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05.10.15 Seite 1
� Manfred Breithaupt �
Changing Course in Urban Transport
FOR CHANGEAN URGENT NEED
The adverse impacts of growth in motorization - in economic, environmental and social terms - are ruining the quality of life in
our cities and our global climate.
“We and our children deserve a higher
quality place to live”
…Even crossing a road can be
dangerous in the current traffic
dominated environment.
TRANSPORT DILEMMATHE URBAN
The basic problems of traffic growth are…
Energy Consumption
CO2 Emissions & Local Air Pollution
Safety Impacts
Social Exclusion
Congestion
Energy Consumption
CO2 Emissions & Local Air Pollution
Imaginechina, 2009
Safety Impacts
Worldwide, 1.3 Million road deaths and up to 50 Million people injured per year
Congestion
Social Exclusion
Carlos Pardo, 2005
Challenges in developing cities
10-25% of urban areas are taken by road transportation infrastructure -A lot of space for cars but…
…where is the space for people? the silent pedestrian, the invisible cyclist must be seen
Over time, achieving greater sustainability in transport means...
... investing in schemes and
initiatives that improve
accessibility and developing more
effective transit cities.
Humans love to move, travel, discover…by different ways and modes…
Failures in Urban and Transport Planning
Trends in cities§ Rapidly increasing car ownership
and use§ Declining mode share of public
transport, walking, and cycling§ Declining city centres; rapid
decentralisation into car-oriented suburban sprawl
Focus was given to road design:
§ More infrastructure for cars§ More space for motorized
vehicles, which let to less density and often to sprawl
§ Unsustainable focus
Ø Greater demand for space
Ø Greater demand for travel
Ø Living areas often far away from commercial activities
Ø Greater impact on traffic
Ø Greater impact on health and environment
SUSTAINABLE MOBILITYOPTIONS FOR
AVOID Reducing the need to travel
SHIFT Changing mode choice
IMPROVEIncreasing the energy efficiency of vehicles, fuels and transport
operations
Carlos Pardo, 2008
How to tackle the problem with urban transport?
Reduced Carbon Emissions
Capacity Building
IMPROVE
Improve the energy efficiency of transport modes and
vehicle technology
• Low-friction lubricants• Optimal tire pressure• Low Rolling Resistance Tires• Speed limits, Eco-Driving
(Raising Awareness)• Shift to alternative fuels• …
SHIFT
Shift to more environmentallyfriendly modes
• Mode shift to Non-Motorized Transport
• Mode shift to Public Transport
• Public Transp. Integration• Transport Demand
Management (TDM)
REDUCE/AVOID
• Integration of transport and land-use planning
• Smart logistics concepts• …
Reduce or avoid travel or the need to travel
Traditional focus was given to road design: More infrastructure for cars, more space for motorized vehicles, unsustainable focus: Question is, how to use limited road space best
Tackling the Problem
Why starting with Liveability?• A liveable city is a city that provides a high quality of life for its
citizens
• This requires:
• Economic strength
• Social balance
• Ecological viability• All these elements are interdependent
05.10.1
Other factors:
• Safety/Crime
• Schools and education
• Recreation
• Political stability
• Availability of goods/services
• Economic/Business conditions
05.10.1
What influences Liveability?
Direct transport related factors:§ Infrastructure§ Accessibility§ Quality of architecture § Urban design§ Public Transportation§ Public places§ ...etc.
§ Liveable Cities & Urban Life
• Vienna, Austria (1st)• Zurich, Switzerland (2nd)• Auckland, New Zealand
(3rd )• Munich, Germany (4th)• Vancouver, Canada (5th)
§ Düsseldorf, Germany (6th)§ Frankfurt, Germany (7th)§ Geneva, Switzerland (8th) § Copenhagen, Denmark (9th) § Bern, Switzerland (10th)
Mercer Quality of Living Survey 2014 – Top 10 (worldwide):
Source: VBZ Zurich, 2009, http://vbz.ch.
Rankings of Quality of Living
Livable Cities & Urban Life
���190001500-2000
Mixed Traffic
��40000 –60000
Heavy Rail/ Metro
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60000 –90000
SuburbanRail(e.g. Mumbai)
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14000
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Cyclists
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9000
BRT single lane Pedestrians
5000
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Regular Bus
??
BRTdouble lane
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Light Rail
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18000 –20000
(people per hour on 3.5 m wide lane in the city – PPHPD [PAX/hour/direction])Source: Botma & Papendrecht, TU Delft 1991 and own figures
PPHPD Range (à)
80000, HKK
Maximum PPHPD
achieved& where (à)
Why public transport priority? Corridor Capacity
Share (%) of publictransport, walking
and cycling
CO2 emissions (kg per capita per year)
Houston 5% 5690 kg
Montreal 26% 1930 kg
Madrid 49% 1050 kg
London 50% 1050 kg
Paris 54% 950 kg
Berlin 61% 774 kg
Tokyo 68% 818 kg
Hongkong 89% 378 kg
CO2 emissions from passenger transport vs. modal split: Selected cities, different densities, different lifestyles
AdoptSustainable Transportation Policy and strategies
The push and pull approach
Design and implementation of land use plans
• Curitiba’s solution: Land use and transport plans as part of a Transit-Oriented Development plan
The case of Curitiba: land use and transport
The principles of the sustainable approach
High density, compact
developmentMixed land
usesTransit
oriented development
Pedestrian / NMT scale
<<<
New York’s Sustainable Streets
Strategic Goals
o Cut annual traffic fatalities by 50% (from 2007 level)o Implement system of rapid bus lineso Double bicycle commuting from 2007 to 2012o Institute complete-street design policyo Institute programs to treat streets as public spaceo Reduce agency energy and vehicle use
Examples: Seoul
Improving the level of service for citizens through changes of infrastructure
Before After
§ International Experiences
Examples: Seoul
Demolishing an urban highway created public space and valuable redevelopment opportunities
Improved public space leads to increased quality of life
§ International Experiences
AFTER
Lyon’s waterfront with bike share
Will our children find our cities as entertaining as playing a video game?
TRANSPORTDEMAND MANAGEMENT
PUBLICTRANSIT
BRT can be very productive
Guangzhou, China 35,800 pax/day/km
BRT Guangzhou (Winner of 2011 STA Award)
• 22.5 km of dedicated bus way
• Over 800,000 passengers per day on a single corridor
• 27,400 passengers per peak hour per direction
BRT Guangzhou (Winner of 2011 STA Award)
BRT Guangzhou (Winner of 2011 STA Award)
Previous Situation
Current Situation
BRT Guangzhou (Winner of 2011 STA Award)
Carlos Pardo, 2008
Carlos Pardo, 2008
A city that is good for children, the elderly, the handicapped, the poor, is good for everybody else.
- Enrique Peñalosa
Carlos Pardo, 2007
Julian Cram, Jon Bewley, Sustrans 2008
Transmilenio, 2001
NON-MOTORIZEDTRANSPORT
Manfred Breithaupt, 2006
Judiza Zahir, 2008
05.10.1
Walking areas, proper sidewalks, cycling network, and car-restricted zones
§ More safety for citizens§ More pedestrian space§ More traffic calming
measures§ Preserve architectural
heritage and aesthetic value
Promoting Public Space
Promoting cycling: Amsterdam
Promoting NMT
Promoting cycling: Amsterdam
Promoting NMT
“In terms of infrastructure, what differentiates advanced cities are not highways or subways but quality sidewalks and cycleways”
Enrique Penalosa, former Mayor of Bogota, Colombia
Street design: Example from Rotterdam
05.10.1
Muenster, Germany- the German cycling City
Main Components of Sustainable Transport
• Public Transport with priority over all other modes on the road
• Non-motorisedtransport
• Creating/conserving public space
• PT Integration• TDM measures
Do you see these factors here?
Non-EuropeanCities:ü Bogotá
ü Curitiba
üSingapore
üTokyo
Europe:ü Zurich
ü Vienna
ü Berlin
üAmsterdam
ü Groningen
ü Copenhagen
ü Freiburg
üMuenster
International Experiences reg livable Cities
All of these successes featured an integrated and packaged approach:
1. High-quality public transport2. Improved conditions for walking and bicycling3. Effective integration of modes4. Supportive land-use policies5. Car-restriction measures
• Integrated Transport Policy: PT, NMT and IMT
• Modal Share of PT 36%
• More than 2/3 of journeys are done by PT and NMT
• Vienna top ranked in quality of living surveys conducted by the British consultancy firm Mercer during years 2009 to 2012
Examples: Vienna (#1 Quality of living Index)Public Transport and NMT(PT and NMT not for poorer cities, but smart solutions, promoting growth and attractive-ness. Proven to be a success factor for highincome and successful cities)
Relationship between GDP per Capita and Individual Motorized Modal ShareRelationship between GDP per Capita and Individual Motorized Modal Share
The transport paradox“Transport is unique as the only development sector that worsens as incomes rise. While sanitation, health, education and employment tend to improve through economic development, traffic congestion tends to worsen.”
…but still: Decoupling of economic growth and individual motorized transport is achievable!
Leadership
World’s best systems were developed with high levels of political support
With strong political will, anything is possible
Enrique PeñalosaFormer mayor of BogotaLee Myung-bak
Mayor of Seoul
Perspective
A real test for the success of interventions can be seen in how attractive the city is for children.
We can certainly learn much from the
development of sustainable mobility
worldwide.
Changing course can mean that strategic
societal objectives are achieved, consistent with
individual preferences and city quality of life
goals.
§ Active since 2002§ GIZ SUTP Publications§ Multimedia (gallery, videos)§ 35,000 visitors (per month)§ Approx. 20,000 downloads
(per month)
www.sutp.org
SUTP Website (Engl.,CN, Span.)
Training course manuals
• Bus Rapid Transit• Public Awareness and Behavioural
Change• Non-motorised Transport• Cycling-inclusive Policy
Development: A Handbook • Travel Demand Management• Mass Transport Options• Bus Regulation and Planning• Financing Urban Transport
WWW.capsut.org
05.10.1
Our publications
• Co-founder and Partner of „Bridging theGap Initiative“ (www.transport2020.org)
• Partner and Co-founder of „Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport” (http://www.slocat.net/ )
• Numerous international partners• Close cooperation with specialised
German and European consultants
Our Partners and Networks
GIZ SUTP project
Write to us for any assistance on making Sustainable Urban Transport a reality in your city