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Item type Presentation

Format Text-based Document

Title Changing Hospital Culture: Collaborative Response toEmergency Cesarean Sections

Authors Schuch, Barbara C.; Krempel, Sally M.

Downloaded 21-Jun-2018 23:30:58

Link to item http://hdl.handle.net/10755/603000

Katherine Q. Hodur, MSN, RNC-MNN, CBC &

Joan E. Rucker, MSN

Changing Hospital Culture: Collaborative

Response to Emergency

Cesarean Sections

Barbara C. Schuch, MSN, RNC-OB, C-EFM

Sally Krempel, MSN, RNC-OB

Background

• Illinois Dept. of Public Health (IDPH) Visit January 2012

• Decision to Incision time for Emergency Cesarean Sections-“30-Minute Rule”

• American College of Obstetrics & Gynecology (ACOG) Standard of Care

• Data Collection

• Gap Analysis

1. All Birth Center Staff not using Standardized Nomenclature

2. Perceived Lack of Communication & Teamwork

Continuing Education

• Departmental process improvement project

• Planned for interprofessional groups

• The group planned 2.0 CNE through the Ohio

Nurse’s Association (ONA) & 1.0 CME through the

hospital’s CME Coordinator

• 9 classes were held for OB physicians,

anesthesiologists, residents, APNs, Birth Center

nursing staff, OBTs, PCTs, medical and nursing

students were presented

IOM Report

• “At least 44,000 people, and perhaps as many as 98,000 people, die in hospitals each year as a result of medical errors that could have been prevented, according to estimates from two major studies.”

• “Failure of communication”

IOM 1999 Report; “To Err is Human”

Root Causes of Morbidity & Mortality

PART I – NICHD

NOMENCLATURE: SPEAKING

A COMMON LANGUAGE

WHEN INTERPRETING FETAL

MONITOR TRACINGS

Objectives

• Discuss briefly the history of standardized fetal

monitoring terminology

• Review the basic definitions & categorical levels of

NICHD Nomenclature (Standardized

Communication for Fetal Heart Rate Pattern

Interpretation)

• Apply NICHD Nomenclature to fetal monitor

tracings

2010 NCC Monograph

• …in an effort to address the educational

needs of nurses, residents, midwives and

obstetricians, the NCC monograph was

developed and summarizes the NICHD

nomenclature from the National Institute of

Child Health and Human Development

Research Planning Workshop that occurred

back in 1997.

In Addition…

• NICHD Categories were added to the computer

charting system for the nursing staff

• C/S decision time was added for ease in data

collection

• Professional responsibility was discussed with key

stakeholders regarding:

1. Continuing education and certification

2. Accurate diagnosis

3. Medical record reflecting the same message

Standardized Nomenclature

NICHD Standard Nomenclature supported by:

1. American College of Obstetrics &

Gynecologists (ACOG)

2. Association of Women’s Health,

Obstetrics & Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN)

3. American College of Midwives (ACM)

OBG Management

(Dec. 2011), Vol. 23 No. 12

“Standardization has long been recognized as an

essential element of patient safety, and a growing

body of contemporary evidence confirms that

standardization can reduce adverse outcomes and

malpractice claims. In FHR monitoring,

standardization can help ensure that common

obstacles to rapid delivery are not overlooked and

that decisions are made in a timely fashion.”

Collaboration

“All perinatal staff should participate in education

about the chosen language together, even though it

has not been traditional for nurses and doctors to

attend the same EFM class. Certification in EFM

could encourage ongoing education for nurses and

physicians as a team.”

Kathleen Simpson Rice, PhD, RN, FAAN

PART II - CRITICAL CONCEPTS

FOR TEAMWORK TRAINING IN

OBSTETRICS

Goal: Meet the Needs Identified in

the Gap Analysis

• Implemented a teaching plan for staff to

improve standardized communication and

teamwork skills

• Provided interdisciplinary education involving

standardized communication skills and

emergency cesarean section drill simulation

for the team stakeholders

Standardized Communication

• Briefing

• SBAR

• Closed loop

communication

• Situational

awareness

• Situation monitoring

• Debriefing

Team Communication Skills

• Using SBAR - Situation, Background, Assessment,

Response, to orient team members as they arrive

to the situation

• Transparent Thinking > Think out loud among team

members

• Directed and Closed Loop Communication >

Directing communication to a particular person

either by using their name or visual cues, and

confirming receipt of the message

Interdisciplinary Drills for

Teamwork Skills

• Interdisciplinary education and drill

simulation for stakeholders

• Reinforcement of the participant’s

responsibilities

• Culture change support

Utilize Available Departmental

Resources

• Cross trained & flexible Birth Center staff

• All labor & delivery nurses are able to

scrub on cesarean sections

• Support of obstetricians and

anesthesiologists

• Unified goal for positive outcomes

Barriers that Impede Compliance in

achieving the “30-minute rule”

• Staffing challenges

• Anesthesia delays

• Resources

• Lack of knowledge > standardized

communication and protocol

Safety Drills in Progress TodayPardon the high level of activity and noise

…drills are conducted to improve your care!

Interdisciplinary Team Response for

Emergency Cesarean Sections

• The charge nurse makes necessary phone calls

• Staff prepares and moves the patient to the

operating room

• Anesthesiologist is ready for the patient in the

operating room

• Physicians assist with the patient’s transfer to

the operating room

• The newborn team prepares for the resuscitation

of the infant

Primary Labor & Delivery Nurse

Response

• Stays with the patient

• Coworkers assist the primary nurse by

bringing to the room supplies, consents,

urinary catheter, intravenous fluids,

medications and...

• …helps the primary nurse transfer the patient

to the operating room

“It Takes a Village”…

Program Goals

• Steadily improve the response time to

Emergency C-Sections

• Role Clarification for Team Responders

• Improve Birth Center morale and

collaboration

PART III - NEONATAL

OUTCOMES

Neonatal Outcomes

• Collaborative response by all team members is

imperative

• Level II Nursery nurses were identified as

stakeholders and essential resources

• Crucial to the success in changing and improving

patient management and outcomes

Evidenced-based Concepts of FHR

Interpretation and Management

• All clinically significant FHR decelerations reflect

dysfunction of oxygen transfer from the

environment to the fetus at one or more points

along the oxygen pathway

• Significant metabolic acidemia is highly unlikely in

the presence of moderate FHR variability and/or

accelerations

Physiologic Basis of FHR Monitoring

• The objective of intrapartum FHR monitoring is to

assess fetal oxygenation

• Fetal oxygenation involves the transfer of oxygen

from the environment to the fetus and the

subsequent fetal response

• Fetal neurologic injury due to disrupted oxygen

transfer does not occur unless it progresses at least

to the stage of significant metabolic acidemia

(umbilical artery pH <7.0 and base deficit

>12mmol/L Normal: pH 7.26 +/- 0.07 Base Deficit* 4 +/- 3

Fetal Acidemia and Electronic FHR

Patterns: Is there Evidence of an

Association?

• The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal

Medicine (2006):

– In the absence of catastrophic events, in a fetus with an

initially normal FHR pattern, the development of

significant acidemia in the presence of variant FHR

patterns evolves over a significant period of time, of the

order of at least one hour

Review of Fetal Physiology and Acidemia

Adverse Neonatal Outcomes

• Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

• Criteria 1

• Neonatal depression

• (cord pH≤7.00

• Apgar scores of ≤3 at 1 minute and or ≤5 at 5 minutes

• Need of advanced resuscitation

• Criteria 2

• Neonatal encephalopathy (difficulty with initiating and

maintaining respiration, an altered alertness and

excitability, and abnormal tone pattern, with or without

seizures)

Sentinel Events

• Research Article: Perinatal morbidity and risk of

hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy associated with

intrapartum sentinel events (AJOG 2012)

• Sentinel Events: Uterine rupture, placental

abruption, umbilical cord prolapse, amniotic fluid

embolism

• Conclusion: Intrapartum Sentinel Events are

associated with a high incidence of perinatal

morbidity and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Compounding Intrapartum Factors

Associated with Category 2 or 3 FHR

Patterns and Neonatal Outcome

• Emergency cesarean section/general anesthesia

• Premature labor

• Chorioamnionitis

• Polyhyramnios

• Oligohydramnios

• Prolonged rupture of membranes

• Prolonged labor

• Macrosomia

• Tachysystole

• Meconium stained amniotic fluid

• Placenta previa

Collaborative Response to Emergency

Cesarean Section Guidelines

• To ensure the activation of appropriate personnel

during an emergency cesarean section

• In alignment with hospital’s Regional Perinatal

Network

• Guidelines and summary of roles described

• Approved by the OB physicians and Pediatric

Hospitalist Group

Failure to Rescue

• Lack of identification of non-reassuring fetal heart

rate pattern or sentinel event

• Lack of immediate emergency response and

rescue plan

• It is imperative to respond to adverse events to the

best of our ability

• A plan to respond to these events will assist in our

global effort to improve maternal and neonatal

outcomes

PART IV-POTENTIAL

POSTPARTUM OUTCOMES

Program Objectives

• Identify potential negative postpartum

outcomes related to emergency cesarean

sections.

• Discuss supportive postpartum interventions

to promote positive patient outcomes.

Potential Postpartum Outcomes

The SURPRISING and UNEXPECTED

nature of an

emergency cesarean section

can have a TRAUMATIC affect on

patient, infant and family.

Potential Postpartum Outcomes

• Post traumatic stress disorder

• Postpartum depression

• Disruption of maternal-infant bonding

• Unsuccessful breastfeeding experiences

• Negative effects on personal

relationships

Identification of Educational Needs

• Development of an interdisciplinary response

for promoting positive patient outcomes.

• Focusing on the importance of responding to

emotional needs of mothers and families

during postpartum period.

Kurt Lewin’s Three-Step Change

Model

Identification of potential negative

postpartum outcomes facilitates the

need to change current practices

and promote movement into evidence-based

postpartum interventions that promote

positive patient outcomes.

Supportive Postpartum Interventions

As explained by Redshaw and Hockley (2010),

“The role of the staff and the institutions

in which care was provided were key

factors in the way most women

constructed their cesarean section

experience” (p. 150).

Outcomes and Evaluations

Positive interdisciplinary responses emerged:

“It is great to be reminded

that our actions have a direct

impact on their

birthing experiences.”

Outcomes and Evaluations

Promoting effective collaboration between

healthcare professionals, patients and

their families will ultimately enhance

quality of care,

patient safety and

improve patients’ perspective

of emergency birthing experiences.

Changing Hospital Culture

A positive change within culture

will not only promote a new approach

of professional practice, it will also

promote an optimal new beginning for

mother, infant and family.

Progress…

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

"30 Min.

Rule"

Compliance

2013

2014

2015

June 2015 IDPH Site Visit…

“Notable improvements in

Decision to Incision data since

the last site visit.”

References• Auguste, T.C., Goffman, D., Deering, S., Pliego, J.F., Andreatta, P.B.,

Erockson, L., & Daniels, K., (2012). Simulation-based team training on obstetric emergencies. Contemporaryobgyn.net, 5.

• Bloom, S., Leveno, K., Spong, C., Gilbert, s., Hauth, J., Landon, M., Gabbe, S. (2006). Decision-to-incision times and maternal and infant outcomes. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 108(1), 6-11.

• Daniel, L.T., & Simpson, E.K. (2009). Integrating team training strategies into obstetrical emergency simulation training. Journal for Healthcare Quality, 31 (5), 38-42.

• Elmir, R., Schmied, V., Wilkes, L. & Jackson, D. (2010). Women’s perceptions and experiences of a traumatic birth: A meta-ethnography. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(10), 2142-2153. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05391.x

• Gum, l.., Greenhill, J., & Dix, K., (2010). Clinical simulation in maternity (CSiM):Interprofessional learning through simulation team training, Quality and Safety in Health

Care, doi: 10.1136/qshc.2008.030767.

• IOM Report; “To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System,” November 1999.

References, (cont’d)

• Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Sentinel Event Alert. Oak Brook. Ill (2004). Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, Issue No.3

• Martinez-Biarge, M., Madero R., Gonzalez, A., Quero, J., & Garcia-Alix, A. (2012) Perinatal morbidity and risk of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy associated with intrapartum sentinel events. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 148, e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.09.031. Epub 2011 Oct 6.

• Miller, David, A. (2011). A reasoned plan to manage a persistent category-II FHR tracing. OBG

Management, (23)12, 30-35, & 49.

• NCC Monograph, (2010). NICHD definitions and classifications: Application to electronic fetal monitoring interpretation. National Certification Corporation.

• Redshaw, M. & Hockley, C. (2010). Institutional processes and individual responses: Women’s experiences of care in relation to cesarean birth. Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care, 37(2), 150-159. doi:10.1111/j.1523-536X.2010.00395.x

References, (cont’d)

• Rice, K.S., (2004). Standardized language for electronic fetal heart rate

monitoring. Perinatal Patient Safety, (29)5, 336.

• www.acog.org

• www.awhonn.org

• www.change-management-coach.com/kurt_lewin.html

• www.midwife.org

Questions, thoughts, comments?