James F. Walker, "Earnings in the Southern Lumber Industry,"
Monthly Labor Review, October 1953, p. 1080.
different types of jobs are examined for a period just preceding anincrease in the statutory minimum wage, immediately after an in-crease, and three years after the increase.' Walker, op. cit., p. 1078.
370.
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONThe immediate effect of the increase in the minimum wage to 75
cents an hour was a reduction in wage differentials. The averagehourly earnings of machine off-bearers, a low-paying job, rose rela-tive to the average for each of the other five types of higher-payingjobs. Three years later, however, the wage differentials before theincrease in the minimum wage had been largely re-established. Al-though the data indicate that after three years machine off-bearershad made a slight net gain relative to three of the other skills, theminimum wage law apparently did not permanently affect the dis-persion of wages within this industry to any significant degree.
NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD
One. month after our entry into World War II, the National WarLabor Board (NwLB) was established and given general responsi-bility for "settling labor disputes which threatened to impede theeffective prosecution of the war." The NWLB still did not then haveauthority to regulate wages, only to "resolve issues in dispute bymediation, voluntary arbitration, or arbitration under rules of itsown making." Nearly one year later, in October 1942, it was givencomplete jurisdiction over all wage rate adjustments, with the stipu-lation that it could grant increases in wage rates prevailing in Sep-tember 1942 only "to correct maladjustments or inequalities, toeliminate substandards of living, to correct gross inequities, or toaid in the effective prosecution of the war." 12
Thus, at the very inception of the wartime regulation, provisionwas made for wage adjustments consistent with the established gov-ernment policy of raising the lower end of the income curve. Evenbefore the authority for wartime wage controls was officially turnedover to the NWLB, President Roosevelt stated in his anti-inflationmessage to Congress on April 27, 1942, that "the existing machin-ery for labor disputes will . . . continue to give due considerationto inequalities and to the elimination of substandards of living."
The NWLB used three major administrative techniques in de-ciding whether or not to grant wage increases: (1) the "LittleSteel Formula"; (2) the bracket system; and (3) the substandardpolicy.
The Little Steel FormulaSuperficially, the Little Steel Formula appears to have tended
to maintain wage differentials existing at the outbreak of the war—
' Termination Report of the National War Labor Board, Dept. of Labor, 1947,Vol. 1, pp. 7 and 8.
'1bid., p. 211.
37'
USES OF INCOME DATAand it has been so interpreted by some authors '4—since it permit-ted an increase in straight-time hourly earnings of 15 per cent overthe January 1941 levels. However, "One of the fundamental con-cepts of the Little Steel Formula was that it should be applied tocombined occupational groups rather than to individual employeesor to individual job classifications in order that all workers in theunit should receive the same wage or salary adjustment in centsper hour, and, that, percentagewise, the unskilled relatively low-paid workers should receive greater increases than the skilled, high-paid workers." 15
The Little Steel Formula provided a basis for compensatingworkers for increases in the cost of living and for stabilizing thegeneral level of wages. It did not provide an effective basis foradjusting wage rates in new plants or in plants converting to themanufacture of new products. And it was not suitable for adjustingproblems associated with wage differentials between plants in anindustry or an area. To deal with "interplant inequities," the wagerate bracket approach was adopted.
Wage BracketsThe wage bracket was defined as "a band of rates or rate ranges
from minimum to maximum representing the sound, tested, andstable rates paid by employers for a particular job classification ina particular industry and labor market area." '° This range wasthen converted to a single rate bracket minimum,'7 and rates belowthe minimum could be raised to it. However rates within the bracketcould not be increased on the basis of comparisons with otherplants.
The effect was to reduce the dispersion of wages by raising thewage level for the lowest-paid workers. Within each occupation ina given industry and locality, most wage rates of the lowest-paidworkers were raised to a point 10 per cent below the average forthat group. About 60 per cent of the approvals of wage rate in-creases by the NWLB were made on the basis of the bracket system.'8This procedure, therefore, was very important in the general reduc-tion in the dispersion of wages during the war.
"David R. Roberts, "The Meaning of Recent Wage Changes," Insights intoLabor Issues, p. 201.' Termination Report of the National War Labor Board, Vol. 1, p. 201.
"ibid., p. 230.'7Two methods were employed to convert the range of rates to a single rate.
The procedure recommended by the NWLB and the one most commonly usedestablished the single-rate bracket minimum at 10 per cent below the weightedaverage of rates for the given occupation, industry, and area. The other methodwas to set the single-rate bracket minimum at the first substantial cluster of ratesfor the occupation, industry, and area.
"Roberts, op. cit., p. 227.
372
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONSubstandard Rates
Wage increases granted by the NWLB for "eliminating substand-ards of living" were specifically designed to raise the incomes ofthe lowest-paid workers. In general, the Board interpreted its taskas one of determining "an appropriate minimum up to which wageadjustments could voluntarily be made to correct substandards ofliving." In accordance with this policy, the NWLB decided inFebruary 1943 that wage rates could be raised up to 40 cents anhour without obtaining approval.20 The permissive minimum wasraised to 50 cents an hour in November 1944 and, finally, to 55cents an hour in August 1945. To make its substandard policy con-sistent with its wage rate brackets, the NWLB permitted wages be-low the substandard rate to be increased to that level. However, in-creases at higher wage rates had to be tapered progressively to zeroat 70 cents per hour. In other words, no wage rate increases werepermitted on the basis of the substandard policy for rates of 70cents an hour or more. The net effect of this procedure, as in thecase of the Little Steel FormUla and the wage-rate bracket policy,was to raise the level of the lowest paid workers relative to others.
UNION POLICY
During recent years, labor unions have increasingly demandedhigher wages in terms of uniform cents-per-hour increases. Such in-creases, of course, tend to reduce the dispersion of wages since theyresult in greater relative gains for lower-paid workers. This in-clination on the part of organized labor was manifested even beforethe outbreak of World War II. However, its greatest actual impacton the distribution of wages began with the cessation of hostilities.
About six months after the end of World War II, the UnitedStates experienced some of the greatest strikes in its history. Amongthe first and the most important, because they set the pattern forlater demands and settlements, were the steel strike (750,000 work-ers), the electrical workers (200,000), the automobile workers(200,000), the meat packers (125,000), and the oil workers (35,-000). Altogether, about 1,750,000 workers were idled by strikes inJanuary 1946 alone.
What were the wage demands of these strikes? The United Steel•Workers of America (cio) and the United Electrical, Radio andMachine Workers of America (cio) both demanded an increase of$2 per day.2' In the meat-packing industry, the United Packing-house Workers (cio) initially demanded a wage increase of 25cents per hour; the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Work-
"Ibid., p. 211. lbid., p. 212.Monthly Labor Review, March 1946, pp. 426 if.
373
USES OF INCOME DATAmen of North America (AFL) a minimum wage rate of $36 perweek, but were willing later to accept a straight increase of 15 centsper hour. At some point in each of these strikes the unions de-manded a uniform cents-per-hour increase. Only the United Auto-mobile Workers (do) and the Oil Workers International (cio)stated their demands in percentage terms, both demanding a 30 percent increase. (Ultimately the automobile workers settled for auniform cents-per-hour increase of 18% cents and the oil workersreceived an 18 per cent increase.) In addition, numerous otherdisputes during the first year after VJ Day were settled on a uniformcents-per-hour basis.
Since the early postwar strikes, organized labor has shifted itsmajor emphasis to demands for pension and welfare and otherfunds. However, many unions have continued to press for uniformcents-per-hour increases; and some contracts, particularly in themotor vehicle industry, feature automatic uniform changes in wagerates for annual increases in productivity or for changes in the costof living.
Appendix A: Definitions and Explanations
DEFINITIONS
Money WagesThis is the total money earnings received for work performed as an
employee during the calendar year preceding the date of the census. Thus,in the 1950 census, the money wages refer to earnings during 1949. Theyinclude wages, salaries, Armed Forces pay, commissions, tips, piece-ratepayments, and cash bonuses earned, before deductions were made fortaxes, bonds, pensions, union dues, and so forth. They do not includethe value of free meals, board, or other wages "in kind," or earnings fromthe operation of a farm, business, or professional practice.
Occupation, industry and Class of WorkerThe data on industry, occupation, and class of worker refer to the job
held during the survey week. Persons employed at two or more jobs werereported in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hoursduring the week. Persons who were unemployed during the survey weekwere classified according to their last civilian job.
Wage workers are persons who worked as employees for wages orsalaries. They include not only factory operatives, laborers, clerks, andso forth, who worked for wages, but also other persons working fortips or for room or board, salesmen, and other employees working forcommissions, and salaried business managers, corporation executives,and government officials.
The industrial and occupational classification systems used in the
374
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTION1940 census are basically the same as those used in 1950. An attemptwas made to make each group as comparable as possible for 1940 and1950. There are, however, a number of differences in the specific con-tent of particular groups. The industry data shown for 1940 have notbeen entirely adjusted for comparability with the 1950 classification sys-tem. But available evidence indicates that the 1940—1950 relationshipsshown by the data are not significantly affected by these differences. The1940 classification by class of worker is similar to the 1950 classification.
METHOD OF ESTIMATING AGGREGATE WAGE OR SALARY INCOME
An estimate of the number of persons at each income level was ob-tained by distributing those not reporting on income among all the incomelevels in the same proportion as those that did report. A mean incomewas then selected for each wage income level, and estimates of aggregatewages were obtained by multiplying the number of persons at each in-come level by the mean for that level.
For income levels under $10,000, the midpoint of each level was as-sumed to be the mean. The open-end interval in the 1950 census was"$10,000 and over." The Current Population Survey for April 1951 andother sources indicated that $20,000 was a reasonable estimate of themean wage income for this interval. The open-end interval in the wagedata for 1939 was "$5,000 and over." Income tax returns for that yearand data obtained in the income surveys indicated that $9,000 was a rea-sonable estimate of the mean wage or salary income for this interval.
METHOD OF CLASSIFYING INDUSTRIES BY DECILES
Table 13-5 shows industries classified by level of wage income in 1939and 1949 and Table B-6 shows a similar classification by dispersion. ofwage income. The procedure described below was used to prepare TableB-S. A similar procedure was used for Table B-6.
A listing of industries ranked from lowest to highest by mean wage in-come was prepared for 1939 and a separate listing for 1949. Each listingshowed the name of the industry, the average income, and the proportionof all wage workers included in the industry. On the basis of these listings,the industries were grouped into tenths.
COMPARABILITY OF CENSUS RESULTS WITH OTHER DATA
One' method of appraising the accuracy of the wage or salary data ob-tained for specific industries in the 1940 and 1950 decennial censusesis to compare them with similar information from other sources. All thecomparisons attempted in this paper must be regarded as rough approxi-mations because they are subject to a wide range of error attributable todifferences in definition. However the data may indicate the probabledirection and magnitude of 'error in the census results for specific in-dustries. . .
Table A-i shows the mean wage income in 1949 for workers in seven-
375
USES OF INCOME DATATABLE A-i
Estimates of 1949 Mean Wage Income for Workers in Seventeen Manufacturing Industries,Census of Population, National Income Division, and Survey of Manufactures
. Difference:National (2)—(1) (3)—(1)
Census of Income Survey of as % of as % ofINDUSTRY Population
(1)Division b
(2)Manufactures
(3)(2)(4)
(3)(5)
Food and kindred products $2,680 $2,926 $2,870 8.4 6.6Tobacco manufactures 1,960 2,089 2,063 6.2 5.0Textile mill products 2,279 2,565 2,542 11.2 10.3Apparel and related productsLumber and furniture products
2,0262,083
2,3832,463
2,3412,382
15.015.4
13.512.6
Paper and allied products 2,858 3,230 3,174 11.5 10.0Printing and publishingChemicals and allied products
3,2103,313
3,6533,529
3,6293,418
12.161
11.53.1
Petroleum and coal products 4,058 4,179 3,936 2.9 —3.1Rubber productsLeather and leather products
3,0332,143
3,2252,410
3,2082,376
6.011.1
5,59.8
Stone, clay, and glass products 2,759 3,014 2,920 8.5 5.5Metals 3,021 3,366 3,361 10.2 10.1Machinery, except electricalElectrical machinery
3,2482,950
3,4783,247
3,5203,234
6.69.1
7.78.8
Transportation equipment 3,251 3,604 3,595 9.8 9.6Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries 2,692 2,961 2,983 9.1 9.8
B Derived from Appendix Table B-4.b Derived from National Income and Product of the United States, 1929—1950, Dept. of
Commerce, 1951, Table 14 (wages and salaries by industry) and Table 25 (average numberof full-time and part-time employees by industry).
Derived from Annual Survey of Manufactures, 1949 and 1950, Bureau of the Census, 1952,Table 4, p. 17.
teen manufacturing industry groups. These data were obtained from theNational Income Division (NW) of the Department of Commerce, the1950 Survey of Manufactures (SM) conducted by the Bureau of theCensus, and the 1950 Census of Population. Table A-2 shows the meanwage income for all industries and is based on information obtainedfrom the Nm and the 1950 census. Several important conceptual differ-ences underly these data. In the SM each plant was asked to report thetotal wages and salaries paid to all employees. Average employment wasreported by each plant for the four pay periods nearest the 15th ofMarch, May, August, and November. The NW data for manufacturingindustries are based largely on the quarterly reports filed by each em-ployer with the Bureau of Employment Security. These reports containa list of all employees and the taxable earnings paid to each employee.The estimates prepared from the SM and from the NID data are con-ceptually very similar since they are based largely on reported payrollinformation taken from the accounting records of establishments. Incontrast, the 1950 census averages for each industry represent the wages
376
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONand salaries paid to persons employed in that industry in April 1950 orwho were then unemployed but worked in that industry at their last job.Thus the wages of individuals who left the labor force during the yearwould not appear in the census data by industry, but they would be re-flected in the series based on establishment reports. Many people whodo some work during a given year are not in the labor force in a par-ticular month. In January 1952, for example, about one-third of the menand one-sixth of the women who were not in the labor force did somework during the preceding year.22 In addition, the wages and salaries ofworkers who changed jobs during the year or who had more than onejob at the time of the survey were all attributed to the industry at whichmost time was spent during the survey week in the census data. In con-trast, in the establishment reports all such earnings were allocated to theindustry in which the earnings were actually made.
One can only speculate about the net effect of these conceptual differ-ences. There can be little question that the census aggregates tend to belower than those derived from establishment reports because of the ex-clusion of the wages of persons. who left the labor force. The impactof these differences on the averages, however, is more difficult to deter-mine. The census averages tend to be higher than those based on estab-lishment reports because of the exclusion of workers who left the laborforce and who typically have lower earnings. The impact of multiple jobholders (either at a given time or throughout the year) on the averagesfor both series is indeterminate because it tends to raise some averagesand depress others.
Table A-i indicates that the census averages are below those derivedfrom the NID in all of the seventeen manufacturing industries for whichdata are shown. The difference was between $200 and $300 (6 and 10per cent) in most cases. Only in two industries (apparel and lumber) wasthe difference between the estimates as great as 15 per cent. One possibleexplanation is that in 1949 these two industries had a considerably largerproportion of part-year workers than most other manufacturing indus-tries.23 Conversely, the similarity of the estimates for the petroleumand coal products industry may be related to the fact that this industrybad the largest proportion of full-year workers in 1949.
Census and m estimates of mean wage income for all industries for1939 and 1949 are shown in Table A-2. These figures again emphasizethe tendency for the census estimates to be lower than those based onestablishment reports. The census estimates in 1949 exceeded NID in onlynine industries. In seven of these industries, however, the census estimatesfor 1939 were also higher than those based on NID figures. This factis significant because it suggests that there is a certain degree of stabilityin the relationship between the two sets of data. In the manufacturing
Current Population Reports—Labor Force, Bureau of the Census, SeriesP-SO, No. 43, 1953, Table 5.' Derived from 1950 Census of Population, Vol. a, Characteristics of the Popu-lation, Part 1, United States Summary, Table 135.
TA
BL
E A
-2
Min
ing:
Met
al m
inin
gC
oal m
inin
gC
rude
pet
role
um a
nd n
atur
al g
aspr
oduc
tsN
onm
etal
lic m
inin
g an
d qu
arry
ing
Con
trac
t con
stru
ctio
nM
anuf
actu
ring
:Fo
od a
nd k
indr
ed p
rodu
cts
Tob
acco
man
ufac
ture
sT
extil
e m
ill p
rodu
cts
App
arel
and
oth
er f
inis
hed
fabr
icat
ed p
rodu
cts
Lum
ber,
fur
nitu
re, a
nd w
ood
prod
ucts
Pape
r an
d al
lied
prod
ucts
Prin
ting,
pub
lishi
ng, a
nd a
llied
indu
stri
esC
hem
ical
s an
d al
lied
prod
ucts
Prod
ucts
of
petr
oleu
m a
nd c
oal
Rub
ber
prod
ucts
1,658
3,697
123
932
2,663
186
238
1
21
358
12
Est
imat
es o
f 19
39 a
nd 1
949
Mea
n W
age
Inco
me
for
Wor
kers
, by
Indu
stry
, 195
0 C
ensu
s of
Pop
ulat
ion
and
Nat
iona
l Inc
ome
Div
isio
n
.
CE
NSU
SO
FPO
PUL
AT
ION
Per-
NA
TIO
NA
L I
NC
OM
ED
IVIS
ION
b
Per
-D
IFFE
RE
NC
E:
1939
NW
—C
EN
SUS
1949
.centage
centage
Abso- As %
ofAbso- As
% o
fnw
usra
Y1939
1949
Increase
1939
1949
Increase
lute
NW
lute
NW
Agr
icul
ture
, for
estr
y,A
gric
ultu
rean
d fi
sher
ies:
$ 38
2$1
,156
Fore
stry
700
2,07
3Fi
sher
ies
852
2,28
6
203
$ 39
3$1,304
232
$11
3$148
11
196
440
2,000
355
—260
—1
—73
—4
168
1,000
2,767
177
148
15
481
17
1,282
3,065
139
1,515
3,411
125
233
15
346
10
909
2,505
176
1,237
2,920
136
328
27
415
14
1,684
3,735
122
26
1,178
3,021
156
246
967
2,649
174
1,268
3,235
155
301
24
586
18
1,25
02,
680
114
.1,3
722,
926
113
122
924
68
835
1,960
135
916
2,089
128
81
9129
6
858
2,27
916
696
02,
565
167
102
1128
611
830
2,026
144
1,025
2,383
132
195
19
357
15
837
2,083
149
1,042
2,463
136
205
20
380
15
1,251
2,858
128
1,414
3,230
.12
8163
12
372
12
1,585
.3,
210
103
1,718
3,653
113
133
8443
12
1,524
3,313
117
1,611
3,529
119
87
5216
6
1,886
4,058
115
1,852
4,179
126
—34
—2
121
3
1,410
3,033
115
1,548
3,225
108
138
9192
6
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E A
—2,
con
tinue
d
-
CE
NS
US
OF
POP
UL
AT
ION
NA
TIO
NA
L I
NC
OM
ED
IVIS
ION
1)
DIF
FER
EN
CE
:N
fl)—
CE
NsU
S
Per-
Per-
1939
1949
IND
UST
RY
1939
1949
cent
age
incr
ease
1939
1949
cent
age
Incr
ease
Abs
o- A
s %
oflu
teN
IDA
bso-
As
lute
% o
fN
ID
Lea
ther
and
leat
her
prod
ucts
910
2,14
313
51,
038
2,41
013
212
812
267
11St
one,
cla
y, a
nd g
lass
pro
duct
s1,
184
2,75
913
31,
359
3,01
412
217
513
255
8Ir
on a
ndst
eel a
nd th
eirp
rodu
cts
$1,3
44$3
,029
125
$1,5
49$3
,390
119
$205
13$3
1611
Non
ferr
ous
met
als
and
thei
rpr
oduc
ts1,
330
2,978
124
1,521
3,271
115
191
13
293
9
Machinery,
exce
pt e
lect
rica
l1,
480
3,248
119
1,681
3,478
107
201
12
230
7
Electrical
mac
hine
ry1,
465
2,95
010
11,
601
3,24
710
313
68
297
9T
rans
port
atio
n eq
uipm
ent e
xcep
tau
tom
obile
1,38
03,
265
137
1,66
73,
600.
116
287
1733
59
Aut
omob
ile a
nd a
utom
obile
equi
pmen
t.
1,41
43,
246
130
1,76
23,
607
105
348
2036
110
Mis
cella
neou
s m
anuf
actu
ring
indu
stri
es1,
196
2,69
212
51,
337
2,96
112
114
111
269
9
Who
lesa
le a
nd r
etai
l tra
de:
Who
lesa
le tr
ade
1,57
93,
213
103
1,71
83,
559
107
139
834
610
Ret
ail t
rade
and
aut
omob
ilese
rvic
e97
22,
185
125
1,07
62,
362
120
104
1017
77
Fina
nce,
insu
ranc
e, a
nd r
eal e
stat
e:B
anki
ng, c
redi
t age
ncie
s, a
ndco
mm
erci
al b
roke
rs2,
017
3,18
758
1,96
13,
243
65—
56—
356
2In
sura
nce
and
real
est
ate
1,57
42,
903
841,
473
2,70
684
—10
1—
7—
197
—7
Fran
spor
tatio
n:.
.-
Rai
lroad
s1,
617
3,19
998
1,87
73,
704
9726
014
505
14L
ocal
rai
lway
s, b
us li
nes,
and
hig
h-w
ay p
asse
nger
tran
spor
tatio
n1,
391
2,73
597
1,56
32,
960
8917
211
225
8H
ighw
ay f
reig
ht tr
ansp
orta
tion
and
war
ehou
ses
1,12
02,
757
146
1,27
12,
963
133
151
1220
67
Wat
er tr
ansp
orta
tion
1,25
93,
113
147
1,47
33,
938
167
214
1582
521
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E A
-2, c
oncl
uded
Com
mun
icat
ions
and
pub
lic u
tiliti
es:
Tel
epho
ne, t
eleg
raph
, and
re-
late
d se
rvic
esR
adio
bro
adca
stin
g an
d te
levi
sion
Util
ities
and
pub
lic s
ervi
ces
Serv
ices
:H
otel
s an
d ot
her
lodg
ing
plac
esPe
rson
al s
ervi
ces
Priv
ate
hous
ehol
dsE
duca
tiona
l ser
vice
s (i
nclu
ding
com
-m
erci
al tr
ade
scho
ols)
Bus
ines
s se
rvic
esM
isce
llane
ous
repa
ir s
ervi
ces
Mot
ion
pict
ures
, am
usem
ent,
and
recr
eatio
nM
edic
al a
nd o
ther
hea
lth s
ervi
ces
Leg
al, e
ngin
eeri
ng, a
nd o
ther
prof
essi
onal
ser
vice
Rel
igio
us o
rgan
izat
ions
and
non
-pr
ofit
orga
niza
tions
1,41
62,
484
751,
234
2,37
81,
599
3,27
310
51,
525
3,05
71,
000
2,51
315
11,
257
2,73
4
93—
182
—15
—10
610
0—
74—
5—
216
118
257
2022
1
CE
NSU
S
IND
UsT
RY
1939
OF 19
49POPU
LA
TIO
N a
Per
-ce
ntag
eIn
crea
se19
39
NA
TIO
NA
L I
NC
OM
ED
iVIS
ION
b
Per
-ce
ntag
e19
49In
crea
se
DIF
FER
EN
CE
:
1939
Abs
o- A
s%of
lute
NID
Nm
—C
EN
SUS
1949
Abs
o-lu
teA
s%of
Nm
Air
tran
spor
tatio
nPi
pe-l
ine
tran
spor
tatio
nSe
rvic
es a
llied
to tr
ansp
orta
tion
1,78
33,
862
1,57
93,
750
1,32
13,
028
117
2,26
73,
870
137
1,95
54,
172
129
1,12
72,
586
$1,5
742,
167
1,68
5
7148
421
113
376
1912
9—
194
—17
$2,8
104,
183
3,08
5
842
2—
442
79$1
,600
932,
261
831,
739
$2,9
074,
056
3,34
0
10—
17 3—
3 8
82$2
62
$97
7994
4—
127
9254
3•25
5
738
1,61
611
989
11,
817
104
153
1720
111
825
1,83
612
394
12,
038
117
116
1220
210
354
788
123
466
1,26
317
111
224
475
38
1,25
12,
385
911,
379
2,24
563
128
—9
—14
092
61,
970
113
907
1,99
512
0—
19—
225
1,74
13,
271
881,
301
2,74
711
1—
440
—34
—52
4—
19
'Der
ived
fro
m A
ppen
dix
Tab
le B
-4.
bD
eriv
edfr
om N
atio
nal I
ncom
e an
d Pr
oduc
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, 1
929—
1950
, Dep
t.
—4
—7 8
—6 1
1,32
72,
276
721,
183
2,24
990
—14
4—
12—
27—
1
of C
omm
erce
, 195
1, T
able
s 14
and
25.
CHANGES IN WAGE DISTRIBUTIONindustries, there was considerable improvement in the consistency ofthe results between 1939 and 1949. In all but four of the manufacturingindustries the percentage difference between the census and m averageswere reduced between 1939 and 1949. The lumber and apparel indus-tries, which showed the greatest relative differences among manufacturingindustries in 1949, were also among those, with the greatest relative dif-ferences in 1939. Similarly, the petroleum and coal industry, whichshowed the smallest relative difference in 1949, also showed the smallestrelative difference in 1939. The most striking changes in the relation-ships between the two series were found in transportation. In the auto-mobile manufacturing industry the percentage difference between thecensus and NID average was reduced from 20 per cent in 1939 to 10 percent in 1949 and in industries which manufactured transportation equip-ment other than automobiles the differential was reduced from 17 to 9per cent.
Among nonmanufacturing industries, there appears to be a wide varia-tion in the consistency of the results produced by the two series. Theestimates tended to be most consistent in the following industry groups:wholesale and retail trade; banking, insurance, and real estate; and com-munications and public utilities. Only two of the specific industries withinthese groups showed differences as great as 10 per cent in 1939 or 1949.The group of service industries was the only one in which the censusestimates were typically greater than rm ones. One-half of all industries inin which the census average exceeded NID one were in the service trades.The contract construction industry showed widely divergent averages inthe census and NID in 1939 and 1949. In 1939, the NID average was 24per cent greater than the census one, in 1949, 18 per cent greater. Thecensus and NID estimates for the mining industry also differed markedlyin 1939 and 1949. Within this group, only the crude petroleum andnatural gas production industry produced census and NID averages whichdid not differ significantly in 1939 or 1949. The averages for other min-ing industries ranged from a minimum of 10 per cent for metal mining in
• 1949 to a maximum of 27 per cent for coal mining in 1939. In transporta-tion, as in mining and construction, wide differences between the censusand NID estimates were typical.
381
Appendix B: Statistical Tables Relating to industries
Ior' e eoe dooeo e 000000oc000000oeeooeooeeoooooóocoeaoooe000dg
OOØ QQQO 0
4,
4 OOd4,.O4C 000.-..00N4,O ..oooodo."4..4,4,
C e N e ——-'-
I ::::::::: ::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::
—
4, 3
4,
14 N4,N4,NN 4,4,ONfl4,4,O8flOr4,O4,
I i
4, 4,N4,O
1 rt"aat
nnaneeannnnn wnnnnewnnnnv
annnmwannna anaaaaaaaan
Ii!!! S!IWIU!!UIilli !ilflli!!!!ilflH I5IIUhI!III
!flI!ilhI!III
$ IIItIU!I!!til !QI3flftI3t!!3U!ø!Ili !IWII3!I333II IIIUSIUliI
flIiUiIiUUiM IUIII!13!IU8!U!M55II3UUIU I!QgBli!SU5Q SIBIBMIMItrniinnnnsnrnanauinsiananuinnna annrninnn.,nn,,av
33833:312!a fl3flU 2l22flSs:aa: US3fl2!3!iflS
siD:aaa;3nn ! %fl
a;;i;ana ;;;;nnsiesuiwitflt.aaaa
a aae—aauaaxnn W$SS$*$$flid4 ft
1k a 3aa:aa:Dfl aa aI14 aaaaz
aaa aaa ;1a;:aaaa 3:aM;na pna:aaua'
La a: a:2a: UI 52222322UM3 :$:::UUflurats u:aa:::a::a;an:::: ;::::aaaa:a: ::s::::u
iii? atnaat.t,u.ant,tnnts anatsnnaeaavun fltflatVSttbs"uplhiI
1, 'I i i,
ii4 I*hiili iI! tii
ddddddddflddflflfl ftfl
Lta
ag
1
—. OOO*OQOOQOQQQOO QO OOO .- Cdoo dooo ädd ooo ddooo Odo
--.-.-.-'-'
'q'q
d—c4.- ootn .
.-1
.3.1.34.3 d dddfldfldflddflfldd4444fl4dOdd44dflI fli 9001 !li!!I00110 10011 119ff 11!111110011!!ffI
'ILi !!!f! 19! 10!!! 1011000! !0!!ilH!1100011!Its 1011131911 !!!1!11!0!!!il!01!!0!0ui0110001!!!!!
$IIs I "P 1113!! gnI!;g!!;;!!!!!Ign!!!ang!;!;g;!;!!gg
I "II I!!!! I I!!!! I!!!iIfl !;1I!!!!!!U!!!!!!hødik Ifl! 1Ift!U !1!!g!!!!!!!I1!!1Wtfl!I!!!P!i!!!I!!k Iligg I
lila 3821121831 L3àI3IIIIIII33i33I?3J3IIIII3II3333I33IIfl3
t'la 81131132fl33113111111333n1313311131131!3;3flIaan
it 3;Il8I23I 3;3213131131t1331fl133111i11SLa3tl3233flz113 2221 31 a 323 I 133fl8 I333 13283;233fl222322 1813233333
III I8 8 33313 I33 13333333 13323333833333fl;;133333;U
2 2211 2D223 883 l238 I 13388283 I8388fl3a333833283n833 t
I t4 2 23I 232 2 282a#3fl2212Unia8323323*8!
I lie a I aflfl a 33232 3332:3R821a";: a
a ;aaaann;a;nnnaanaannaananaaa a' an:; a ann;maanaaaaflnnaaa;apa su; "aba a ;aaa;a;an2n2anaanaaaaaana
tale a flu a a2fla;;;fl::;3aaflfl:;n;afllie a ma :an a
U!Je
I ì I ti !ialij
.1.3.144 4Sddg d
O0000O0O0000CQ00?00OQOQ0 000Q0000O000O0 000000000000000
00000,00000000000000000 00 0000 0000000000000 000000000000000
NN0N
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN00C4NoN...oN NNNNN N0000 N NONNNN 0 NNNNNNNNNNNONN
0000-.0-OONNO-00000NOO-0N0 0000NOO NNO..00..O .-.00000N00 - 0
tll—tt—t.-.-t0--I- IloNIt1Itt- t0N'I0IN itOO0
Ie0I0OIQ000IIo0O0III.IdIIoHI0I0ceOdI0
kIt IIkI I
I I I II2 I IN
d—QOQQOOQNNO-.CII-.I- I°°
0N0OqON0O0oNo000000000000O0 N0000 00 0
t0o0NNNq
IN000N0N0iroq
rIN0I0N0 .eje44Q0JOOOQO 0000
r' i"i00 000000 0000
I
j
0OQoN0'0O00.
I
ON 0000 ON NOON 000
00 NO ONON
0NN0000
002N0N000-.O0 0 0 00 — — 00. 00 . —
ItlI.'.--i11-iI1-od0IdIdIIlIdj.I0I00do000o1I IIHdo0c0000000lI0N0C0N.-l 1 1i111111 -i°N 00'O 0. 0ON i-°0odoeocdood 1 1°°°° e0oo Doco QQo0 0
— N 10 .10 'Cr100 .l.rl Ol'00 N 00r4 1100.00 0.N.C)Ijjd i I I Ic I I°° doo I I k dQo odorIO VI0tl00000'C 1 1'C11"i 'C*•'C .l-O I oo-0 01101-i OI0b.t-.00'qeooooodd I 10000 00 ooo I ooo -'ooo 0000 O0..0•-i l1irio 111.-iooiyiN'C 11111 'C'I'C 0.1-!OS0..i -I I 'o-.o'q 11C—1b0 0oOO I0o00Q0 00 oeeo 0-'oQ oodo .'OcIOO 00o0
0000''00I r4oeoq N00'000OhiQ0000-.oO.O0eodoOo0d 0000 —NQ Occ00 .'.NoO 00000
0000 0001-10 o-io ioO 00000
Cl00O0 01-1000000 'CO 11-I00 0000 0001-I —0.0-1-
'COON 001-'C C-00 000.0 000lOCIOlOOl0OIIQ11 'OC
i2 000 01010 CIP.00 0000.
01-111 1 1 00 1-. 1-. 0 0I,--.OO rIONCIO N1-iIr-0 0000 '0110 1-'0C
*000.l00 .-ioi--ii Cq-I.-0N..q_0g0. '0'01--
00000101.00. 1-1-100 0C-C ONOr1I000 .'0.00 0000
0O 01CI 1I30O 000 I COO11)i 00 00110 1-01.00 10C0 0000 000O 0)C0.-C o,-oooooooodoooo0o 0000 0000d -ici..-,.. eo—c
L-C Q00000000000Q0000 0000 00000 00000 0000 00000 0000
fl1
0l'CC0l.00N N130 '00 00.N t-0- 0.'00 000 0I1-008O1-LC0C000t't'000 00 0.0 0000) 010. IC0
O 0
8001
0 0
I
I
IC
2
II
II0-8
I
8
!IIII C
000000001100.10000000000000000I1000000000000
.Nr} OmaYmma r— OOO QQOmaO Q OOma.,
cirlalo C)øNm )
am -m-—N 'maO r
t eo ama 0maaI ma 4m4ma ma a-mama— macimama
a- m-macq qmoc mma mamamama ma e—rcicioQO
0 maamN c C e-mar-v1aoaó edrcma alma ma ONmawamacQma
ma uma-ma o —a-ma .amamar. omaocooo a- —mhmmamamaocici
i "- ma—amama—N d—mamamama
mama maaaqqmjqm01 ma-m0Qlma oomar'qrqma mama N0lj.".al0mammrm
1 CNmamN00ma0m0ma Nmamamamavamama mara-mamamav'o
mao oo-.o4..m..mamQ..mmm
.*
* 0**
ma
a 0 mama ma
Rmamama—
01
ma g:maS maNmaO4,
'4
amc0 4
00o —
o 000000000
00000 0 oáó000000N—ma-. ma *maao*maoa-
maci—ma-. ma maNma0m-
mamamaoma ma maomaomama
ma ma ma. ma ma aama—ma ma maoma mamaalmamama
0 maoomamamamamamamamama-.maNmarlma ooädooO omaoomamaomamamaooooeooeoo
0
00jm0ajt statataN N N ci 0 N N ma Na_N ci— ma ma mama .ma mama 08omam-mama
- mamamamaeplema 0mm-mN...oNmaQ
mama 01 a- ma 0) 0) 0-0 ma 0)ma
01C
a- maa1oa-m-a-cooma
;; ;:;::::::;:.;:;
—
a 0ma
a,
a,
a,
ma ma ma ma00a0O0oN NO 0 ma maatma
a-ON N ma ma
a ma N ma N N
ma ma a- ma ma ma
a-cO ON
a_a-a-ma mao. Nel N
ma ma mao ma
0) mm. 010 0- 0)ma alma aa ma
a- ma ma a — ma
Ia 01 ma ma mamamaca— -.
001 ci ma 0- ma
ma-ma ma mao. *
mt—0mat-
-0)-
ma—el
Ia ma ma mamama-i ma ma ma
GoalIi a_N mama
Omm.mamar-0.—4.oeo
£1
F
ma oqma—.m 0) 0-mamaP ma ma—ma ma ). — ma ma a. am . — a- ma c-c .. a ma ma
aS amq0) ma- mama mama ma ma ma — em oN e 000 ma ma mae mama
ma a-e-qma —q0)' 0) mam-aj.q.qmamam-c a-a-coo a) ma mamamamama..mamamamaaoa'. 0
ma mm.OlOlmm. ma—maNe. 0 maae)Os 00N .- 00 mama a.mao000maom-.
a_boo omamao.ma 0 cioma—amaCoci- dga emazmaa. ma'q0)0 elma'ca0q mm) m-c-mae.qma jma acialmama 00
ma .aV)Omma *ma000 0) ma—oa.mamaeomaaa.ma.mama4—mamaema.-..-..-.o
a-. ma— Cl—— .- a_m—Na*.Nmama—
.
Li 1i5o<
I-.OC.maO .. o4 eor a mmp
N C4 Ci NN Na-I al N ci mama ma ma ma ma ma ma mama ma 4 ma ma ma ma
fldgj ddfl ddddflflddflH!HHliuIll!gIfl H!HHH! HH!!liHflh!HH
!fl! H!001111IUU!H IflSI!! !Hifl!Hil!HIfl! HIlli !H!HilflUilHHS OHHHH ilH!!I!!!!HH!3 HM!! !SQM!S !!I!!!!!M !!MQ !ft1!!! !!!!QM!!!!!I!!! !!M!!c!c! !!N!!! i!iflD! !i
!E3!!P!!5!!! Q!!!! !3!;;aIc!øI!!;!!;ass UEflUZziflfli U
2235 2223338Rfl52225 2533232222 ssutaaaa2flusa2 23
2:aa S I2fl35325225 :;;a;:n:a aa a;
!4gh5 a; 2ss25pn2s2;sn ;aaaaa 2222223 P3222D2a3w ana a aa22aaa :2au ;2aapaaa#asaaaa;;;
a:a :as:s: p14s Da22aaa21$ 2saaa;aa s:a2paa:nsss:a ;a
:sspg;;; fl145 ssnssaaa: 52;nasa;2a2#ua aI4 22 252 2235!25325 35525252 525 flD58522228 8
i4 fltaaatfltteaNn'!tflfl p222322253 a:s;22#523252323 8li 2222 2223282fl2#*R3Ifl3*3flflflfl IN!IlhIfl'2sa'su1! p1
I II at I
1! ;i q jil ii• 1h I
I 1tLtiiii Iflddd ddddWfldddflflddfld flfldfld ddddflddddddddflfl fl
o5.o ..4,f04sd i-zoo680550 0005
d0Co000000.-,000O0o000 0000 00
ddoooeocooooooooooooo 0000 005.99 !9
dddddddddddddddddddd04 04040404 0404
08000005000'0.00.0.05005050000500 6)0)00-000
0s5004N0.00005050040.05004"00500°S'aN50 '0000505 0050
00800 0560
06
05005
4404
9 00
a
005
445-
00
0005
03 03
68 6800
C03 03
03
9
03 33
05 03
00
03 03
as05
as 3304
0000 ..o00
odd 04040404
040404 04040404
00)0.00
040000 00.06000.O0) 500C 055.
Os—SN 000s-odd 0000
C900 sqClO.Clos044
:1 04d4
000 r—'aoq05 ..o 04 04 00 054 0
0- Cl5000 '408000
04000 oqclO-7a'das 0000000
oo4d c4o-oâ-4
o N00704sqOs50'4 0450006)
sqoqoq .7—5.0404
sqos- cssqsqq
0'46007 o.7050404
'0404o0.0-4 0500
osPoqs-j '00-0-000) 00'0)000
00004oso4 r450C)04
o *0.-sO *000.,. 00*0
dd ddd04 oddd
0000000000000001 0000600 000505004 N0I0P0505 'tQ5 r'50 05C50,
560 O5.005.-5.0t0 04 05.05 0j00 00 01 04 00 0 05 Cl 0 0) 4)01 00 Cl
6)050500.0500-60000000500 0'0450 05.00 05010- 00050
9
Cs') .0070q.-7 0q-qb 0lN0qo .oooo0-. 0)0)040104 ooo4.
04040-5.04 t3•070. 04'a050400-0004 0-0)04500 N0l&800
04 000007 C074q050-07 oosc00 665000040050500050 050000
'0407000 050 N.-0 070400-4
sqNOooo 06040550-00 oqsqoq04O 0000000 000000000 '400000
Cl Nqe4sq 04'05-5.040q .040600070q00 0005000 50050600 0-0000
0. .0000050 5-0050000 o'Osq sq o—'7 -osóo-Z 0-s1040404 000005
0. 00030004 N0005550-04 00000001 5150N00 0004000050 0)00500
0000705. 5-00500404 Cloqoqoq04 o4'7aoo 00-s5.dosoo 05040)05
o 5000000-. 0050.00-400 0404000704 .-4,oo5.o.o 00404*04 004000
00 .'5000060 oqosso-s000os 0Cl04SD
Cl oo'0sq sq'qsq'0405 'q°'i-00000500 00-000000
04 o.0—SOoq cor.sqs-s sqOsqClo64 *0500-.
00 0056004 005.4003 040095054 0400)0 ..4....-4.4
044
44
.44
44
00500550..0N000000000003000004N..00000060.04040 010400 0) 00 00 0000 00000 06
—04000505 000 soS on 0500.4 0000 c600. 4)050
05000000000 N 0000000005
000.s 050500 000000000000N03 0.0 00505 00 04 00 5000)04050055000050000000 N 0)00-400)0
00 '0 00 03 505 00 0.0 00 005 0 0-050ooo-. 000005-006805500°'00050000' 00 N
040050.-S0°O'aSD'4050-00.0000000-000005°0so a. s-4d0000goasoNN0500o-.o-0o-ooo.
00.0)50000000 0000 Na. 0005000 0 0) 05 0
0705 0404 007 sq5.05 0704 0 Sq 05 sq0504507504 '04.-50000.-0000.s0'0 000-00
000000004 .-0 0 0 04 .' 00 0-050-N . 000 05000 50
605-5. Sq 05.01007 - sq so 05.0 - 0 07 007 sq q—o 07
00400N500N005005050000Co0. 005000
.4o5000040707—040040404--5.04007007Sq0-5.Sqsq
0407 sq sq S's oq 05 05 0- sq 0 007
0055 04000000 0000)04*00 000)0104 (500 000 05) 00005
0-.6'a000'a00005600000'400000*b5304 0 04 06 000 .-O C) 00 .0 0 C') 0 0)0'a 0 0) 00 505
C.o-.oqoo 505560*0
000000.0550505—'4050,4 'ass
04-5.0S0q 040°-°'5-00 0000
sqsq-40-7 5.0q0000060 050-.
0050500-0
'a sq 'o55. 0 . 0500005 0050
o-O•4"aOq 05.007
0500000 b10404o-ooo 000
P-0-.o 000006000
0000005,0 00000000— 0404
500000000050-005005050000N500.00040. 0500000.0.00000 050004 Sb 680000 0000.0 'aCOC*0s0s040s-0000-0000050000 0-0400405050 4440 5050 99 99440-s 050000
.0- I5, .7I
44 '44 •00oo44 -5-. •4444.si
co44c44..
00 0.
I!
fl522*
LESLIE I
31.111211312833112222
a 1111311228232133323
a III! 52331 2232Jl2222
8 IIII1#522$32128353
!22321n322n88252223
8328 IPfl S 822388283
:fl21 2221125fl5388
8 5821 i822 a
2 I anaa; aaaauaa I L22 22221 35283 2 nanun
29221 22329ilaa fl2 115823 3 22238213
328222 22232882
tan i5suna ':'-fl I
WIffIEIqEEILliaEUEliEU ELEELUU
3 2331 $21 1333113233332123
8 3233$ 18331812332332312
8 81822832335313332223323
2 8382228822223333828323
88522288222853322352
3 388S5282383228328552! 1V
9
2
2
2 222
' 9 8 2925 aaaaaflflSaaSana9afl2 522588522322528232855
8
.2 .2.14.1 d.1ddg ldflfl I! !N' 1111!! 111111!!! !13111 !lHHhIHHHliHl!HI 13' NiH I !HNHIB 11111 1 iIilH!HHHHHHHIII HI' IN!!! !ilHO13 110111 !I!li!!Hh!!!!il!1il!
LEE I I maans UUEE ! LLUILLLIEMLUUEEMU
PM' !!!!IpI!EaLEELI $ S!'! I
ISILI LULLS IUIIUIIe
I;IlK14€
IRS
js
I
! •'j
4€
J
SIB
4sSIB
2kIa
B
S $3322
Il3338$2$22
53532
233222
82333
238835
flaaflninaanna
#22232
822551
832222
I iLI ji!flnu j
a .2.24.1 ddWij ddddt d ddfldddflddd4fl4dfl
¶
h0**3 *3
*3 *3
*3
8'3
c '3Ncq'3 *3NNNOW*'3
h .. qo
'1 °.N'*3 * N 3NNN N N N Ng 'N N0q0...0 *3Nc*3 NN
°- "'i00*3 33'- N ONNNNNNN*V*NNNNNCI.3...
00 0000000000000000000
00 0000000000000000C0
o00NO
0*0r.. qc.N NO oc
I?" I I0'o 1Q00 I I0000Q000QQ
iI I INI.NN.iI°°I I IQIdooeoo0QIoe I I Ie ejeooONP.01 II 10100010000_*000
o00QQQQQQQQQo0r*...oo
—00
0
•*0
*00
OOQ0000000 0Q0äö-0OQQO000OQ0d óoo
0000000000 000000000000000000 O00N*0*O0*0 *0*00N 00
NNN*1**0000000000 000000000000000000 000v*'0t'0*0*NN 0*3*0
*00fl.*N 0*0000*0**00O0NNV**0 0*0*CNQ*NNO* N't* o.-*oN*0
0N*3v**S SSSS.1tL 'CO"
NN.ñ0*0ØO 0*N0"0'0**0*0*03r*r* oeo*o*o0* 180*i
Q**QJl.IQ0QOQIQI..4..IQQQ00QQQQQQ
ocqo* Iv-' I ie *ootoI t I t e00001001 100 I I— I j.—.00.000*.. 000
t-0 I*3e$*.——-. .flqor too oqo't t%q..viv* IN0' 0*00
qe—i° —e''3Q*0NQ0N. .00*rn 0a0**lNNr4 to*o
e--° e.eeeor 0l0)
)enNoooNeb.OvNotc*er*oqeriri eo.0o * I000000)*000*0 O0)N'°° ee" oo-.*O**00NNU*0O*'0 *O0P-ø00t.0)..0
I °°'°°-ON'ofloq oN,)p 0ie4001 e* *aoo.
*0N1e4OO* '3e-!03*3*3NO0* e-".°i tN* )O'0.1 t8N0)...0*O*Or*INI *000*
P*O0
II
2% H"
I 1111 11111
I 3133111!!
1111331331
flU! Nfl! 110S EMI 313133333
13W 335!!!!!!15211 OUR §133
S 11110111 flU
pin
1ff ffffdddlllff 11111 111111 1ff ff11
131131111! 0330!!3!111!!!!fl!il!1fl1 13111111! 1111
1!!!UU!!I!!flil!!! 11111! 111!!!!UHUSRUIIUEIIUI 333113 01 flU
23111233311fl3313311 3331 §3 §31 lø
RUSdPERUURRUIII E3i 13 iflOU
on as unan
lss;iaiiisaiisinsnsnsin: issanna inn sa: anan ian::; ii;: inns an; a
55
anasass'sup u
S21 iiaa
iaaiai
si:aisanun san
in: san
saisansa snu
a ann
a ann sans nun
a anna nasa sun:
* nasa nasa spas
a nanasun; aaa an nsa anaa
a spa nasa aa;sannn;apsaan;aap aaa
aaasna;aapnnaaaa aaa anuaanan;auna aaaa anaaaanaaaa;aaanaa snn ;a
n2aawaaaasaaasaa nsaass as
anus an
aas nan5D5
aaa aaaau-naa'a ans anan n
nasa
aaaa ann nâI 2fl ann asaa asaaa maa ana na nun nan
U
II
TA
BL
E B
-3
Perc
enta
ge o
f T
otal
Wag
e In
com
e R
ecei
ved
by E
ach
Fift
h of
Wag
e W
orke
rs, b
y In
dust
ry a
nd b
y Se
x, 1
939
and
1949
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
PAR
T I
3.8
9.8
16.2
23.3
46.6
5.1
10.6
14.9
20.8
48.3
5.2
10.6
15.2
20.9
47.9
4.1
8.5
9.9
20.1
57.2
4.9
9.2
15.3
24.8
45.6
5.7
11.7
17.5
23.4
41.6
5.9
13.0
18.6
23.2
39.0
6.3
13.2
18.5
23.8
38.0
5.7
13.8
19.6
22.1
38.5
5.2
11.0
16.3
23.3
43.9
4.7
10.2
16.1
24.1
44.6
5.1
11.5
16.9
22.4
43.9
5.2
11.9
17.6
22.9
42.2
5.4
10.0
15.2
22.9
46.2
5.3
9.6
15.5
23.5
45.9
5.6
10.2
15.3
22.8
45.8
5.4
11.2
16.0
22.4
44.8
6.4
12.3
16.2
22.5
42.4
5.9
12.4
16.6
21.7
43.1
6.6
12.7
17.1
21.8
41.5
6.0
12.2
16.2
21.3
44.0
6.5
12.2
16.5
21.9
42.7
6.8
13.8
18.4
22.2
38.6
5.6
11.8
16.3
21.4
44.7
6.2
13.0
17.6
22.3
40.6
6.2
12.9
17.5
22.3
40.9
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
MA
LE
S5.
213
.318
.223
.339
.81.
4.0
9.6
15.4
24.3
46.5
2.4.
19.
515
.424
.546
.23.
4.3
8.9
14.2
25.9
46.4
4.4.
19.
716
.523
.945
.65.
7.2
14.6
18.2
23.2
36.5
6.8.
915
.719
.322
.233
.57.
7.2
15.6
18.7
22.8
35.4
8.7.
615
.519
.122
.135
.49.
6.8
14.2
18.4
23.2
37.2
10.
5.2
12.4
18.3
24.7
39.1
11.
6.8
14.3
18.7
22.3
37.7
12.
7.1
14.7
19.0
22.3
36.7
13.
4.6
10.5
16.2
24.8
43.7
14.
3.9
9.2
15.4
24.5
46.7
15.
4.7
10.6
16.2
24.8
43.4
16.
5.9
12.7
17.7
23.0
40.4
17.
6.4
13.5
18.3
23.2
38.4
18.
7.6
14.4
18.3
22.6
36.8
19.
7.6
14.8
18.6
22.5
36.3
20.
7.4
14.8
18.9
22.8
35.8
21.
7.5
14.7
V
18.1
22.4
37.1
22.
8.4
14.8
18.8
23.1
34.6
23.
7.8
14.2
18.0
21.3
38.5
24.
8.8
15.3
18.5
21.7
35.5
25.
8.9
15.4
18.6
21.7
352
26.
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
h
1939
Mid
dle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
h
1949
Mid
dle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
1. T
otal
V
2.A
gric
ultu
re, f
ores
try,
& f
ishe
ries
3.A
gric
ultu
re4.
Fore
stry
5.Fi
sher
ies
Min
ing,
ext
ract
., &
qua
rry.
Met
als
Coa
lV
Cru
depe
trol
eum
& n
at!.
gas
Non
met
als,
exc
. fue
lC
onst
ruct
ion
Man
ufac
turi
ngD
urab
le g
oods
Lum
ber
& w
ood
prod
., cx
c. f
urn.
V
Logg
ing
V
Saw
&.p
!ani
ng m
ills,
& m
ill w
ork
Mis
c. w
ood
prod
.Fu
rnitu
re &
fix
ture
sSt
one,
cla
y, &
gla
ss p
rod.
Gla
ss &
gla
ss p
rod.
Cem
ent,
conc
rete
, gyp
sum
, & p
last
er p
rod.
Stru
ctur
al c
lay
prod
.V
Pot
tery
& r
ë!. p
rod.
Mis
c. n
onm
et. m
m. &
sto
ne p
rod.
Met
al in
dust
ries
Iron
& s
teel
& th
eir
prod
.
Bla
st f
urn.
, ste
el w
ks.,
& r
oll.
mill
s0t
h. p
rim
, iro
n, s
teel
, & f
ab. s
teel
pro
d.N
onfe
rrou
s m
etal
s &
thei
r pr
od.
Not
spe
c. m
etal
md.
Mac
hine
ry, e
xc. e
lec.
Agr
i. m
ach.
& tr
acto
rsO
ffic
e &
sto
re m
ach.
& d
evic
esM
isc.
mac
h.E
lect
rica
l mac
hine
ry, e
quip
., &
sup
p.T
rans
port
atio
n eq
uip.
Mot
or v
ehic
les
& m
otor
veh
. equ
ip.
Air
craf
t & p
arts
Ship
& b
oat b
ldg.
& r
epai
r.R
ailr
oad
& m
isc.
tran
sp. e
quip
.O
ther
dur
able
goo
dsPr
ofes
sion
al &
pho
to. e
quip
. & s
upp.
Wat
ches
, clo
cks,
& m
isc.
mfg
. md.
Non
dura
ble
good
sFo
od &
kin
dred
pro
d.M
eat p
rod.
Dai
ry p
rod.
Can
. & p
rese
rv. f
ruit,
veg
. & s
ea f
ood
Gra
in m
ill p
rod.
Bak
ery
prod
.C
onfe
ctio
nery
& r
el. p
rod.
Bev
erag
e hi
d.M
isc.
foo
d pr
ep. &
not
spe
c. f
ood
md.
Tob
acco
man
ufac
ture
sT
extil
e m
ill p
rod.
Kni
tting
mill
s -
Dye
ing
& f
in. t
ex. e
xc. k
nit g
oods
6.2
13.4
17.8
22.8
39.6
6.1
12.3
17.2
21.7
42.4
6.4
13.7
17.8
21.6
40.3
5.3
11.6
16.2
20.7
46.0
6.1
13.0
17.2
21.8
41.7
7.1
14.2
18.5
23.0
37.0
7.0
13.0
16.7
21.7
41.4
6.0
12.8
16.9
21.7
42.4
5.6
12.3
16:3
21.6
44.0
6.6
13.8
18.8
23.2
37.4
7.2
14.4
18.7
22.8
36.6
5.6
12.5
17.8
23.3
40.4
6.2
13.2
18.8
24.6
37.0
5.0
11.1
16.6
23.0
44.1
5.3
11.4
16.4
21.8
44.9
6.5
12.8
16.9
22.1
41.4
5.1
11.5
16.0
21.4
45.8
5.1
11.2
16.2
22.1
45.1
5.5
12.4
17.4
22.5
42.0
6.9
14.3
17.8
21.8
39.0
6.0
12.9
17.3
22.5
41.0
4.2
8.7
14.8
22.3
49.9
5.4
11.7
16.3
21.5
44.9
6.5
13.8
18.2
23.5
37.7
4.9
11.4
16.5
21.3
45.6
5.6
12.1
17.3
22.6
42.2
4.7
10.5
16.4
21.9
46.2
4.8
10.3
14.6
21.8
48.2
6.5
12.2
15.3
20.5
45.2
6.0
11.7
16.3
22.3
43.5
6.6
12.5
16.1
21.2
43.3
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
10.2
15.8
18.5
21.4
33.8
27.
7.9
15.0
18.5
21.8
36.6
28.
8.3
15.2
18.6
21.8
35.9
29.
6.5
12.9
16.6
20.9
42.9
30.
8.6
14.9
18.3
21.4
36.5
31.
9.7
16.2
19.2
21.8
32.9
32.
8.5
14.4
17.9
21.2
37.8
33.
8.6
14.9
18.3
21.3
36.7
34.
8.2
14.7
18.1
21.5
37.3
35.
9.2
15.9
19.2
21.8
33.7
36.
9.3
16.0
19.2
21.6
33.6
37.
9.6
16.2
18.6
21.9
33.3
38.
8.1
15.8
19.8
22.8
33.3
39.
9.5
15.6
19.0
21.7
33.9
40.
6.8
13.8
18.0
21.7
39.5
41.
.8.5
14.4
17.8
21.6
37.5
42.
6.5
13.6
17.8
22.2
39.6
43.
6.4
13.4
18.1
22.1
39.7
44.
6.9
14.3
19.0
22.8
36.7
45.
8.1
15.5
18.9
22.4
34.9
46.
7.2
14.6
19.2
22.8
36.0
47.
4.6
12.0
18.2
24.1
40.8
48.
7.0
13.9
17.7
22.6
38.6
49.
7.0
14.9
19.1
23.2
35.6
50.
6.4
13.6
17.3
21.7
40.8
51.
7.2
14.9
19.1
22.2
36.4
52.
6.9
13.6
18.1
22.5
38.6
53.
5.9
13.0
17.4
22.1
41.3
54.
7.6
14.3
17.4
21.7
38.8
55.
6.6
12.9
17.0
23.0
40.2
56.
7.8
14.4
17.3
20.5
39.8
57.
TA
BL
E B
-3, m
ales
, -co
ntin
ued
Low
est
1939
1949
Seco
ndM
iddl
eFo
urth
Hig
hest
Low
est
Seco
ndM
iddl
eFo
urth
Hig
hest
Fift
hFi
fth
Fift
hFi
fth
Fift
hFi
fth
Fift
hFi
fth
Fift
hFi
fth
INDUSTRy
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
TA
BL
E B
-3, m
ales
, con
tinue
d
1939
1949
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
hM
iddl
eFi
fth
Four
thFi
fth
Hig
hest
Fift
hL
owes
tFi
lthSe
cond
Fift
hM
iddl
eFi
fth
Four
thFi
fth
Hig
hest
Fift
hIN
ousm
y(1
)(2
)(3
)(4
)(5
)(6
)(7
)(8
)(9
)(1
0)
•58
.59
.C
arpe
ts, r
ugs,
& o
th. f
loor
coy
.Y
arn,
thre
ad, &
fab
ric
mill
s7.
16.
812
.712
.716
.915
.420
.920
.442
.144
.58.
77.
714
.714
.518
.117
.521
.322
.036
.938
.158
.59
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
.65
.
Mis
c. te
x. m
ill p
rod.
App
arel
& o
th. f
ab. t
ex. p
rod.
App
arel
& a
cces
s.M
isc.
fab
. tex
. pro
d.Pa
per
& a
ll, p
rod.
Pulp
, pap
er, &
pap
erbo
ard
mill
s
5.7
5.3
5.4
4.3 6.4
6.8
11.7
10.8
10.9
9.8
12.8
13.4
16.0
15.4
15.4
14.6
16.6
17.0
20.7
21.7
21.7
20.7
20.7
20.8
45.6
46.5
46.3
50.3
43.2
41.7
7.3
6.1
6.1
6.3 8.0
8.6
13.8
12.5
12.3
14.0
14.9
15.5
17.3
16.4
16.4
17.4
18.4
18.7
21.4
21.7
21.5
22.5
21.8
22.0
40.0
43.0
43.4
39.6
36.8
34.9
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
Pape
rboa
rd c
ont.
& b
oxes
5.3
11.5
15.6
20.1
47.2
7.1
13.7
18.0
22.0
39.0
66.
67.
Mis
c. p
aper
& p
ulp
prod
.5.
711
.915
.120
.346
.77.
814
.217
.621
.239
.067
.68
.Pr
intin
g, p
ubi.,
& a
ll. m
d.3.
510
.516
.423
.446
.02.
611
.818
.124
.343
.068
.69
.C
hem
ical
s &
all.
pro
d.4.
811
.316
.020
.647
.17.
614
.117
.621
.239
.369
.70
.Sy
nthe
tic f
iber
s8.
514
.918
.221
.536
.610
.316
.419
.021
.232
.870
.71
.72
.73
.74
.
Pain
ts, y
arn.
, & r
el. p
rod.
Dru
gs, m
ed.,
& m
isc.
che
m. &
all.
pro
d.Pe
trol
eum
& c
oal p
rod.
Petr
o. r
efin
ing
6.2
4.3
7.3
7.9
11.9
10.8
13.7
14.0
14.8
16.0
17.6
17.6
19.4
21.1
20.9
20.8
47.5
47.6
40.3
39.4
7.8
7.4
9.4
9.9
14.3
13.9
15.5
15.7
17.4
17.5
18.4
18.3
20.4
21.4
21.0
20.6
39.9
39.6
35.4
35.2
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
Mis
c. p
etro
. & c
oal p
rod.
Rub
ber
prod
.6.
06.
612
.013
.116
.817
.421
.021
.843
.940
.98.
59.
515
.115
.518
.418
.821
.021
.536
.834
.475
.76
.77
.78
.L
eath
er &
leat
her
prod
.L
eath
er: t
anne
d, c
urri
ed, &
fin
.6.
28.
012
.014
.016
.818
.121
.321
.943
.437
.77.
08.
514
.314
.717
.918
.222
.321
.638
.336
.777
.78
.79
.Fo
otw
ear,
exc
. rub
ber.
6.3
12.3
16.4
21.4
43.4
6.9
14.0
17.8
22.4
38.6
79.
80.
Lea
ther
pro
d., e
xc. f
ootw
ear
4.9
10.5
15.4
20.3
48.7
6.4
13.3
17.5
21.7
40.9
80.
81.
Not
spe
c. m
fg m
d.5.
211
.616
.621
.544
.86.
013
.017
.321
.242
.381
.82
.83
.T
rans
port
atio
n, c
omm
un.,
& o
th. p
ub. u
til.
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
5.7
5.7
12.5
12.3
18.1
18.2
23.9
24.0
39.6
39.5
7.8
7.6
15.4
15.4
19.4
19.5
22.8
22.8
34.4
34.4
82.
83.
84.
85.
Rai
lroa
ds &
rai
lway
exp
. ser
v.St
. rai
lway
s &
bus
line
s6.
49.
213
.116
.518
.620
.024
.022
.637
.631
.59.
29.
215
.717
.019
.620
.622
.922
.632
.430
.384
.85
.86
.87
.T
ruck
ing
serv
.-
War
ehou
sing
& s
tora
ge4.
94.
411
.210
.517
.816
.924
.624
.641
.243
.46.
26.
614
.415
.020
.119
.224
.123
.434
.935
.686
.87
.co
ntin
ued
on n
ext p
age
No
brea
kdow
n av
aila
ble
for
who
lesa
le tr
ade
for
1939
.
TA
BL
E B
-3, m
ales
, con
tinue
d
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
Tax
icab
ser
v.
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
h
1939
Middle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
h
1949
Middle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
IND
UsT
RY
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
Wat
er tr
ansp
.A
ir tr
ansp
.Pe
tro.
& g
as. p
ipe
lines
Serv
. inc
id. t
o tr
ansp
.T
elec
omm
unic
atio
ns
7.1
5.2
4.4
5.3
4.9
4.7
13.8
10.6
10.8
14.2
12.4
12.5
18.0
15.8
15.9
21.4
18.1
18.3
23.7
23.2
21.3
23.9
23.5
22.9
37.1
44.9
47.3
34.9
40.8
41.3
6.7
6.0
7.7
8.5
6.8
8.4
14.6
12.9
13.2
16.6
14.0
14.7
19.9
17.8
16.5
20.0
18.1
18.2
24.2
22.6
20.1
22.4
21.4
22.7
34.4
40.4
42.2
32.3
39.3
35.7
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
Tel
epho
ne, w
ire
& r
adio
Tel
egra
ph, w
ire
& r
adio
Util
ities
& s
anita
ry s
erv.
Ele
c. li
ght,
pow
er, g
as, &
oth
. util
.G
as &
ste
am s
uppl
y sy
stem
sW
ater
sup
ply
& s
an. s
erv.
6.7
3.2
7.0
7.8
7.5
6.3
13.4
8.7
14.2
14.3
14.8
13.6
17.8
16.8
18.6
18.1
18.6
19.3
23.2
26.0
22.2
21.9
21.7
24.4
38.7
45.1
37.7
37.6
37.0
36.1
9.0
4.5
8.4
9.0
9.3
7.6
14.8
14.2
15.4
15.2
15.7
15.7
18.0
20.3
19.1
18.9
19.2
19.7
22.6
25.1
22.5
22.6
21.9
23.7
35.5
35.6
34.4
34.0
33.6
32.9
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
Who
lesa
le &
ret
ail t
rade
4.5
10.7
16.3
22.6
45.7
4.8
12.4
17.3
22.9
42.4
100.
101.
Who
lesa
le tr
ade
4.8
10.6
15.4
21.6
47.4
6.1
12.6
16.8
21.1
43.1
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
Mot
or v
ehic
les
& e
quip
.D
rugs
, che
m.,
& a
ll. p
rod.
Dry
goo
ds &
app
arel
Food
& r
el. p
rod.
Ele
c. g
oods
, har
dwar
e, &
plu
mb.
equ
ip.
Mac
hine
ry, e
quip
., &
sup
p.Pe
tro.
pro
d.Fa
rm p
rod.
& r
aw m
ater
ials
.7.5
6.9
5.1
6.3
7.0
6.8
7.9
5.6
13.8
13.0
10.2
13.6
13.0
12.4
13.6
12.7
17.5
16.8
14.0
18.6
16.4
16.3
17.5
16.4
21.5
21.7
20.0
22.7
20.6
20.6
21.1
21.1
39.5
41.3
50.5
38.5
42.7
43.7
39.7
44.0
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
Mis
c. w
hole
sale
5.4
11.6
16.2
20.6
45.9
110.
111.
112.
Not
spe
c. w
hole
sale
Ret
ail t
rade
, sto
res
4.6
11.0
17.2
23.4
43.5
5.6
4.5
11.5
12.2
15.7
18.0
19.8
23.5
47.1
41.6
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
Food
, exc
. dai
ry p
rod.
Dai
ry p
rod.
.& m
ilk r
etai
lG
enl.
mer
chan
dise
4.1
5.3
4.5
11.6
13.2
11.0
17.8
19.2
15.7
24.7
24.9
20.7
41.5
37.1
47.8
3.6
5.9
4.7
11.7
15.2
12.0
19.0
20.0
16.0
25.1
24.8
21.3
40.3
33.9
45.7
113.
114.
115.
116.
Five
& te
n ce
nt3.
49.
213
.819
.753
.62.
58.2
14.6
21.6
52.9
116.
TA
BL
E B
-3, m
ales
, con
tinue
d
Low
est
Fift
h
1939
1949
Seco
ndFi
fth
Mid
dle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
hM
iddl
eFi
fth
Four
thFi
fth
Hig
hest
Fift
hrN
nus.
rRy
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
117.
App
arel
& a
cc.,
exc.
sho
e4.
810
.916
.222
.145
.84.
311
.516
.221
.146
.711
7.11
8.Sh
oe4.
912
.318
.023
.840
.94.
012
.318
.023
.242
.311
8.11
9.Fu
rnitu
re &
hou
sefu
rn.
5.1
11.1
16.1
21.5
46.0
5.5
12.9
16.9
22.4
42.0
119.
120.
121.
Hou
seho
ld a
pp!.
& r
adio
Mot
or v
ehic
les
& a
ce.
5.2
6.0
12.2
12.4
18.0
17.2
23.0
22.7
41.4
41.5
5.1
6.5
13.3
13.0
17.9
17.5
23.8
21.6
39.7
41.2
120.
121.
122.
Gas
. ser
v. s
tatio
ns4.
911
.217
.824
.641
.34.
612
.119
.525
.338
.412
2.12
3.D
rug
3.6
10.2
16.9
25.4
43.5
2.6
8.3
17.0
26.3
45.5
123.
124.
Eat
ing
& d
rink
ing
plac
es5.
211
.717
.724
.340
.74.
712
.119
.024
.839
.012
4.12
5.12
6.H
ardw
are
& f
arm
impl
.L
umbe
r &
bld
g. m
ater
ial r
etai
l6.
15.
412
.911
.817
.417
.122
.922
.440
.443
.06.
96.
314
.613
.418
.117
.422
.522
.837
.739
.812
5.12
6.12
7.12
8.L
iquo
rFl
oris
ts6.
34.
913
.012
.418
.718
.122
.324
.639
.439
.76.
23.
914
.412
.518
.119
.022
.525
.038
.539
.212
7.12
8.12
9.13
0.Je
wel
ryFu
el &
ice
4.8
4.3
11.5
10.7
17.0
16.5
23.1
23.7
43.4
44.6
4.7
5.6
12.2
13.5
17.1
18.2
21.9
23.1
43.8
39.3
129.
130.
131.
Mis
c. r
etai
l5.
011
.316
.622
.744
.34.
411
.817
.222
.943
.513
1.13
2.N
ot s
pec.
ret
ail
3.8
10.1
15.7
22.0
48.1
3.9
10.9
15.9
21.2
47.9
132.
133.
Fina
nce,
insu
ranc
e, &
rea
l est
ate
4.7
10.3
14.5
20.6
49.7
5.6
11.7
15.9
21.3
45.4
133.
134.
Ban
k &
cre
d. a
genc
. & c
omm
od. b
rok.
5.7
10.7
14.2
19.7
49.3
6.0
11.5
15.2
20.0
47.0
134.
135.
136.
Insu
ranc
eR
eal e
stat
e, m
d. r
eal e
st. i
ns, l
aw o
ff.
5.4
5.1
10.7
11.1
15.7
15.9
21.3
21.3
46.5
46.4
6.5
5.3
12.9
11.7
16.6
16.9
21.6
21.9
42.3
43.9
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
Bus
ines
s &
rep
air
serv
.A
dver
tisin
gA
ccou
nt. a
udit.
, boo
kkee
p., &
mis
c. b
us.
Aut
o. r
epai
r se
rv. &
gar
ages
Mis
c. r
epai
r se
rv.
serv
.
17.8
14.2
17.3
19.5
19.5
22.9
19.7
22.0
24.4
24.5
40.1
51.7
43.1
34.9
35.9
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
Pers
onal
ser
v.Pr
ivat
e ho
useh
olds
Hot
els
& lo
dgin
g pl
aces
Lau
nd.,
clea
n., &
dye
ing
4.5
3.8
5.1
5.6
10.1
9.2
10.7
12.2
17.0
16.4
16.7
17.7
24.5
25.0
23.4
23.6
43.6
45.5
43.9
40.6
4.1
4.0
4.9
6.0
10.8 8.7
11.4
13.2
18.3
16.2
18.1
18.8
24.6
25.5
24.2
24.2
41.8
45.4
41.1
37.5
142.
143.
144.
145.
4.8
10.9
3.1
8.0
4.1
10.0
5.7
12.6
16.8
12.7
15.5
18.9
18.0
22.8
19.8
21.6
25.0
25.2
44.4
56.1
48.4
37.6
40.7
5.5
13.4
4.0
10.1
5.0
12.4
6.4
14.7
5.8
14.0
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E B
-3, m
ales
, con
tinue
d
1939
1949
Low
est
Seco
ndM
iddl
eFo
urth
Hig
hest
Low
est
Seco
ndM
iddl
eFo
urth
Hig
hest
.Fi
fth
Fift
hFi
fth
Fift
hFi
fth
Fift
hFi
fth
Fift
hFi
fth
Fift
hINDUSTRY
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
146.
Dre
ss &
sho
e re
p. s
hops
.m
isc.
pers
. ser
v.5.
111
.916
.823
.942
.04.
612
.619
.024
.539
.114
6.
147.
Ent
erta
in. &
rec
r.2.
97.
913
.021
.154
.92.
57.
714
.422
.652
.614
7.
148.
Rad
io b
road
. & te
levi
sion
4.5
9.9
14.2
20.5
50.6
4.8
11.0
14.9
20.5
48.7
148.
149.
150.
The
ater
s &
mot
ion
pict
.B
owl.
all.,
bill
. & p
ool p
an.,
mis
c. e
nt.
•3.
13.
68.
38.
613
.814
.622
.422
.352
.250
.72.
42.
48.
08.
515
.115
.122
.623
.751
.750
.014
9.15
0.
151.
Prof
essi
onal
& r
el. s
erv.
4.4
9.8
15.0
21.9
48.7
4.8
11.8
16.9
23.5
42.8
151.
152.
Med
ical
& o
th. h
ealth
4.9
10.1
14.6
20.7
49.5
5.5
11.8
16.6
21.5
44.4
152.
153.
Edu
catio
nal
4.7
10.5
15.5
22.5
46.5
4.8
12.5
18.4
24.3
39.7
153.
154;
155.
Wel
fare
, rel
ig.,
& n
onpr
ofit
Leg
al, e
ng.,
arch
., &
mis
c. p
rof.
ser
v.4.
53.
710
.2 9.0
15.6
14.3
21.6
21.9
47.9
50.9
4.5
4.4
11.1
11.0
17.0
16.4
23.5
22.3
43.7
45.7
154.
155.
156.
Publ
ic a
dmin
istr
atio
n4.
311
.718
.424
.241
.18.
615
.619
.222
.334
.115
6.
157.
Post
al s
erv.
8.5
17.3
23.0
23.2
27.7
10.5
17.8
21.1
23.2
27.1
157.
158.
Fede
ral p
ub. a
dmin
.3.
26.
613
.623
.452
.97.
914
.417
.822
.137
.515
8.
159.
Stat
e &
loca
l pub
. adm
in.
6.4
13.3
17.9
22.6
39.6
8.2
15.6
19.4
22.5
34.0
159.
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E B
-3, c
ontin
ued
1939
1949
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
hM
iddl
eFi
fth
Four
thFi
fth
Hig
hest
Fift
hL
owes
tFi
fth
Seco
ndFi
fth
Mid
dle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
INDusrRY
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
PAR
T 2
: FE
MA
LE
S1.
Tot
al2.
Agr
icul
ture
, for
estr
y, &
fis
heri
es3.
Agr
icul
ture
4.Fo
rest
ry5.
Fish
erie
s
Min
ing,
ext
ract
., &
qua
rry.
Met
als
Coa
lC
rude
pet
role
um &
nat
i. ga
sN
onm
etal
s, c
xc. f
uel
11.
Con
stru
ctio
n
4.1
11.7
19.0
25.8
39.2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
12.
Man
ufac
turi
ng13
.D
urab
le g
oods
14.
Lum
ber
& w
ood
prod
., ex
c. f
urn.
15.
Log
ging
16.
Saw
& p
lani
ng m
ills,
& m
ill w
ork
17.
Mis
c. w
ood
prod
.18
.Fu
rnitu
re &
fix
ture
s19
.St
one;
cla
y, &
gla
ss p
rod.
20.
Gla
ss &
gla
ss p
rod.
21.
Cem
ent,
conc
rete
, gyp
sum
, & p
last
er p
rod.
22.
Stru
ctur
al c
lay
prod
.23
.Po
ttery
& r
d. p
rod.
24.
Mis
c. n
onm
et. m
m. &
sto
ne p
rod.
25.
Met
al in
dust
ries
26.
Iron
& s
teel
& th
eir
prod
.27
.B
last
fur
n., s
teel
wks
., &
rol
l. m
ills
3.8
9.9
16.9
24.4
44.7
5.0
5.0
14.2
20.2
55.4
7.3
7.3
7.3
19.8
58.3
5.1
5.1
14.3
20.2
55.1
7.6
7.6
7.6
19.6
57.3
2.7
7.0
13.9
31.4
44.7
4.5
10.1
21.7
27.6
35.8
——
——
5.6
5.6
14.8
26.2
47.5
4.6
13.3
19.3
24.9
37.6
7.0
16.1
19.2
23.6
33.9
6.4.
613
.722
.024
.934
.68.
316
.319
.726
.029
.57.
5.3
10.5
19.2
25.4
39.4
7.2
14.1
19.4
22.7
36.4
8.6.
814
.819
.723
.534
.97.
316
.619
.623
.632
.69.
4.2
12.6
18.5
23.7
407
7.1
15.1
20.5
23.2
34.0
10.
4.6
11.7
17.8
25.0
40.6
5.1
14.3
19.7
24.0
36.6
11.
6.2
12.8
18.7
23.6
38.4
5.9
14.2
19:5
25.Q
35.2
12.
5.7
14.0
18.9
24.3
36.9
6.4
15.4
20.6
24.1
33.2
13.
5.8
11.7
18.0
24.0
40.2
4.7
12.3
18.6
25.1
39.1
14.
6.9
11.0
17.0
23.9
41.0
6.0
12.4
17.6
27.1
36.9
15.
5.0
11.7
18.6
25.6
38.8
4.6
12.1
19.0
24.9
39.2
16.
6.1
12.1
18.1
23.6
39.7
5.0
12.7
18.3
25.7
38.3
17.
5.6
13.4
17.4
22.7
40.6
5.4
13.5
20.2
25.4
35.4
18.
6.6
14.6
18.4
23.5
36.9
6.3
15.5
19.8
25.3
32.9
19.
6.7
14.3
18.6
24.1
36.0
7.0
15.4
19.6
24.5
33.2
20.
6.7
14.8
18.9
22.8
36.5
5.8
14.4
20.6
24.0
35.0
21.
7.8
15.1
18.7
23.1
35.0
5.4
13.9
20.5
25.9
34.1
22.
6.4
15.6
19.7
22.7
35.3
6.5
14.9
21.4
24.2
32.8
23.
6.0
14.3
19.5
24.1
36.0
6.4
16.3
21.2
23.9
32.0
24.
6.3
14.3
18.8
23.5
36.9
7.4
16.2
20.9
23.4
31.8
25.
6.4
14.2
18.8
23.3
37.1
7.6
16.4
20.9
23.2
31.6
26.
6.2
14.7
19.2
23.3
36.3
9.8
17.2
20.1
22.6
30.0
27.
cont
inue
d on
next
pag
e
TA
BL
E B
-3, f
emal
es, c
ontin
ued
1939
1949
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
hM
iddl
eFi
fth
Four
thFi
fth
Hig
hest
Fift
hL
owes
tFi
fth
Seco
ndFi
fth
Mid
dle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
INDUSTRY
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
28.
0th.
pri
m, i
ron,
ste
el, &
fab
. ste
el p
rod.
6.4
14.6
18.8
23.4
36.5
7.3
16.1
20.6
23.3
32.4
28.
29.
Non
ferr
ous
met
als
& th
eir
prod
.5.
714
.518
.723
.937
.06.
815
.620
.823
.832
.829
.30
.N
ot s
pec.
met
al m
d.5.
112
.117
.623
.541
.46.
116
.619
.624
.832
.630
.31
.M
achi
nery
, exc
. ele
c.6.
615
.319
.624
.234
.17.
716
.220
.923
.331
.731
.32
.A
gri.
mac
h. &
trac
tors
8.3
15.9
19.3
23.7
32.5
8.8
17.0
20.1
23.3
30.5
32.
33.
Off
ice
& s
tore
mac
h. &
dev
ices
7.7
15.4
19.6
23.6
33.4
8.2
17.1
20.7
23.4
30.4
33.
34.
Mis
c. m
ach.
6.1
14.8
19.4
24.1
35.4
7.6
16.2
20.7
23.3
32.0
34.
35.
Ele
ctri
cal m
achi
nery
, equ
ip.,
& s
upp.
5.9
14.3
19.6
24.9
35.1
5.8
15.8
21.6
24.5
32.1
35.
36.
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
equi
p.6.
513
.919
.824
.335
.38.
317
.620
.624
.229
.136
.37
.M
otor
veh
icle
s &
mot
or v
eh. e
quip
.6.
814
.119
.924
.534
.48.
117
.620
.724
.428
.937
.38
.A
ircr
aft &
par
ts4.
912
.519
.524
.638
.18.
817
.620
.523
.729
.138
.39
.Sh
ip &
boa
t bld
g. &
rep
air.
6.8
14.8
19.6
25.4
33.1
10.3
17.8
20.5
22.7
28.4
39.
40.
Rai
lroa
d &
mis
c. tr
ansp
. equ
ip.
4.6
12.8
20.6
25.2
36.5
6.6
15.7
20.1
23.1
34.2
40.
41.
Oth
er d
urab
le g
oods
5.9
12.9
19.2
23.8
37.9
5.9
14.1
20.5
25.4
33.9
41.
42.
Prof
essi
onal
& p
hoto
. equ
ip. &
sup
p.6.
814
.819
.123
.535
.67.
716
.421
.323
.830
.642
.43
.W
atch
es, c
lock
s, &
mis
c. m
fg. m
d.6.
112
.919
.323
.937
.55.
813
.820
.124
.935
.243
.44
.N
ondu
rabl
e go
ods
6.4
12.9
18.5
23.3
38.6
6.0
14.0
19.8
24.7
35.2
44.
45.
Food
& k
indr
ed p
rod.
4.7
10.9
18.4
24.9
40.9
5.0
12.4
19.8
26.2
36.4
45.
46.
Mea
t pro
d.5.
614
.420
.524
.534
.76.
215
.421
.023
.933
.346
.47
.D
airy
pro
d.4.
711
.419
.225
.538
.85.
413
.120
.225
.235
.947
.48
.C
an. &
pre
serv
. fru
it, v
eg. &
sea
foo
d3.
910
.214
.223
.647
.94.
59.
815
.125
.744
.648
.49
.G
rain
mill
pro
d.6.
113
.618
.923
.437
.77.
215
.619
.822
.834
.449
.50
.B
aker
y pr
od.
6.0
13.4
19.9
23.6
36.8
5.8
14.1
20.6
25.6
33.7
50.
51.
Con
fect
ione
ry &
rel
. pro
d.5.
511
.618
.324
.939
.46.
013
.619
.725
.135
.451
.52
.B
ever
age
md.
4.8
11.0
17.6
23.7
42.7
6.2
15.0
20.2
23.7
34.7
52.
53.
Mis
c. f
ood
prep
. & n
ot s
pec.
foo
d hi
d.5.
011
.117
.725
.040
.95.
013
.020
.325
.535
.953
.54
.T
obac
co m
anuf
actu
res
7.5
14.1
18.5
23.9
35.8
5.8
14.2
20.0
24.6
35.1
54.
55.
Tex
tile
mill
pro
d.7.
614
.819
.823
.034
.66.
614
.920
.824
.832
.655
.56
.K
nitti
ng m
ills
7.6
14.9
19.7
23.1
34.5
6.5
14.3
19.2
24.2
35.5
56.
57.
Dye
ing
& f
in. t
ex. e
xc. k
nit g
oods
6.6
13.5
19.3
22.4
37.9
8.5
17.1
20.4
24.2
29.6
57.
58.
Car
pets
, rug
s, &
oth
. flo
or c
oy.
7.0
14.4
18.9
24.7
34.8
6.8
15.3
21.3
24.3
32.1
58.
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E B
-3, f
emal
es, c
ontin
ued
Low
est
Fift
h
1939
1949
Seco
ndFi
fth
Mid
dle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
hM
iddl
eFi
fth
Four
thFi
fth
Hig
hest
Fift
hINDUSTRY
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
59.
Yar
n, th
read
, & f
abri
c m
ills
7.7
15.0
20.0
23.7
33.3
7.2
15.6
20.5
25.0
31.4
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
Mis
c. te
x. m
ill p
rod.
App
arel
& o
th. f
ab. t
ex. p
rod.
App
arel
& a
cces
s.M
isc.
fab
. tex
. pro
d.Pa
per
& a
ll, p
rod.
Pulp
, pap
er, &
pap
erbo
ard
mill
sPa
perb
oard
con
t. &
box
esM
isc.
pap
er &
pul
p pr
od.
Prin
ting,
pub
l., &
all.
md.
Che
mic
als
& a
ll. p
rod.
Synt
hetic
fib
ers
Pain
ts, y
arn.
, & r
el. p
rod.
Dru
gs, m
ed.,
& m
isc.
che
m. &
all.
pro
d..
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.2
6.2
6.6
6.8
6.5
5.2
6.0
8.0
6.8
5.6
13.0
12.7
12.8
12.6
13.6
14.2
13.6
14.2
13.1
13.7
16.8
15.0
13.4
18.4
17.3
17.3
18.6
18.5
18.5
19.1
18.2
17.6
18.6
20.4
18.5
18.2
23.4
23.3
23.3
24.7
23.1
22.4
23.1
23.1
23.4
22.9
22.9
23.2
23.4
38.3
39.5
39.5
37.7
38.4
38.0
37.1
37.7
40.4
38.5
31.7
36.3
39.2
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.5
7.0
7.6
7.0
6.7
5.3
6.8
8.6
8.5
6.6
14.5
14.4
14.4
14.2
15.6
16.5
15.0
15.7
14.3
15.6
18.0
16.2
15.6
20.0
18.8
18.7
19.4
19.5
20.6
19.9
19.7
18.9
20.7
20.7
20.9
20.6
23.7
24.1
24.0
24.9
24.5
23.6
24.3
24.8
23.4
23.6
24.3
22.7
23.8
35.1
36.0
36.2
34.8
33.2
31.6
33.6
32.9
37.8
33.0
28.2
31.5
33.2
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
.70
.71
.72
.
73.
74.
Petr
oleu
m &
coa
l pro
d.Pe
tro.
ref
inin
g8.
08.
315
.715
.719
.519
.623
.123
.233
.533
.09.
49.
616
.516
.519
.519
.623
.423
.331
.030
.873
.74
.
75.
76.
77.
78.
Mis
c. p
etro
. & c
oal p
rod.
Rub
ber
prod
.L
eath
er &
. lea
ther
pro
d..
Leat
her:
tann
ed, c
urri
ed, &
fin
.
8.0
6.9
7.4
6.5
14.5
14.8
13.5
15.0
18.3
19.1
18.3
19.2
23.6
24.0
23.9
24.3
35.3
34.9
36.6
34.8
6.5
7.7
6.8
8.0
13.4
16.2
15.2
15.8
19.1
21.1
19.6
20.1
20.5
22.8
23.5
24.5
40.2
31.9
34.7
31.3
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
Foot
wea
r, e
xc. r
ubbe
r.7.
613
.818
.524
.235
.66.
915
.619
.823
.334
.279
.80
.81
.L
eath
er p
rod.
, exc
. foo
twea
rN
ot s
pec.
mfg
. md.
7.1
5.7
12.2
12.4
17.8
17.6
24.8
23.6
37.9
40.5
6.5
5.6
13.7
13.5
18.7
19.2
24.3
24.7
36.5
36.8
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
com
mun
., &
oth
. pub
. util
.T
rans
port
atio
nR
ailr
oads
& r
ailw
ay e
xp. s
erv.
6.8
6.2
7.5
14.8
14.1
16.2
19.5
20.1
20.4
24.4
24.3
24.2
34.3
35.0
31.5
7.4
6.5
9.9
16.3
16.0
17.2
20.4
20.4
21.0
23.7
24.9
24.1
31.9
31.9
27.5
82.
83.
84.
85.
St. r
ailw
ays
& b
us li
nes
7.6
15.7
20.1
24.3
32.0
5.1
14.5
20.7
25.3
34.1
85.
86.
87.
88.
Tru
ckin
g se
rv.
War
ehou
sing
& s
tora
geT
axic
ab s
en.
6.0
3.7
6.0
13.3
10.5
14.1
18.6
18.6
20.7
23.7
25.4
25.3
38.1
41.5
33.6
5.7
5.1
3.8
14.8
11.7
10.6
19.5
19.2
18.8
23.4
25.6
26.6
36.3
38.1
40.0
86.
87.
88.
89.
Wat
er tr
ansp
.5.
613
.920
.723
.735
.88.
717
.019
.523
.331
.289
.
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E B
-3, f
emal
es, c
ontin
ued
Air
tran
sp.
Petr
o. &
gas
. pip
e lin
esSe
rv. i
ncid
. to
tran
sp.
Tel
ecom
mun
icat
ions
Tel
epho
ne, w
ire
& r
adio
Tel
egra
ph, w
ire
& r
adio
Util
ities
& s
anita
ry s
erv.
Ele
c. li
ght,
pow
er, g
as, &
oth
. util
.G
as &
ste
am s
uppl
y sy
stem
sW
ater
sup
ply
& s
an. s
erv.
100.
Who
lesa
le &
ret
ail t
rade
101.
Who
lesa
le tr
ade
a10
2.M
otor
veh
icle
s &
equ
ip.
103.
Dru
gs, c
hem
., &
all.
pro
d.10
4.D
ry g
oods
& a
ppar
el10
5.Fo
od &
ret
. pro
d.10
6.E
lec.
goo
ds, h
ardw
are,
& p
lum
b. e
quip
.10
7.M
achi
nery
, equ
ip.,
& s
upp.
108.
Petr
o. p
rod.
109.
Farm
pro
d. &
raw
mat
eria
ls11
0.M
isc.
who
lesa
le11
1.N
ot s
pec.
who
lesa
le11
2.R
etai
l tra
de, s
tore
s11
3.11
4.11
5.11
6.11
7.11
8.
5.1
14.4
20.4
25.7
34.2
4.7
17.0
22.1
25.5
30.4
7.5
15.2
19.2
23.8
34.0
6.5
15.2
19.9
24.3
33.9
6.4
15.1
19.9
24.2
34.2
8.0
15.2
18.6
23.7
34.2
8.8
16.0
19.5
22.9
32.6
9.1
16.0
19.5
22.7
32.5
8.3
15.5
19.6
23.8
32.5
8.2
15.4
18.7
23.0
34.4
4.5
11.4
18.5
24.4
41.0
4.8
12.9
18.5
24.3
39.2
4.4
11.5
18.7
24.6
40.5
4.4
11.7
18.8
25.2
39.6
4.7
12.4
18.8
24.7
39.1
4.5
12.7
19.7
24.0
38.8
3.4
11.0
20.5
27.3
37.5
5.1
12.1
19.0
23.7
39.9
4.0
11.8
19.6
24.8
39.5
9.0
17.3
19.9
22.6
30.9
8.8
16.0
18.9
23.9
32.1
4.6
15.1
20.6
25.1
34.3
7.8
16.6
20.9
23.5
31.0
7.7
16.3
208
23.2
31.8
9.6
16.9
20.2
23.8
29.2
7.9
16.1
20.4
23.4
32.0
8.4
16.3
20.3
23.4
31.4
7.1
16.1
20.4
24.0
32.2
6.2
16.1
20.1
22.6
34.7
3.9
11.5
18.4
25.7
40.3
5.3
14.2
19.6
24.1
36.6
6.9
15.6
19.3
22.6
35.4
5.8
15.4
20.3
23.5
34.8
7.0
14.0
18.3
22.3
38.2
4.7
11;6
19.3
25.9
38.2
7.3
15.5
19.9
22.6
34.4
7.6
16.2
21.1
23.0
31.8
7.8
16.4
19.3
24.0
32.3
4.0
12.3
20.1
25.9
37.4
5.8
14.7
19.5
23.5
36.2
8.3
15.5
19.6
22.9
33.4
3.6
11.2
18.1
25.7
41.2
4.2
11.8
18.9
25.4
39.3
3.5
11.4
19.5
27.6
37.8
4.6
13.2
190
24.7
38.2
4.9
8.4
18.5
25.3
42.7
4.6
12.5
18.4
24.2
40.0
3.3
11.3
18.8
26.0
40.3
a N
obr
eakd
own
avai
labl
e fo
r w
hole
sale
trad
e fo
r 19
39.
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
.
Low
est
Fift
h
1939
1949
Seco
ndFi
fth
Mid
dle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
hM
iddl
eFi
fth
Four
thFi
fth
Hig
hest
Fift
hnm
usny
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
—
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
Food
, cxc
. dai
ry p
rod.
Dai
ry p
rod.
& m
ilk r
etai
lG
eni.
mer
chan
dise
Five
& te
n ce
ntA
ppar
el &
acc
., ex
c. s
hoe
Shoe
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
TA
BL
E B
-3, f
emal
es, c
ontin
ued
Furn
iture
& h
ouse
furn
.H
ouse
hold
app
!. &
rad
ioM
otor
veh
icle
s &
acc
.G
as. s
erv.
sta
tions
Dru
gE
atin
g &
dri
nkin
g pl
aces
Har
dwar
e &
far
m im
p!.
Lum
ber
& b
ldg.
mat
eria
l ret
ail
Liq
uor
Flor
ists
Jew
elry
Fuel
& ic
eM
isc.
ret
ail
Not
spe
c. r
etai
l
133.
Fina
nce,
insu
ranc
e, &
rea
l est
ate
134.
Ban
k &
cre
d. a
genc
. & c
omm
od. b
rok.
135.
Insu
ranc
e13
6.R
eal e
stat
e, m
d. r
eal e
st. i
ns, l
aw o
ff.
142.
Pers
onal
ser
v.14
3.Pr
ivat
e ho
useh
olds
144.
Hot
els
& lo
dgin
g pl
aces
145.
Lau
nd.,
clea
n., &
dye
ing
146.
Dre
ss &
sho
e re
p. s
hops
& m
isc.
per
s. s
erv.
5.0
13.7
18.2
23.6
39.3
4.9
12.9
19.6
25.0
37.4
6.5
14.6
19.4
24.7
34.6
4.2
10.1
17.0
24.6
43.8
5.3
13.0
19.6
24.6
37.2
4.5
12.4
17.3
24.7
40.8
5.2
13.5
18.8
24.1
38.2
6.2
14.0
19.0
24.3
36.3
.4.8
10.4
17.3
23.9
43.3
4.2
11.5
19.0
25.6
39.6
5.5
14.1
18.2
23.3
38.6
6.1
14.3
19.9
24.5
35.0
4.3
11.5
18.6
25.4
39.9
3.7
11.3
18.9
23.7
42.2
6.5
14.8
19.2
23.8
35.5
8.4
15.2
19.5
23.0
33.7
8.0
15.5
19.1
23.0
34.2
5.4
11.6
17.7
24.0
41.0
4.1
9.4
16.3
24.1
45.9
4.0
9.7
18.0
.23
.644
.45.
111
.317
.424
.341
.66.
913
.718
.924
.236
.05.
012
.119
.125
.138
.6
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
4.7
12.6
19.6
24.7
38.2
119.
4.9
13.3
19.8
25.4
36.3
120.
6.6
14.9
19.3
23.3
35.6
121.
3.6
9.6
17.9
27.1
41.5
122.
4.0
10.7
18.9
25.7
40.3
123.
4.6
11.2
16.6
25.2
42.1
124.
5.4
14.2
20.8
24.8
34.6
125.
5.7
14.8
19.2
24.3
35.8
126.
5.0
12.0
19.6
26.3
36.8
127.
3.7
9.3
18.9
28.1
39.8
128.
4.0
11.7
18.3
23.5
42.4
129.
6.4
15.8
19.9
24.0
33.7
130.
3.6
11.5
18.6
25.2
40.9
131.
3.6
12.2
18.7
25.0
40.3
132.
6.7
15.7
19.5
23.7
34.2
133.
7.9
16.4
19.8
23.0
32.6
134.
7.4
16.3
19.4
23.3
33.4
.13
5.4.
811
.718
.325
.040
.013
6.
4.9
13.5
19.1
23.8
38.5
137.
5.0
13.0
18.3
22.5
40.9
138.
4.8
13.5
19.6
24.4
37.5
139.
6.1
14.3
19.7
24.2
35.5
140.
5.4
12.7
19.9
25.5
36.3
141.
5.4
7.2
16.3
25.0
45.8
142.
6.9
6.9
15.9
23.0
47.1
143.
4.8
12.3
18.8
25.0
38.9
144.
5.7
12.8
19.6
25.4
36.2
145.
4.3
11.6
18.5
25.3
40.0
146.
1949
Low
est
Fift
hiu
snty
(1)
Mid
dle
Four
thSe
cond
Fift
h(2
)
Mid
dle
Fift
h(3
w)
Four
thFi
fth
(4)
Hig
hest
Fift
h(5
)
Low
est
Fift
h(6
)Fi
fth
(7)
Fift
h(8
)Fi
fth
(9)
Fift
h(1
0)
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
137.
Bus
ines
s &
rep
air
serv
.4.
712
.717
.523
.541
.4
138.
Adv
ertis
ing
4.5
12.2
17.6
23.2
42.2
139.
Acc
ount
. aud
it., b
ookk
eep.
, & m
isc.
bus
. ser
v.4.
813
.218
.122
.840
.8
140.
Aut
o. r
epai
r se
rv. &
gar
ages
5.4
13.5
18.3
24.6
37.9
141.
Mis
c. r
epai
r se
rv.
4.3
10.7
17.4
23.6
43.7
TA
BL
E B
-3, f
emal
es, c
oncl
uded
.
1939
1949
TL
owes
tFi
fth
Seco
ndFi
fth
Mid
dle
Fift
hFo
urth
Fift
hH
ighe
stFi
fth
Low
est
Fift
hSe
cond
Fift
hM
iddl
eFi
fth
Four
thFi
fth
Hig
hest
Fift
hiw
nusm
y(1
)(2
)(3
)(4
)(5
)(6
)(7
)(8
)(9
)(1
0)
147.
Ent
erta
in. &
rec
r.3.
89.
014
.622
.150
.33.
18.
014
.824
.849
.114
7.14
8.14
9.15
0.
Rad
io b
road
. & te
levi
sion
The
ater
s &
mot
ion
pict
.B
owl.
all.,
bill
. & p
ool p
an.,
mis
c. e
nt.
.4.
33.
73.
9
10.9 8.9
9.6
16.2
14.2
15.8
20.3
21.5
23.5
48.2
51.5
46.9
4.5
3.2
3.4
13.3 7.4
8.6
18.2
13.5
15.2
21.8
23.5
26.0
42.0
52.2
46.6
148.
149.
150.
151.
Prof
essi
onal
& r
el. s
erv.
4.9
11.3
16.7
23.7
43.2
4.6
11.8
19.6
25.5
38.3
151.
152.
Med
ical
& o
th. h
ealth
4.9
11.9
18.4
24.5
40.0
5.1
12.4
19.0
25.6
37.6
152.
153.
Edu
catio
nal
5.2
11.4
16.3
24.2
42.6
4.4
12.4
19.5
25.9
37.7
153.
154.
155.
Wel
fare
, rel
ig.,
& n
onpr
ofit
Leg
al, e
ng.,
arch
., &
mis
c. p
rof.
ser
v.4.
45.
510
.112
.616
.818
.624
.624
.243
.938
.94.
16.
110
.814
.818
.219
.725
.723
.941
.035
.315
4.15
5.15
6.Pu
blic
adm
inis
trat
ion
6.0
13.2
17.9
22.3
40.3
6.5
16.5
20.5
24.1
32.1
156.
157.
Post
al s
erv.
3.9
10.1
15.1
26.4
44.3
4.4
12.9
20.5
27.2
34.7
157.
158.
159.
Fede
ral p
ub. a
dmin
.St
ate
& lo
cal p
ub. a
dmin
.7.
56.
915
.514
.820
.519
.524
.223
.132
.035
.57.
56.
817
.215
.721
.420
.623
.323
.730
.533
.015
8.15
9.
Sour
ce: D
eriv
ed f
rom
Tab
les
B-i
and
B-2
.
TA
BL
E B
-4
Der
ived
Est
imat
es f
or W
age
Wor
kers
by
Indu
stry
, 193
9 an
d 19
49
PERCENTAGECHANGE, 1939
TO
1949
Dec
reas
e in
Sha
re o
fPE
RC
EN
TA
GE
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
NO
F A
LL
WO
RK
ER
SM
EA
N I
NC
OM
EO
F A
LL
WO
RK
ER
S
DE
CIL
E R
AI4
KOF
IND
UST
RY
BY
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
Incr
ease
in
Tot
al R
ecei
ved
byH
ighe
st-P
aid
Fift
h(+
= in
crea
se)
1939
1949
1939
1949
1939
1949
Mea
n In
com
eM
ale
Fem
ale
..
INDUTBY
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
1. T
otal
100.
010
0.0
$1,1
24$2
,554
— —
127
1512
2. 3. 4. 5.
Agr
icul
ture
, for
estr
y, &
fis
heri
esA
gric
ultu
reFo
rest
ryFi
sher
ies
6.5
6:3
0.1
0.1
3.5
3.3
0.1
0.1
396
382
700
852
1,19
71,
156
2,07
32,
286
—1 2 3
—1 3 4
202
203
196
168
4 4 19 —
+5
+4 20 —
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
Min
ing,
ext
ract
., &
qua
rry.
Met
als
Coa
lC
rude
pet
role
um &
nat
i. ga
sN
onm
etal
s, e
xc. f
uel
-
Con
stru
ctio
n
2.6
0.3
1.6
0.5
0.2
6.0
2.0
0.2
1.1
0.5
0.2
6.6
1,10
61,
282
909
1,65
893
2
967
2,86
13,
065
2,50
53,
697
2,66
3
2,64
9
—6 3 10 4 4
—7 4 10 6 5
159
139
176
123
186
174
12 14 7 8 15 12
10 15 8 7 16 10
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21;
22.
23.
24.
25.
Man
ufac
turi
ngD
urab
le g
oods
Lum
ber
& w
ood
prod
., ex
c. f
urn.
Log
ging
Saw
& p
lani
ng m
ills,
& m
ill w
ork
Mis
c. w
ood
prod
.Fu
rnitu
re &
fix
ture
sSt
one,
cla
y, &
gla
ss p
rod.
Gla
ss &
gla
ss p
rod.
Cem
ent,
conc
rete
, gyp
sum
, & p
last
er p
rod.
Stru
ctur
al c
lay
prod
.Po
ttery
& r
el. p
rod.
.M
isc.
nonm
et. m
m. &
sto
ne p
rod.
Met
al in
dust
ries
30.5
14.9
2.1
0.4
1.3
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
4.5
32.5
17.4 1.7
0.3
1.2
0.2
0.7
1.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
4.6
1,20
71,
265
780
621
775
986
1,01
81,
184
1,25
51,
257
973
1,10
01,
283
1,33
8
2,79
32,
911
1,94
91,
804
1,95
72,
138
2,42
22,
759
2,80
92,
800
2,58
72,
407
3,02
53,
021
— — —2 2 5 5
—6 6 5 5 6
—
— — —2 2 3 4
—6 6 5 4 7
—•
131
130
150
190
153
117
138
133
124
123
166
119
136
126
14 135
+2 5 10 9 15 13 19 13 10 14 13
S 10 3 10 +1 4 13 11 5 4 3 7
11 14
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E B
-4, c
ontin
ued
.
PERCENTAGECHANGE, 1939
TO1949
Dec
reas
e in
Sha
re o
fPE
RC
EN
TA
GE
DE
CIL
E R
AN
KT
otal
Rec
eive
d by
.
INDUSTRY
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
NO
F A
LL
WO
RK
ER
S
1939
1949
(1)
(2)
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
AL
L W
OR
KE
RS
1939
1949
(3)
(4)
OF
IND
UST
RY
BY
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
1939
1949
(5)
(6)
incr
ease
inM
ean
Inco
me
(7)
Hig
hest
-Pai
d Fi
fth
(+in
crea
se)
Mal
eFe
mal
e(8
)(9
)
26.
27.
28..
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Iron
& s
teel
& th
eir
prod
.B
last
fur
n., s
teel
wks
., &
rol
l, m
ills
0th.
pri
m, i
ron,
ste
el, &
fab
. ste
el p
rod.
Non
ferr
ous
met
als
& th
eir
prod
.N
ot s
pec.
met
al m
d.M
achi
nery
,cx
c. e
lec.
Agr
i. m
ach.
& tr
acto
rsO
ffic
e &
sto
re m
ach.
& d
evic
es
3.8
1.7
2.1
0.6
0.1
2.1
0.3
0.2
3.9
1.6
2.3
0.7
— 2.9
0:4
0.2
1,34
41,
409
1,29
71,
330
1,30
01,
480
1,38
71,
581
3,02
93,
129
2,97
22,
978
3,15
43,
248
3,06
73,
370
—7 6 7 7
—7 9
—8 7 7 8
—7 10
.
.
125
122
129
124
143
119
121
113
•14 15 14 117 12 11 9
15 17 11 11 21 7 6 934
.M
isc.
mac
h.1.
62.
31,
489
3,23
58
1011
713
1035
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44 45
.46
.47
.48
.49
.50
.51
.52
.53
.
Ele
ctri
cal m
achi
nery
, equ
ip.,
& s
upp.
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
equi
p.M
otor
veh
icle
s &
mot
or v
eh. e
quip
.A
ircr
aft.&
par
tsSh
ip &
boa
t bld
g. &
rep
air.
Rai
lroa
d &
mis
c. tr
ansp
. equ
ip.
Oth
er d
urab
le g
oods
Prof
essi
onal
& p
hoto
. equ
ip. &
sup
p.W
atch
es, c
lock
s, &
mis
c. m
fg. m
d.N
ondu
rabl
e go
ods
Food
& k
indr
ed p
rod.
Mea
t pro
d.D
airy
pro
d.C
an. &
pre
serv
. fru
it, v
eg.,&
sea
food
Gra
in m
ill p
rod.
Bak
ery
prod
.C
onfe
ctio
nery
& r
d. p
rod.
.B
ever
age
md.
Mis
c. f
ood
prep
. & n
ot s
pec.
foo
d m
d.
1.1
2.5
1.7
0.3
0.4
0.1
1.0
0.2
0.8
15.6 3.0
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.3
1.7
3.3
2.1
0.6
0.4
0.2
1.5
0.4
1.1
.15.
13.
20.
60.
40.
40.
30.
60.
20.
40.
3
1,46
51,
402
1,41
41,
339
1,45
51,
229
1,18
51,
482
1,10
31,
148
1,25
01,
332
1,30
777
41,
299
1,25
393
51,
506
1,28
1
2,95
03,
251
3,24
63,
401
3,06
03,
235
2,68
63,
138
2,51
82,
673
2,68
02,
790
2,77
31,
908
2,82
92,
798
2,30
33.
067
2,68
9
8—
7 7 8 6—
8 5—
. —7 7 2 7 6 4 8 6
7— 10 10 7 10 —
8 5— —
6 6 2 6 6 4 7 6•
101
132
130
154
110
163
127
112
128
133
114
109
112
147
118
123
146
104
110
.
15 10 8 18 10 23 12 9 14 12 13 11 12 18 14 6 11 14 16
9 18 16 24 14 6 11 14 6 911 4 7 7 9 8 10 19 12
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E B
-4, c
ontin
ued
.
.PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
CH
AN
GE
, 193
9 T
O 1
949
Dec
reas
e in
Sha
re o
f
:
.
nusm
y
.
PER
CE
NT
AG
ED
IST
RIB
UT
ION
OP
AL
L W
OR
KE
RS
1939
1949
(1)
(2)
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
AL
L W
OR
KE
RS
1939
1949
(3)
(4)
DE
CIL
E R
AN
KO
F IN
DU
STR
YB
Y M
EA
N I
NC
OM
E
1939
1949
(5)
(6)
• incr
ease
inM
ean
inco
me
(7)
Tot
al R
ecei
ved
byH
ighe
st-P
aid
Fift
h(+
= in
crea
se)
Mal
eFe
mal
e(8
)(9
)
54.
Tob
acco
man
ufac
ture
s0.
20.
283
51,
960
32
135
142
55.
Tex
tile
mill
pro
d.3.
42.
785
82,
279
——
166
146
56.
57.
58.
59.
Kni
tting
mill
sD
yein
g &
fin
. tex
. exc
. kni
t goo
ds.
Car
pets
, rug
s, &
oth
. flo
or c
oy.
Yar
n, th
read
, & f
abri
c m
ills
0.6
0.1
0.1
2.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
2.0
852
1,00
01,
170
813
2,11
52,
818
2,91
92,
220
3 5 6 3
3 6 7 3
148
182
149
173
.8 8 12 14
+3 228 6
60.
Mis
c. te
x. m
ill p
rod.
0.2
0.1
1,05
32,
519
55
139
128
61.
App
arel
& o
th. f
ab. t
ex. p
rod.
2.3
2.4
830
2,02
6—
—14
48
962
.63
.64
.65
.66
.67
.68
.
App
arel
& a
cces
s.M
isc.
fáb
. tex
. pro
d.Pa
per
& a
ll, p
rod.
Pulp
, pap
er, &
pap
erbo
ard
mill
sPa
perb
oard
con
t. &
box
esM
isc.
pap
er &
pul
p pr
od.
Prin
ting,
pub
i., &
all.
i.
2.2
0.1
0.9
0.6
0.2
0.1
1.7
2.2
0.2
1.1
0.5
0.3
0.3
1.8
828
848
1,25
11,
293
1,10
81,
283
1,58
5
2,02
32,
103
2,85
82,
978
2,65
52,
824
3,21
0
3 3—
6 5 6 9
2 3—
7 6 6 9
144
148
128
130
140
120
103
621 15 16 17 16 7
8 8 14 17 9 13 669
.C
hem
ical
s &
all,
pro
d.1.
31.
41,
524
3,31
3—
—11
717
1470
.Sy
nthe
tic f
iber
s0.
20.
11,
259
2,89
16
713
010
1171
.Pa
ints
, yar
n., &
rel
. pro
d.0.
10.
11,
814
3,26
810
10•
8016
1372
.D
rugs
, med
., &
mis
c. c
hem
. & a
ll. p
rod.
1.0
1.2
1,52
13,
351
810
120
1715
73.
74.
Petr
oleu
m &
coa
l pro
d.Pe
tro.
ref
inin
g0.
60.
50.
70.
61,
886
1,95
24,
058
4,15
6— 10
— 1011
511
312 11
7 775
.76
.77
.78
.
Mis
c. p
etro
. & c
oal p
rod.
Rub
ber
prod
.L
eath
er &
leat
her
prod
.L
eath
er: t
anne
d, c
urri
ed, &
fin
.
0.1
0.5
1.2
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.1
1,44
01,
410
910
1,16
1
3,25
03,
033
2,14
32,
792
8 7—
6
10 7—
6
126
115
135
140
16 16 12 3
+14
9 5 1079
.Fo
otw
ear,
exc
. rub
ber.
0.8
0.6
846
2,03
03
314
011
480
.L
eath
er p
rod.
, exc
. foo
twea
r0.
20.
194
02,
154
43
129
164
81.
Not
spe
c. m
fg. m
d.0.
50.
31,
218
2,77
56
612
86
9
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E B
-4, c
ontin
ued
PERCENTAGE CHANGE, 1939TO
1949
Dec
reas
e in
Sha
re o
fPE
RC
EN
TA
GE
DE
CIL
E R
AN
KT
otal
Rec
eive
d by
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
NM
EA
N I
NC
OM
EO
F IN
DU
STR
YH
ighe
st-P
aid
Fift
hO
F A
LL
WO
RK
ER
S
1939
1949
OF
AL
L W
OR
KE
RS
1939
1949
BY
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
1939
1949
Incr
ease
inM
ean
Inco
me
(+ =
incr
ease
)M
ale
Fem
ale
INDUSTRY
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
82.
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
com
mun
., &
oth
. pub
. util
.8.
99.
61,
515
3,01
6—
—99
137
83.
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
6.2
6.3
1,46
03,
059
—11
013
984
.R
ailr
oads
& r
ailw
ay e
xp. s
erv.
3.4
3.2
1,61
73,
199
98
9814
1385
.St
. rai
lway
s &
bus
line
s0.
60.
71,
570
3,05
69
795
4+
786
.T
ruck
ing
serv
.0.
91.
11,
129
2,81
05
614
915
587
.W
areh
ousi
ng &
sto
rage
0.2
0.2
1,07
62,
489
54
131
188
88.
Tax
icab
ser
v.0.
20.
383
62,
007
32
140
719
89.
Wat
er tr
ansp
.0.
60.
51,
259
3,11
36
814
710
1390
.A
ir tr
ansp
.0.
10.
21,
783
3,86
210
1011
711
1091
.Pe
tro.
& g
as. p
ipe
lines
0.1
—1,
579
3,75
09
1013
77
+6
92.
Serv
. inc
id. t
o tr
ansp
.0.
10.
11,
321
3,02
87
712
94
+1
93.
Tel
ecom
mun
icat
ions
.1.
11.
51,
574
2,81
0—
—79
149
94.
Tel
epho
ne, w
ire
& r
adio
0.9
1.4
1,62
72,
813
10.
673
87
95.
Tel
egra
ph, w
ire
& r
adio
0.2
0.1
1,30
42,
933
77
125
2115
96.
Util
ities
& s
anita
ry s
erv.
1.6
1.8
1,68
53,
085
——
839
297
.E
lec.
ligh
t, po
wer
, gas
, & o
th. u
til.
1.0
1.1
1,81
33,
291
1010
8210
3
98.
Gas
& s
team
sup
ply
syst
ems
0.3
0.3
1,60
03,
103
97
949
1
99.
Wat
er s
uppl
y &
san
. ser
v.0.
30.
41,
390
2,52
37
582
9.+
110
0.W
hole
sale
& r
etai
l tra
de16
.518
.51,
084
2,38
9—
—12
07
210
1.W
hole
sale
trad
e3.
03.
91,
579
3,21
39
910
39
711
2.R
etai
l tra
de, s
tore
s13
.514
.697
12,
163
——
123
4+
211
3.Fo
od, e
xc. d
airy
pro
d.2.
22.
393
02,
111
43
127
31
114.
Dai
ry p
rod.
& m
ilk r
etai
l0.
40.
31,
371
2,91
27
711
29
311
5.G
enI.
mer
chan
dise
1.9
1.8
964
2,10
04
311
84
211
6.Fi
ve &
ten
cent
0.2
0.2
1,19
02,
609
21
100
1+
1411
7.A
ppar
el &
acc
., ex
c. s
hoe
0.9
0.9
1,00
62,
248
53
123
+2
—11
8.Sh
oe0.
20.
468
81,
374
65
119
+3
+2
119.
Furn
iture
& h
ouse
furn
.0.
40.
51,
298
2,71
86
610
99
3
cont
inue
d on
nex
t pag
e
TA
BL
E B
-4, c
ontin
ued
.PE
RC
EN
TA
GE
CH
AN
GE
, 193
9 T
O 1
949
Dec
reas
e in
Sha
re o
fPE
RC
EN
TA
GE
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
NO
F A
LLWORKERS
1939
1949
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
OF
AL
LWORKERS
1939
1949
DE
CIL
E R
AN
KOF
IND
UST
RY
BY
ME
AN
IN
CO
ME
1939
1949
Incr
ease
inM
ean
inco
me
Tot
al R
ecei
ved
byH
ighe
st-P
aid
Fift
h(+
—in
crea
se)
Mal
eFe
mal
eINDUSTRY
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
120.
1.21
.H
ouse
hold
app
l. &
rad
ioM
otor
veh
icle
s &
acc
.0.
20.
80.
41.
01,
239
1,39
62,
623
3,16
66 7
5 811
212
74 1
3
+3
122.
Gas
. ser
v. s
tatio
ns0.
70.
682
41,
945
32
136
75
123.
Dru
g0.
50.
594
31,
864
42
98+
5+
812
4.12
5.12
6.
Eat
ing
& d
rink
ing
plac
esH
ardw
are
& f
arm
impl
.L
umbe
r &
bld
g. m
ater
ial r
etai
l
2.5
0.3
0.6
2.8
0.4
0.7
667
1,14
61,
279
1,52
22,
488
2,83
1
2 6 6
1 4 6
128
117
121
4 7 7
+3 9 1
•12
7.L
iquo
r0.
10.
11,
241
2,54
56
510
52
1512
8.Fl
oris
ts0.
10.
187
01,
833
32
111
1+
112
9.Je
wel
ry0.
10.
21,
359
2,61
47
592
+1
+10
130.
Fuel
& ic
e0.
40.
31,
064
2,55
75
514
012
413
1.M
isc.
ret
ail
0.6
0.7
1,09
52,
438
54
123
2+
313
2.N
ot s
pec.
ret
ail
V0.
40.
494
52,
191
43
132
—5
1.33
.Fi
nanc
e, in
sura
nce,
& r
eal e
stat
e3.
73.
71,
729
3,00
2—
—74
94
134.
Ban
k &
cre
d. a
genc
. & c
omm
od. b
rok.
1.3
1.3
2,01
73,
187
108
58.
53.
135.
Insu
ranc
e1.
31.
51,
910
3,21
310
968
92
136.
Rea
l est
ate,
md.
rea
l est
. ins
, law
off
.1.
10.
91,
145
2,35
85
410
65
2
137.
Bus
ines
s &
rep
air
serv
.1.
82.
21,
156
2,73
5—
—-—
137
107
138.
139.
Adv
ertis
ing
Acc
ount
. aud
it., b
ookk
eep.
, & m
isc.
bus
.se
rv.
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.5
2,00
01,
355
4,06
22,
944
10 710 7
103
117
811
3 814
0.A
uto.
rep
air
serv
. & g
arag
es1.
11.
198
72,
456
54
149
76
141.
Mis
c. r
epai
r se
rv.
0.2
0.4
1,00
02,
513
55
151
1217
142.
Pers
onal
ser
v.9.
56.
350
21,
242
147
4—
143.
Priv
ate
hous
ehol
ds6.
33.
3.
354
785
11
123
—6
144.
Hot
els
& lo
dgin
g pl
aces
.1.2
1.0
738
1,61
62
111
96
614
5.L
aund
., cl
ean.
, & d
yein
g1.
11.
383
31,
825
32
119
8+
114
6.D
ress
& s
hoe
rep.
sho
ps &
mis
c. p
ers.
ser
v.0.
90.
7.
815
1,85
42
212
77
+4
cont
inue
d on
nex
tpa
ge
TA
BL
E B
-4, c
oncl
uded
INDUSTRY
PERCENTAGE
DISTRIBUTION
OF ALL WORKERS
1939
1949
(1)
(2)
.
ME
ANINCOME
OF ALL WORKERS
1939
1949
(3)
(4)
DECILE RANK
0?INDUSTRY
BYMEAN INCOME
1939
1949
(5)
(6)
PERCENTAGE CHANGE, 1939
TO1949
Incr
ease
inM
ean
Inco
me
(7)
Dec
reas
e in
Sha
re o
fT
otal
Rec
eive
d by
Hig
hest
-Pai
d Fi
fth
(+=
incr
ease
)M
ale
Fem
ale
(8)
(9)
-
147.
148.
149.
150.
Entertain. &
recr
.Radio
broa
d.&
tele
visi
onTheaters &
mot
ion
pict.
Bowl.
all.,
bill
. & p
oolpan., misc. ent.
•
1.2
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.5
1,30
82,
609
2,16
74,
183
1,61
92,
865
925
1,96
9
— —
1010
97
32
99 93 77 113
42
413
1+
11
1
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
Prof
essi
onal
& r
el. s
erv.
Med
ical
& o
th. h
ealth
Edu
catio
nal
Wel
fare
, rel
ig.,
& n
onpr
ofit
Leg
al, e
ng.,
arch
. & m
isc.
pro
f. s
erv.
7.5
8.7
1.9
2.8
4.2
4.3
0.9
1.1
0.5
0.5
1,29
02,
332
926
1,97
01,
416
2,48
41,
327
2,27
61,
741
3,27
1
— —
32
84
73
1010
81 113 75 72 88
1211
106
1512
97
109
156.
157.
158.
159.
Publ
ic a
dmin
istr
atio
nPo
stal
ser
v.Fe
dera
l pub
. adm
in.
Stat
e &
loca
l pub
. adm
m.
5.1
5.7
0.9
1.1
1.7
2.3
2.5
2.3
1,69
93,
036
1,84
53,
106
1,47
63,
222
1,75
12,
833
— —
108
89
106
79 68 118
62
1720
222
295
147
Sour
ce: D
eriv
ed f
rom
Tab
les
B-I
, B-2
, and
B-3
.
TABLE B-S
Industries Ranked by Mean Wage Income of All Workers, 1939 and 1949
1939
Lowest Tenth
1949
Agriculture (3)Private households (143)
Forestry (4)Logging (15)Sawmills (16)Canning and preserving (48)Yarn, thread, and fabric mills (59)Five and ten cent stores (116)Eating and drinking places (124)Hotels and lodging places (144)Dressmaking shops (146)
Fisheries (5)Coal mining (8)Tobacco manufacturing (54)Knitting mills (56)Apparel and accessories manufacturing
(62)Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod-
ucts (63)Footwear excluding rubber (79)Taxicab service (88)Gasoline service stations (122)Retail florists (128)Laundering, cleaning (145)Bowling alleys and miscellaneous enter-
tainment (150)Medicine and other health services
(152)
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying ex-cluding fuel (10)
Constrution (11)Confectionery and related products
(51)Leather products, excluding footwear
(80)
Agriculture (3)Five and ten cent stores (116)Eating and drinking places (124)Private households (143)Hotels and lodging places (144)
Logging (15)Sawmills (16)Canning and preserving (48)Tobaôco manufacturing (54)Apparel and accessories manufacturing
(62)Taxicab service (88)Gasoline service stations (122)Drug stores (123)Retail florists (128)Laundering, cleaning (145)Dressmaking shops (146)Bowling alleys and miscellaneous enter-
tainment (150)Medical and other health services (152)
Forestry (4)Miscellaneous wood products (17)Knitting mills (56)Yarn, thread, and fabric mills (59)Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod-
ucts (63)Footwear excluding rubber (79)Leather products, excluding footwear
(80)Food stores excluding dairy products
(113)General merchandise stores (115)Apparel and accessories stores (117)Not specified retail trade (132)Welfare and related services (154)
Fisheries (5)Coal mining (8)Furniture and fixtures (18)Pottery and relate4 products (23)Confectionery and related products
(51)Warehousing and storage (87)
continued on next page
412
Second Tenth
Third Tenth
Fourth Tenth
1939
TABLE B-S. continued
1949
Food stores excluding dairy products(113)
General merchandise stores (115)Drug stores (123)Not specified retail trade (132)
Miscellaneous wood products (17)Furniture and fixtures (18)Structural clay products (22)Pottery and related products (23)Watches, clocks, and miscellaneous
manufactures (43)Dyeing and finishing textiles (57)Miscellaneous textile mill products (60)Paperboard containers and boxes (66)Trucking service (86)Warehousing and storage (87)Apparel and accessories stores (117)Fuel and ice retailing (130)Miscellaneous retail stores (131)Real estate (136)Auto repair service and garages (140)Miscellaneous repair services (141)
Metal mining (7)Glass and glass products (20)Cement, concrete, gypsum and plaster
products (21)Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and
stone products (24)Other primary iron and steel industries
and fabricated steel (28)Railroad and miscellaneous transporta-
tion equipment (40)Bakery products (50)Miscellaneous food preparation (53)Carpets and rugs (58)Pulp, paper and paperboard mills (65)Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
(67)Synthetic fibers (70)Leather; tanned, curried and finished
(78)Not specified manufacturing industries
(81).Water transportation (89)Shoe stores (118)Furniture and house furnishings stores
(119)
Hardware and farm implements (125)Miscellaneous retail stores (131)Real estate (136)Auto repair service and garages (140)Educational services (153)
Fifth TenthConstruction (11)Structural clay products (22)Watches, clocks, and miscellaneous
manufactures (43)Miscellaneous textile mill products (60)Water supply and sanitary service (99)Shoe stores (118)Household appliance and radio stores
(120)Liquor stores (127)Jewelry stores (129)Fuel and ice retailing (130)Miscellaneous repair services (141)
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, ex-cluding fuel (10)
Glass and glass products (20)Cement, concrete, gypsum, and plaster
products (21)Meat products (46)Dairy products (47)Grain mill products (49)Bakery products (50)Miscellaneous food preparation (53)Dyeing and finishing textiles (57)Paperboard containers and boxes (66)Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
(67)Leather; tanned, curried and finished
(78)Not specified manufacturing industries
(81)Trucking service (86)Telephone (94)Furniture and house furnishings stores
(119)Lumber and building material retailing
(126)State and local public administration
(159)continued on next page
413
Sixth Tenth
1939
TABLE B-5, continued
Household appliance and radio stores(120)
Hardware and farm implements (125)Lumber and building material retailing
(126)Liquor stores (127)
Seventh Tenth
1949
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rollingmills (27)
Nonferrous metals and their products(29)
Not specified metal industries (30)Agricultural machinery and tractors
(32)Motor vehicles and motor vehicle
equipment (37)Aircraft and patts manufacturing (38)Meat products (46)Dairy products (47)Grain mill products (49)Rubber products (76)Services incidental to transportation
(92)Telegraph (95)Water supply and sanitary services (99)Dairy products stores (114)Motor vehicles and accessories retailing
(121)Jewelry stores (129)Accounting, auditing, bookkeeping, and
miscellaneous business service (139)Welfare and related services (154)
Metal mining (7)Miscellaneous nonmetal mining and
stone products (24)Other primary iron and steel industries
and fabricated steel (28)Nonferrous metals and their products
(29)Agricultural machinery and tractors
(32)Electrical machine equipment and sup-
plies (35)Ship and boat building (39)Beverage industries (52)Carpets and rugs (58)Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (65)Synthetic fibers (70)Rubber products (76)Street railways and bus lines (85)Telegraph (95)Services incidental to transportation
(92)Gas and steam supply systems (98)Dairy products stores (114)Accounting, auditing, bookkeeping and
miscellaneous business service (139)Theaters and motion pictures (149)
Eighth Tenth
Miscellaneous machinery (34)Electrical machine equipment and sup-
plies (35)Ship and boat building (39)Professional and photographic equip-
ment (42)Beverage industries (52)Drugs, medicines, and miscellaneous
chemicals (72)Miscellaneous petroleum and coal
products (75)Educational services (153)Federal public administration (158)
Blast furnaces, steel works and rolling• mills (27)Not specified metal industries (30)Professional and photographic equip-
ment (42)Railroads and railway express services
(84)Water transportation (89)Motor vehicles and accessories retailing
(121)Banking and credit agencies (134)Postal service (157)
Ninth Tenth
Office and store machinery and devices Printing, publishing, and allied indus-(33) tries (68)
continued on next page
414
1939
TABLE B-5, concluded
1949
Printing, publishing, and allied indus-tries (68)
Railroads and railway express service(84)
Street railway and bus lines (85)Petroleum and gas pipe lines (91)Gas and steam supply systems (98)Wholesale trade (101)Theaters and motion pictures (149)
Wholesale trade (101)Insurance (135)Federal public administration (158)
Highest Tenth
Crude petroleum and natural gas ex-traction (9)
Paints, varnishes, and related products(71)
Petroleum refining (74)Air transportation (90)Telephone (94)Electric light and power and other utili-
ties (97)Banking and credit agencies (134)Insurance (135)Advertising (138)Radio broadcasting (148)Legal, engineering, and architectural
services (155)Postal service (157)State and local public administration
(159)
Crude petroleum and natural gas ex-traction (9)
Office and store machinery and devices(33)
Miscellaneous machinery (34)Motor vehicles and motor vehicle
equipment (37)Aircraft and parts manufacturing (38)Railroad and miscellaneous transporta-
tion equipment manufacturing (40)Paints, varnish, and related products
(71)Drugs, medicines, and miscellaneous
chemicals (72)Petroleum refining (74)Miscellaneous petroleum and coal prod-
ucts (75)Air transportation (90)Petroleum and gas pipe lines (91)Electric light and power and other utili-
ties (97)Advertising (138)Radio broadcasting (148)Legal, engineering, and architectural
services (155)
Source: Derived from Table B-4.
415
TABLE B-6
Industries Ranked by Dispersion [(Q — Q1) / Q] of Wage Income of MaleWorkers, 1939 and 1949
1939
Lowest Tenth
1949
Crude petroleum and natural gas ex-traction (9)
Pottery and related products (23)Nonferrous metals and their products
(29)Agricultural machinery and tractors
(32)Motor vehicles and motor vehicle
equipment (37)Meat products (46)Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings
(58)Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (65)Synthetic fibers (70)Petroleum refining (74)Leather: tanned, curried and finished
(78)Street railways and bus lines (85)Electric light and power, electric gas
and other not specified utilities (97)Gas and steam supply systems (98)Postal service (157)
Blast furnaces, steel works and rollingmills (27)
Agricultural machinery and tractors(32)
Motor vehicle and motor vehicle equip-ment (37)
Aircraft and parts (38)Railroad and miscellaneous transporta-
tion equipment (40)Synthetic fibers (70)Petroleum refining (74)Rubber products (76)Street railways and bus lines (85)Petroleum and gasoline pipe lines (91)Postal service (157)
Second Tenth
Glass and glass products (20)Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills (27)Office and store machines and devices
(33)Professional and photographic equip-
ment and supplies (42)Bakery products (50)Dyeing and finishing textiles, exclusive
of knit goods (57)Yarn, thread and fabric mills (59)Paints, varnishes, and related products
(71)Miscellaneous petroleum and coal prod-
ucts (75)Rubber products (76)Petroleum and gasoline pipe lines (91)Telephone (wire and radio) (94)Liquor stores (127)State and local public administration
(159)
Metal mining (7)Cement, and concrete, gypsum, and
Metal mining (7)Crude petroleum and natural gas ex-
traction (9)Miscellaneous machinery (34)Ship and boat building and repairing
(39)Meat products (46)Dyeing and finishing textiles except
knit goods (57)Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (65)Miscellaneous petroleum and coal prod-
Ucts (75)Gas and steam supply systems (98)State and local public administration
(159)
Other primary iron and steel and fabri-cated steel products (28)
Third Tenth
continued on next page
416
1939
TABLE B-6, continued
1949
plaster products (21)Other primary iron and steel and fabri-
cated steel products (28)Not specified metal industries (30)Miscellaneous machinery (34)Electrical machinery, equipment and
supplies (35)Dairy products (47)Miscellaneous textile mill products (60)Paperboard containers and boxes (66)Footwear, except rubber (79)Taxicab service (88)Water supply and sanitary services (99)Hardware and farm implement stores
(125)
Nonferrous metals and their products(29)
Office and store machines and devices(33)
Electrical machinery equipment andsupplies (35)
Professional and photographic equip-ment and supplies (42)
Carpets, rugs, and other floor coverings(58)
Paints, varnishes and related products(71)
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished(78)
Railroads and railway express service(84)
Electric light and power, electric gasand other not specified utilities (97)
Fourth TenthCoal mining (8)Structural clay products (22)Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and
stone products (24)Aircraft and parts (38)Miscellaneous paper and pulp prod-
ucts (67)Not specified manufacturing industries
(81)Railroads and railway express service
(84)Household appliance and radio stores
(120)Motor vehicles and accessories retailing
(121)
Coal mining (8)Glass and glass products (20)Cement, and concrete, gypsum, and
plaster products (21)Pottery and related products (23)Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and
stone products (24)Dairy products (47)Beverage industries (52)Yarn, thread and fabric mills (59)Miscellaneous textile mill products (60)Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
(67)Drugs, medicine and miscellaneous
chemicals and allied products (72)Air transportation (90)Services incidental to transportation
(92)Telephone (wire and radio) (94)Water supply and sanitary services (99)Federal public administration (158)
Structural clay products (22)Not specified metal industries (30)Watches, clocks, and miscellaneous
manufacturing industries (43)Grain mill products (49)Bakery products (50)Confectionery and related products
(51)Miscellaneous food preparations and
continued on next page
417
Fifth TenthFurniture and fixtures (18)Ship and boat buildings and repairing
(39)Watches, clocks, and misceUaneous
manufacturing industries (43)Grain-mill products (49)Confectionery and related products
(51)Beverage industries (52)
TABLE B-6, continued
1939
Leather products, except footwear (77)Services incidental to transportation
(92)Dairy products stores and milk retailing
(114)General merchandise stores (115)Shoe stores (118)Furniture and housefurnishings stores
(119)Lumber and building material retailing
(126)Banking and credit agencies and security
and commodity brokers companies(134)
Real estate, including real estate insur-ance-law offices (136)
Laundering, cleaning and dyeing service(145)
Miscellaneous wood products (17)Railroads and miscellaneous transporta-
tion equipment (40)Miscellaneous food preparations and
kindred products and not specifiedfood industries (53)
Knitting mills (56)Apparel and accessories (62)Drugs, medicine, and miscellaneous
chemicals and allied products (72)Air transportation (90)Apparel and accessories stores, except
shoe stores (117)Retail florists (128)Jewelry stores (129)Miscellaneous retail stores (131)Insurance (135)Automobile repair services and garages
(140)Dressmaking and shoe repair shops and
miscellaneous personal services (146)Medical and other health services (152)
1949
kindred products and food industriesnot specified (53)
Paperboard containers and boxes (66)Footwear, except rubber (79)Not specified manufacturing industries
(81)Trucking service (86)Warehousing and storage (87)Wholesale trade (101)Dairy products stores and milk retail-
ing (114)Motor vehicles and accessories retailing
(121)Hardware and farm implement stores
(125)Liquor stores (127)
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying ex-cept fuel (10)
Furniture and fixtures (18)Tobacco manufacturers (54)Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod-
ucts (63)Leather products (77)Taxicab service (88)Water transportation (89)Telegraph (wire and radio) (95)Lumber and building material retailing
(126)Fuel and ice retailing (130)Banking and credit agencies and secur-
ity and commodity brokers com-panies (134)
Insurance (135)Accounting, auditing, bookkeeping and
miscellaneous business services (139)Automobile repair services and garages
(140)Miscellaneous repair services (141)
Seventh Tenth
Trucking service (86)Wholesale trade (101)Food stores, except dairy products
(113)Eating and drinking places (124)Welfare and religious services and non-
profit member organizations (154)
Miscellaneous wood products (17)Knitting mills (56)Apparel and accessories (62)General-merchandise stores (115)Apparel and accessories stores, except
shoe stores (117)Shoe stores (118)Furniture and house furnishings stores
(119)continued on next page
418
Sixth Tenth
TABLE B-6, continued
1939 1949
Household appliance and radio stores•(120)
Jewelry stores (129)Miscellaneous retail stores (131)Real estate, including real estate-insur-
ance-law offices (136)Laundering, cleaning and dyeing serv-
ices (152)Medical and other health services (153)Educational services (153)
Eighth TenthNonmetallic mining and quarrying ex- Construction (11)
cept fuel (10) Dressmaking and shoe repair shops andTobacco manufactures (54) miscellaneous personal services (146)Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod-
ucts (63)Printing, publishing and allied indus-
tries (68)Warehousing and storage (87)Water transportation (89)Five and ten cent stores (116)Gasoline service stations (122)Fuel and ice retailing (130)Not specified retail trade (132)Accounting, auditing, bookkeeping and
miscellaneous business services (139)Miscellaneous repair services (141)Hotels and lodging places (144)Radio broadcasting and television
(148)Educational services (153)
Ninth Tenth
Agriculture (3) Canning and preserving fruits, vegeta-Logging (15) bles and sea food (48)Sawmills, planing mills and mill work Printing, publishing, and allied indus-
(16) tries (68)Legal, engineering and architectural Food stores, except dairy products
services and miscellaneous profes- (113)sional services (155) Gasoline service stations (122)
Eating and drinking places (124)Retail florists (128)Not specified retail trade (132)Advertising (138)Hotels and lodging places (144)Radio broadcasting and television (148)Legal, engineering and architectural
services and miscellaneous profes-sional services (155)
Highest Tenth
Forestry (4) Agriculture (3)Fisheries (5) Forestry (4)
continued on next page
419
1939
TABLE B-6, concluded
1949
Construction (11)Canning and preserving fruits, vegeta-
bles and sea foods (48)Telegraph, wire and radio (95)Drug stores (123)Advertising (138)Private households (143)Theaters and motion pictures (149)Bowling alleys, billiard and pool parlors
and miscellaneous entertainment andrecreation services (150)
Federal public administration (158)
Fisheries (5)Logging (15)Sawmills, planing mills, and mill work
(16)Five and ten cent stores (116)Drug stores (123)
,Private households (143)Theaters and motion pictures (149)Bowling alleys, billiard and pooi par-
lors and miscellaneous entertainmentand recreation services (150)
Welfare and religious services and non-profit member organizations (154)
COMMENTPAUL R. KERSCHBAUM, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Everyone who has examined earnings or wage statistics will readilyagree that income trends, both secular and during the forties, werein the direction of narrowed differentials of all kinds: occupational,interplant, interindustry, and interregional. The difficulty lies inthe development of an analysis of the myriad forces that accountfor it and in placing a value on each factor. An analysis based onaggregates of one sort or another will most likely neglect a varietyof forces—forces often contending for supremacy, often indeed inconflict. On the other hand, as data are broken down by occupa-tion, plant size, geographic location, composition of the work force,product classes, and a host of other relevant compartments, the ma-terial becomes increasingly meaningful, but unwieldly.
NARROWING OF INCOME DIFFERENTIALS
I agree with Herman Miller's contention that government action,principally in the form of National War Labor Board policies andprocedures, contributed to a narrowing of income differentials. Inthe forties, however, a combination of many factors was reinforc-ing the secular trend toward narrowed differentials. It was a periodof war-impelled demand for workers, some rise in prices, and ad-vances in both earnings and wage rates. Government action wasdeliberately designed to ease the burden on low-income recipients,partly because the impact of inflation falls most heavily on thisgroup. The action, however, was also designed as a general anti-inflationary measure.
420
COMMENTA second factor was the continuing advance in the level of edu-
cation. In 1940 one out of seven in the working population hadcompleted high school; the proportion had increased to one in fiveby 1950. Extension of the schooling period resulted in a relativelysmaller supply of unskilled workers, and a larger supply of workersqualified for jobs requiring higher skills. The continued restrictionof immigration, which began in the twenties had the same result.
A third factor was the need because of the war effort to draw intothe industrial labor force many persons formerly in agriculture,women from their homes, and youths. Special inducements werenecessary to. redirect their efforts to totally different activities; oftenthey had to move from the country to the city.
A fourth factor was the increasing use of machinery, whichtended to expand the job content in relatively unskilled occupationsand to reduce the variety of skills required of operatives and crafts-men. In short, for the forties at least, government action and unionactivity reinforced the effects of strong social forces which by them-selves would have produced a narrowing of differentials.
I agree also with Miller's opinion that union activity contributedto the narrowing of wage differentials, but its impact is not similarto that of government action. National unions usually bargain witha single employer, or with local groups of employers, and collectivebargaining has been described as "decentralized in the sense thateach national union charts its own course. There is a certain amountof informal consultation, emulation, and rivalry among unions inthe same or neighboring industries. A pattern established by oneunion in a particular year may be virtually binding on anotherunion especially if the two are rivals for the same clientele. Apartfrom competitive emulation, however, there is no central coordina-tion of wage policy by the top federations." 1 Unions may affectworkers' attitudes, may have an impact on the hiring and promo-tion practices of an employer, and may affect the way in whichlabor is recruited. They may influence wages by controlling thenumber of workers admitted to particular industries, but neither theclosed shop nor union restriction on employment is very importantin the United States.
UNSETTLED PROBLEMS
I would like to comment on several other points concerningMiller's statistics. First, I have already mentioned the difficulty ofcomparing occupational differentials over a ten year span. The
Lloyd G. Reynolds and Cynthia H. Taft, The Evolution of Wage Structure,Yale University Press, 1956, p. 317.
421
USES OF INCOME DATAchanging content of seemingly comparable jobs poses problems inanalyzing occupational differentials.
A second element, not treated by Miller, is the increase in thesize of money differentials during the forties. A Bureau of LaborStatistics study of the period from 1939 to 1948,2 showed generallygreater cents-per-hour increases in high-paid than in low-paid in-dustries. To take extreme examples: the 1939 average hourly earn-ings in the newspaper industry of about $1.00 (the highest among103 industries for which data were calculated) had risen by 1948to $1.89 (89 per cent); cotton manufactures, on the other hand,showed the greatest percentage increase, 182 between 1939 and1948. Nevertheless, the 1939 money differential in favor of thenewspaper industry of 62 cents in 1939 had increased to 80 centsby 1948.
A third point, on which there . are no authoritative figures, are"fringe benefits," which in recent years have been a major factor incollective bargaining. Their inclusion—wherever these are adoptedon a varying industrial basis—would alter the differentials observedby Miller, possibly disclosing differentials greater than those shownby census data. I am inclined to think that well organized workersin higher-paid industries have been more successful in establishingliberal benefit patterns than have workers in lower-paid industries.If this assumption is valid, inclusion of such figures would disclosegreater North-South differentials, since organization is more com-plete and effective and wage rates are higher in the North. I do notsuggest that such a widening of differentials will continue over longperiods throughout the country, though I think it likely that theNorth-South differentials will continue to persist.
Finally, the paper does not comment on the reduction in take-home-pay differentials caused by progressive income taxes.
An increase in differentials has been brought about recently in arelatively high proportion of the major collectively bargained wagesettlements. A report published by the Bureau of Labor Statisticsshows that about one-third of the major agreements in 1955 eithermaintained percentage differentials between skilled and unskilledworkers.by giving uniform percentage adjustments or widened themthrough extra increases for skilled workers (in addition to uniformcents-per-hour or percentage wage changes applicable to. all em-
'"Wage Trends, 1939—1949," Wage Movements, Bureau of Labor Statistics,Series 3, No. 3, 1950, Table 2.
'Average hourly earnings for work shirts and cotton seed oil in 1939 were lowerthan those for cotton manufactures. However, the relative increase, 1939—1948,was less in these industries than in other industries.
422
COMMENTployees in the bargaining unit) . Because only larger settlementsare included in the data, the latter type of adjustment affects 40 percent or more of all workers involved in expanded rates. Since thereport concerns companies considered to be wage leaders, such asFord, General Motors, United States Steel, it is conceivable thatthe trend may spread.
A. H. LENEVEU, DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS
The main findings of our attempt to measure the trend of industrialearnings in Canada on the basis of our 1941 and 1951 censusstatistics on wage-earners correspond closely with the results ob-tained by Herman P. Miller for the United States.
CANADIAN EARNINGS TREND
A marked rise in wage earnings of workers in Canada took placeover the decade 1941 to 1951. The following tabulation of thepercentage distribution of wage earners,' by amount of earnings andby sex, shows that about 56 per cent of all male wage earners inCanada earned over $2,000 during the census year ended June 1,1951, compared with just under 10 per cent in 1941. Amongfemale wage earners, 60 per cent earned over $1,000 in 1951compared with only a little over 11 per cent in 1941. Medianannual earnings more than doubled during this decade.
TOTAL MALE FEMALE
EARNINGS GROUP 1941 1951 a 1941 1951 a 1941 1951 a
(per cent)
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Under $1,000 62.7 22.3 54.1 15.8 88.6 40.4$1,000— 1,999 30.4 32.9 37.0 28.2 10.7 45.9
2,000— 2,999 4.9 31.4 6.4 38.2 0.6 12.33,000— 3,999 1.2 .2 1.5 12.0 0.1 1.24,000 and over 0.8 4.3 1.0 5.7 b 0.2
'(dollars)
Median earnings 733 1,854 874 2,132 1,191
Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.a The 1951 figures are exclusive of Newfoundland.
Less than 0.05 per cent.Exact median earnings cannot be determined from data available; the average
for females in 1941 was $490.
'See "Labor-Management Contract Settlements," Monthly Labor Review, Bureauof Labor Statistics, May 1956, p. 527.
1 Cf. Miller's Table 1.
423
USES OF INCOME DATA
CHANGE IN DIFFERENTIALS
The following tabulation of percentages of total earnings foreach fifth of all wage earners in Canada, ranked by amount ofearnings and by sex, 1941 and 1951, shows the same trend as thatexperienced in the United States over approximately the sameperiod.2
WAGE EARNERS 1941 1951
Both sexesLowest fifth 4.8 4.7Second fifth 8.2 12.6Middle fifth 15.0 18.8Fourth fifth 28.9 24.0Highest fifth 43.1 39.9
MalesLowest fifth 4.2 5.9Second fifth 9.9 13.8Middle fifth 17.4 19.0Fourth fifth 27.3 22.8Highest fifth 41.1 38.6
FemalesLowest fifth 8.3 4.1Second fifth 8.3 11.6Middle fifth 15.0 20.4Fourth fifth 25.7 26.5Highest fifth 42.8 37.4
The share of total earnings received by the highest fifth of thewage earners in Canada, ranked by amount of earnings, declinedbetween 1941 and 1951 from 43.1 per cent of the aggregate in1941 to 39.9 per cent in 1951. The lowest fifth of all wage earnersreceived about the same share in 1941 (4.8 per cent) and 1951(4.7 per cent). The middle fifth increased their share of total earn-ings from 15 per cent in 1941 to 18.8 per cent in 1951.
The spread between the median annual earnings of Canada'shigher and lower socio-economic occupation groups narrowed overthe decade 1941—1951. This is shown in the following table com-paring the percentage increases in the medians of annual andweekly earnings (per week employed) of males in various occupa-tion groups.
'Cf. Miller's Table 2. 'Cf. Miller's Table 11.
424
COMMENTMEDIAN
PERCENTAGE MEDIAN EARNINGS PERCENTAGEMEDIAN INCREASE WEEKS PER WEEK INCREASE
EARNINGS 1941 to EMPLOYED EMPLOYED 1941 toOCCUPATIONAL GROUP 1941 1951 1951 1941 1951 1941 1951 1951
Laborers (nonprimary) $ 566 $1,552 174.2 39.58 50.04 $14.30 $31.02 116.9Semiskilled 933 2,132 128.5 50.40 50.94 18.51 41.85 126.1Skilledb 1,052 2,292 117.9 50.19 50.88 20.96 45.05 114.9Clerical, commercial
and financial 1,139 2,206 93.7 51.03 51.18 22.32 43.10 93.1Professional 1,553 2,944 92.0 51.23 51.25 30.31 57.44 89.5Managerial 2,082 3,603 73.1 51.38 51.41 40.52 70.08 73.0
This table accounts for about three-quarters of all male wage and salary earners in 1951.Includes 76 per cent of all male semiskilled workers in 1951.
b Includes 86 per cent of all male skilled workers in 1951.
Median annual earnings for all laborers (other than those em-ployed in primary industries) rose by 174.2 per cent over this ten-year period, while the corresponding percentage increases for othergroups were: semiskilled workers, 128.5; skilled, 117.9; clericaland commercial, 93.7; professional, 92.0; and managerial, 73.1per cent. The relatively greater difference that existed in 1941 be-tween the earnings of laborers and other occupation groups wasdue partly to the considerable amount of short-time experienced bylaborers in that year. These relationships expressed as ratios areshown as follows:
MEDIAN ANNUAL MEDIAN EARNINGS PER
RATIOS OF EARNINGS - WEEK EMPLOYED
MEDIAN EARNINGS o: 1941 1951 1941 1951
Managerial to laborers 3.7 2.3 2.8 2.3Professional to laborers 2.7 1.9 2.1 1.9Clerical, commercial and finan-
cial to laborers 2.0 1.4 1.6 1.4Skilled workers to laborers 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.5Semiskilled workers to laborers 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3
The drift toward leveling of wage incomes in Canada during thewar and postwar period was attributed by the Department ofLabour to a general tendency "toward a reduction of both kinds ofwage differentials, that between skilled and unskilled labour, andthat between high-wage and low-wage industries."
REASONS FOR CHANGE
During the first two years they were in force, November 1941 toDecember 1943, the effect of wage controls was not so much tofreeze wage rates as to equalize them, by preventing wage increases
'"Effects of the War on Canada's Wage Structure,". Canadian Labour Market,Canadian Dept. of Labour, March 1948.
425
USES OF INCOME DATAwhich would have resulted in increased wage differentials. Underthe NatiOnal War Labour Board the tendency of unions to demandacross-the-board increases for whole plants or whole industries,yielding higher percentage increases in the lower wage groups, wasencouraged by the inevitable centralization of collective, bargaining.Under the Wartime Wages Control Order of December 1943, whilewage increases were more strictly limited, the "gross inequality"clause facilitated increases for lower-paid workers more than forthe higher-paid. Thus, the narrowing of the difference in annualearnings between unskilled and other groups of workers over theperiod 1941 to 1951 is largely a reflection of the wartime trends inwage policy, on the part of governments as well as of labor unions.Over the longer period since the beginning of the century, the pro-portionate decrease' of skilled workers with the greater use of ma-chine processes in production has probably also tended to bringabout a larger measure of wage equalization.
In Canada, as in the United States, the rate of increase in an-nual earnings in the lowest-paid group of industries over the periodbetween 1941 and 1951 was greater than in the highest-paid group.The following table groups industries into deciles, according tomedian annual earnings of workers at the 1951 census, and shows
PERCENTAGE INCREASE INMEDIAN EARNINGS
INDUSTRIES BETWEEN 1941 AND 1951
RANKED BY Less 100.0 125.0 150.0MEDIAN EARNINGS than to to or
IN 1951 TOTAL 100.0 124.9 149.9 more
Total 153 a 48 42 33 29Lowest tenth 12 a 6 2 1 2Second tenth 14 6 3 4 1
Third tenth 20 3 7 5 5
Fourth tenth 13 3 4 4 2Fifth tenth 11 1 2 4 4Sixth tenth 27 6 6 6 9Seventh tenth 5 3 1 1 —
Eighth tenth 27 8 10 4 5Ninth tenth 11 5 3 3 —
Highest tenth 13 7 4 1 1
a There was one decrease of one percentage point occurring in the lowest tenth.
the number of industries by percentage increase in median earningsfor each decile over the period since the 1941 census.5
The figures above are summarized in the following table:
'Cf. Miller's Table 10.
426
COMMENT
A. Based on Order of Earnings Size for All Workers in 1951
The results in Panel A, based on 1951 wages for all workers,show that among the forty-six industry classes composing the low-est three tenths, in terms of median earnings in 1951, some 17.4per cent showed an increase in earnings of over 150 per cent, whilefor the top three tenths only 11.8 per cent recorded an equal rateof increase. Similarly, 21.7 per cent of the former increased by 125to 150 per cent as compared with only 15.7 per cent of the lattergroup. As Panel B shows, the difference in rate of increase overthis decade in median annual earnings for males in the lowest three-tenths as compared with the highest three-tenths of the industryclasses was considerably more marked than for both sexes com-bined. Panel c of the table shows that, on the basis of the orderof earnings size in 1941, 30.4 per cent of the lowest three tenthsrecorded an increase of 150 per cent or more in earnings overthe decade; the highest three tenths were not represented in thisrate of increase category. The same proportion of the lowest rankshowed an increase in earnings of 125 to 150 per cent, whileonly 2.4 per cent of the highest paid group recorded this rate ofincrease. It will be seen that over the period the relative gains inearnings of the lowest three tenths compared with the highestthree tenths of the industries were greater when 1941 was the basisof arrangement of industries by earnings size than when 1951 wasthe basis.
United States census statistics on wage and salary income showthat, although the level of income in industry rose substantially dur-ing the period 1940 to 1950, there was little change in the relative
427
INDUSTRIES RANKED BYMEDIAN EARNINGS
IN 1951
INCREASE INCREASE
INCREASE 100.0% 125.0%LESS THAN TO TO
TOTAL 100% 124.9% 149.9%No. % No. % No. % No. %
TotalLowest three tenthsHighest three tenths
153 100.0 4846 100.0 1551 100.0 20.
B. Based on Order of Earnings153 100.0 4934 100.0 538 100.0 21
on Order of Earnings153 100.0 4823 100.0 5
TotalLowest three tenthsHighest three tenths
C. Based
TotalLowest three tenths
INCREASE150.0%
OR MORE
No.%
29 19.08 17.46 11.8
29 19.013 38.2
1 2.6
28 18.37 30.4
31.4 42 27.5 3332.6 12 26.1 1039.2 17 33.3 8
Size for Male Workers in32.0 42 27.5 3314.7 8 23.5 855.3 15 39.5 1
Size for All Workers in31.4 42 27.5 3421.7 4 17.4 7
Highest three tenths
21.621.715.7
1951
21.623.52.6
1941
22.230.4
41 100.0 30 73.2 10 24.4 1 2.4 — —
USES OF INCOME DATAposition of individual industries when ranked on the basis of aver-age wage or salary income of workers. The similar experience ofCanada is summarized in the following table.° By use of censusstatistics on median annual earnings by workers in industry for1951 compared with 1941, industry classes were arranged accord-ing to earnings of workers rank in both years. It will be seen that25.5 per cent of the industry classes were in the same decile inboth years, and 45.1 per cent had changed position by only onedecile over this period.
Number Percentage
Total industries 153 100.0Same rank 39 25.5Changing rank by 1 decile 69 45.1Changing rank by:
more than 1 decile 45 29.42 deciles 23 15.03 deciles 18 11.84 deciles 2 1.3S deciles 1 0.76 deciles 1 0.7
A substantial proportion of the industries that declined threedeciles or more between 1941 and 1951 were industries, such astrade and finance, in which the percentage of females employedhad increased significantly over this decade.
As for earnings distributions by occupation, no detailed studyhas been made in Canada. Since the range of earnings shown formany occupational classes listed in census tables is affected by thedegree of homogeneity of the class, by difficulties in enumeratingcertain occupations, by editing and coding procedures, and so forth,careful consideration of the occupations selected for such a studywould be required even though in the 1951 census an effort wasmade to improve the quality of occupation reporting.
Finally, with regard to the relationship between occupation andannual earnings, the extent to which the occupation reported onthe census date was followed continuously during the precedingtwelve months varies from occupation to occupation. Hence theaccuracy of the data shown for any occupation class is affected bythe rate of movement into and out of that class The Bureau is pres-ently making a study of changes in jobs reported, month by month,by workers covered in the Sample Survey of the Labour Force.
'Cf. Miller's Tables B-4 and B-S.
428