Changing the Face of America

Theodore RooseveltAssistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.Imperialist and American nationalist.Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

The “Rough Riders”

Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War (1898):

“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

America at the turn of the century

Around 1901 – 1921 was the Progressive era. In the United States this era American people began to see the governments rule in the 20th-century. The people in America saw the

beginning of federal regulation of business through the regulatory commissions and antitrust laws, the income tax system that we still have today, federal food and drug regulation, the Federal Reserve Board, and government conservation during the progressive era. Other

things people saw during the Progressive Era were, federal regulation of alcohol, immigration restriction, involvement in an overseas war (World War 1). All of these events increased the

governments role in society.

Immigration• “In the first place we should insist that

if the immigrant who comes here in good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall be treated on an exact equality with everyone else”

• Mr. Roosevelt felt strongly that every immigrant that comes to the united states should be treated exactly the same as any other citizen.

• He believed that any immigrant that came to the united states should be required to learn English within five years or leave the country.

Immigration • "In the first place we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in

good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall betreated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage todiscriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin.But this is predicated upon the man's becoming in very fact an American, andnothing but an American...There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man whosays he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. Wehave room for but one flag, the American flag, and this excludes the red flag,which symbolizes all wars against liberty and civilization, just as much as itexcludes any foreign flag of a nation to which we are hostile...We have room forbut one language here, and that is the English language...and we have room forbut one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people."

• To come across our borders illegally, is a criminal violation of our laws. Theodore Roosevelt said, "We have room for but one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people". Loyalty begins with obeying our laws, if immigrants came here illegally then they have already broken one of our laws.

Immigration• "Americanization" was a favorite topic

of Roosevelt's during his later years as president. President Roosevelt did not like "hyphenated Americans“. An example would be people called themselves.

• Roosevelt said that any immigrant that comes into this country should be requires to learn English within five years of living here or leave the country.

• Roosevelt also thought that the only language that should be taught or spoken in public school schools be the English language.

• "It is our boast that we admit the immigrant to full fellowship and equality with the native-born. In return we demand that he shall share our undivided allegiance to the one flag which floats over all of us."

Foreign policy• He expected Europe to treat the united states as an equal in world affairs.• He looked at Latin America as the back yard of the united states, therefore, expected

it to be treated equally as good as the united states. • "Speak softly and carry a big stick"

The Imperialist Taylor

Our “Sphere of Influence”

Panama: The King’s Crown1850 Clayton-Bulwer

Treaty.1901 Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.Dr. Walter Reed.Colonel W. Goethals.1903 Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

Panama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction begins in

1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to the

Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

Immigration • "In the first place we should insist that if the immigrant who comes here in

good faith becomes an American and assimilates himself to us, he shall betreated on an exact equality with everyone else, for it is an outrage todiscriminate against any such man because of creed, or birthplace, or origin.But this is predicated upon the man's becoming in very fact an American, andnothing but an American...There can be no divided allegiance here. Any man whosays he is an American, but something else also, isn't an American at all. Wehave room for but one flag, the American flag, and this excludes the red flag,which symbolizes all wars against liberty and civilization, just as much as itexcludes any foreign flag of a nation to which we are hostile...We have room forbut one language here, and that is the English language...and we have room forbut one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people."

• To come across our borders illegally, is a criminal violation of our laws. Theodore Roosevelt said, "We have room for but one sole loyalty and that is a loyalty to the American people". Loyalty begins with obeying our laws, if immigrants came here illegally then they have already broken one of our laws.

Trust-Busting• As a check on big business the Sherman Antitrust Act was in place in 1890 but was

never strongly enforced. Theodore Roosevelt’s Attorney General used that act to sue the Northern Securities Company. The company was trying to gain control of smaller companies by “holding companies”. Holding companies is when big corporations hold stocks and bonds of smaller companies to gain control of them, therefore creating a monopoly. However in the government won it’s case in 1904 against Northern Securities.

• At the end of Roosevelt’s second term, in 1909 the government had filed 46 antitrust actions. The companies had two choices; they either had to reorganize or they would be would be broken up. Roosevelt believed that the corporations should not be destroyed, only supervised and controlled.

• "We demand that big business give the people a square deal; in return we must insist that when anyone engaged in big business honestly endeavors to do right he shall himself be given a square deal.”

Trust-Busting• “trusts” were another name for large compaines that were dominating a certain field,

this is also called a monopoly.• Most of the public feared that large companies and corporations' were becoming

monopolies and were going to eliminate the small businesses.• President William McKinley launched the "trust-busting" era when he appointed the

U.S. Industrial Commission on Trusts, which interrogated Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and Charles M. Schwab.

Labor• Reformers worked for home rule: a system by which cities exercise a limited degree

of self-rule. This would allow cities to escape from domination by state governments that were mostly controlled by political machines or rural interests.

• Socialists wanted municipal; city government offices. An economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income is known as socialism.

• Unions were discouraged, but if a union was successful business leaders had the courts to issue injunctions , or court orders prohibiting workers from going on strike.

Labor• poverty, poor working conditions, extremely long hours, and high accident rates. The

rich were only getting richer faster than the poor got richer.• The government wanted to create more social welfare programs such as

unemployment, accident, and health insurance. Some even wanted programs that would help the elderly and disabled workers. Whenever workers got injured on the job and weren’t able to continue working they were replaced and had to find another job that they could do with their disability and if they couldn’t and another job they were just out of luck basically.

• To make working conditions better, Roosevelt fought for the labor movement. The labor movement wanted to make working conditions better. They felt people weren’t being treated fairly at work.

• During the Progressive Era coal was the main source of energy and heating. When there was a shortage in coal in Pennsylvania in the fall of 1902 because of a strike, Roosevelt thought he should intervene. Roosevelt called both the mine owners and the representatives of labor together at the White House. When management refused to negotiate, Roosevelt made a plan to force the two sides to talk. Instead of having federal troops come in and force the miners back to work, Roosevelt said he would send the troops in to take control of the mines and run them as a federal operation.

Upton Sinclair once said…

• “the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one-there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit."

Labor• When the mine owners were faces with this plan, they talk to the labor unions and

they both agreed to send their cases to a commission and go with their recommendations. Roosevelt called this settlement a “square deal” implying that everyone gained fairly from the agreement. The term square deal became the name of Roosevelt's domestic program. The Square Deal worked to create a fair deal for all sides. Although Theodore Roosevelt knew his program was not perfectly neutral for because the government would have to intervene more often on behalf of the public and not just the companies to show economic opportunity for everyone.

The Dawn of Liberalism: Progressivism

A victim of Industrialization

An armless Steelworker circa

1908

Muckrakers

• Journalists that alerted the public of wrongdoing in business and politics

Raising the Social Awareness

• Often through history, the pen has proven to be mightier than the sword.

• Upton Sinclair brings societies ills to the forefront with “The Jungle”

Progressive Era Legislation

•Turn to page 294 of the textbook