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Dr. Y. VISHNU VARDHAN1st Year PG
Dept. Of Community Medicine.
Contents
Introduction
History of Public Health
Phases of Public Health
Recent advances in Public Health
Achievements in Public Health
Notable Figures in Public Health
References
INTRODUCTION
1920
15thCentury BC Early Egyptians used Sedimentation Apparatusto remove suspended solids
400 BC Romans Engineered Safe water delivery systems-Roman Aqueducts
Wick siphon method
Roman aqueduct
Medieval Times
Theory Of Miasma
Book of Levictus- 1st health Code
Hippocrates’ Treatise Airs, Waters and Placesserved as a template for relationships b/nPlaces, health and disease.
Removing Dead Bodies.Burning Cities (Killing Rat Fleas).
Black Death (Bubonic Plague) in Europe
- 14th Century AD.
Prevented the Spread Of Infection.
Modern Public Health
Industrial Revolution of 1829 in Europe- worsened the Living conditions, and the need for Public Health Legislation Increased.
Sir Edwin Chadwick – Sanitary Reforms and Poor Law Commission.
PUBLIC HEALTH ACT, 1848
1
Polluted Water Pump in Broad street is the Reason for Cholera OutBreak.(1854)
- John Snow
2
Spot map
3
First one to Use a Spot Map for Cholera.
Father of Epidemiology.
Believed in Germ Theory of disease.
WILLIAM BUDD- Concluded that Drinking water contamination is the reason for Typhoid outbreak
1. DISEASE CONTROL PHASE1880- 1920
Massachusetts & Shattuck’s Report; Review of sanitation Practices.
Controlling Man’s Physical Environment.
Robert Koch Louis Pasteur
Ronald Ross Joseph Lister
Lemaul Shattuck
2. HEALTH PROMOTIONAL PHASE1920-1960
A New goal of Health Promotion was added to Public Health services.It led to two great movements.
Basic Health Services
PHCs and Sub centers wereEstablished.(Bhore Committee)
Highly Successful- Rural Population benefitted a lot.
Community Development Programme
For Village Development through active community Participation.
Failure- Due to InadequateResources.
3. SOCIAL ENGINEERING PHASE(1960-1980)
Social and Behavioral aspects of Disease and Health were Prioritized to lessen Chronic Diseases burden on the society.
The Concept of Risk Factors came into Existence.
4. HEALTH FOR ALL PHASE1980-2000 AD
A Health Gap between Rich& Poor, Within and In-between Countries was Realized upon the release of John Bryant’s book
“Health and the Developing World”
HEALTH FOR ALL
In the year 1981,WHO pledged to Provide Health for All by the year 2000.
In order to eliminate Inequalities in health care, the Three-Tier system of Health Care was implemented.
WHO focused on Millennium Development goals:
EBOLA
DISASTERS
HIV
SARS
Challenges Confronted by Public Health
Epidemiological Transition
Demographic Transition
Environmental Changes
Challenges Confronted by Public Health
Modern Public Health advocates in enhancing Inter-Sectoral& Inter-Disciplinary Education and training.
Sub-Fields of Public Health are:
Behavioural Health
Biostatistics
Epidemiology
Occupational Health
Environmental health
Public Health operated in several ways, Implementing Various New Programmes.
ICDS
1975
NRHM
RNTCP
UIP
2005
1992
1985
To Overcome Political, Economic and Social Obstacles-A New Movement called PUBLIC HEALTH 2.0 came forward.
This aims to make field make more accessible to general public and more User-Driven.
It works by reaching out through Social media and Health blogs.
Using Twitter, researchers were able to predict influenza in their population. The red line is predicted rates, the black line is the actual rate. The vertical line separates training from predicted data.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
CDC states that- Public Health is credited with adding 25 years to theLife expectancy of People in United states.
Top ten Greatest Achievements of pubic health in 20th Century are:
Immunizations
Motor-Vehicle Safety
Tobacco as health Hazard
Healthier MotherAnd Child
Family Planning
Workplace SafetySafe &healthier Foods
Decline in Heart Ds and Stroke
Fluoridation of H2O
Control of Infections
Other Notable figures in Public Health
Edward Jenner Walter Reed Alexander Fleming
Florence Nightingale Salk & Sabin Bernardino Ramazzini
Public Health Logos
1. http://www.enotes.com/public-health-ncyclopedia/history-public-health
REFERENCES
5. http://www.cdc.gov/about/history/tengpha.html
2. Gupta MC, Mahajan BK. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 5th edition, Chp 1, p1-3.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/public_health
4. Park K. Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine, 22nd edition, chp1, p1-10.