Chap 1 Basic Definitions FBME V2

7/31/2019 Chap 1 Basic Definitions FBME V2

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http://www.engr.iupui.edu/bme/faq.shtml

4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation


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!

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The beginning

creates Professional Group on Medical

Electronics Late 50s Transistor Pacemakers &

Hearing Aids

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From: Presidents Message, IEEE EMBS March/April 2008, p 4


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3-

7http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/japan_water-bath.html

http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/japan_ultrasonics.html

19501980

Animation

Sucking Finger!

The 60s (1340 AH)

Computer assisted decision aids, ultrasound,

infrared thermo ra h

1962: IRE + AIEE (American Institute of

EE)

IEEE 1964: IEEE Transactions on BME

Focus: biosignal analysis, pacemakers,

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defibrilators

Space program (moon in 1969!)

telemetry, instrumentations



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1970 - 1999 1970: Computerized Tomography (CT)

1980: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

1982: T-Medical Imaging

1992: T-Rehabilitation Engineering

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1997: T-Information Technology


2000 - now

2002: T-nanobioscience

2004: T-computational biology &

bioinformatics

2007: T-Biomedical Circuits & Systems

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-1

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(Multidisciplinary)

-2

)Bioelectronics(

)Bioinformatics()Biomechanics(

)Biomaterials(

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Bioelectronics

Instrumentation, Sensors, and Measurement

hardware and software design

devices and systems used to measure biological signals

Examples:

developing sensors that can capture a biological signal of

interest

applying methods of amplifying and filtering the signal so that it

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can be further studied dealing with sources of interference that can corrupt a signal

building a complete instrumentation system such as an x-ray

machine or a heart monitoring system.

From: Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering, IEEE EMBS, 2002

Bioelectronics

BioMEMS Microelectromechanical

sys ems

Integration of mechanical elements, sensors,

actuators, and electronics on a silicon chip Examples:

microrobots that may one day perform surgery inside

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t e o y

manufacture of tiny devices that could be implanted

inside the body to deliver drugs on the bodys

demand.



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Bioelectronics Neural Systems and Engineering

Areas such as the replacement or restoration of lostsensory and motor abilities

Examples

Retinal implants to partially restore sight

Electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles to assist a person instanding)

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Stu y o t e comp ex t es o neura systems n nature Neurorobots : robot arms that are controlled by signals from the

motor cortex in the brain

Neuro-electronics: brain-implantable micro-electronics withhigh computing power


Bioelectronics

Imaging and Image Processing

X-rays, u trasoun , magnet c resonance mag ng

(MRI), and computerized tomography (CT)

Examples: developing low-cost image acquisition systems

image processing algorithms

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image/video compression algorithms and standards

applying advances in multimedia computing systems

in a biomedical context



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Bioelectronics++ Information Technology in Biomedicine

use o v rtua rea ty n me ca app cat ons e.g.

diagnostic procedures)

application of wireless and mobile technologies

in health care settings

artificial intelligence to aid diagnostics

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addressing security issues associated withmaking health care information available on the

world wide web.


Bioelectronics

Telemedicine (telehealth, e-health)

another

Aims:

evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients in remote

locations

health-related distance learning.

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advanced telecommunications technology

video-conferencing systems

networked computing



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Bioelectronics++ Robotics in Surgery

use o ro ot c an mage process ng systems

interactively assist a medical team both in

planning and executing a surgery

Aims:

minimize the side effects of surgery by providing

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smaller incisions, less trauma, and more precision decrease costs


Bioelectronics/Biomechanics

Rehabilitation Engineering

disabilities

Examples:

design augmentative and alternative communication systems forpeople who cannot communicate in traditional ways

making computers more accessible for people with disabilities

develo in new materials and desi ns for wheelchairs video)

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and making prosthetic legs for runners in the Paralympics



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Biomechanics Study of tissue structures

So t t ssues

Bones / Teeth

Blood circulation

Design of systems

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,

Rehabilitation (prosthesis, artificial organs)

Fuidics


Biomechanic Design Challenge

Slee a nea/obstructive slee

apnea (OSA)

Primary method: apply

continuous positive airway

pressure (CPAP) with a

bedside com ressor and fittin

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the patient with a CPAP mask

Some people never get used to

them! EDN: A Biomedical-Engineering Challenge2009 by Jon Titus


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-3

(Genetic Eng.)

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:

Biological Engineering

Biotechnology

employ living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make, ,

develop microorganisms for specific uses

Traditional biotechnology:

animal and plant breeding techniques, and the use of yeast inmaking bread and cheese

Modern biotechnology:

Industrial use of recombinant DNA, cell fusion, novel

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oprocess ng tec n ques

help correct genetic defects in humans

Bioremediation & degradation of hazardous contaminants withthe help of living organisms.



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Biological Engineering Bioinformatics

Developing and using computer tools to collect and

Examples:

manage and search databases of gene sequences that containmany millions of entries

Genomics

Mapping, sequencing, and analyzing of genomesthe setof all the DNA in an or anism

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Aim: full understanding how genes function in normaland/or diseased states can lead to improved detection,diagnosis, and treatment of disease.


Biological Engineering

Proteomics

Proteome: set of all proteins produced by a species, in

t e same way t e genome s t e ent re set o genes

Proteomics is the study of proteomes the location,

interactions, structure, and function of proteins

Examples:

discovery of a new cellular process that explains how infections

occur in humans (for new treatments for infectious diseases)

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detect protein patterns in the blood for early diagnosis of ovarian

cancer

Development of hardware devices that provide accurate and

rapid measurements of protein levels.



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Clinical Engineering

Role: Support and advance patient care by applyingengineering and managerial skills to healthcare

In hospitals

managing the hospitals medical equipment systems,

ensuring that all medical equipment is safe and effective,

working with physicians to adapt instrumentation tomeet the specific needs of the physician and the hospital

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In industry

medical product development,

product design to sales and support



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Physiological Systems Modeling Development of models of physiological

processes

Ex:

control of limb movements

biochemistry of metabolism

Aim:

to gain a better understanding of the function of living

or anisms

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prediction

design

intervention


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)(

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(Instrumentation Amplifier)

EEG ECG - EMG


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)(

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http://www.alatheia.com/

:

)Ag-AgCL(

Stainless

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!

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)Pacemaker(

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Pacemaker

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Pacemaker:


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Capsule endoscopy

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40http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/upperendoscopy/


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Video

Repetitive transcranial

magneticstimulation (rTMS) 1/2 Depression: 14 million adults in the United

States; nearly 30 percent cant useantidepressant drug therapy

Proposed Solution; Focus pulses of an MRI-strength magnetic field through the skull toproduce current within a small portion of apersons brain

One of only three device-based psychiatrictreatments that can be marketed in the UnitedStates.

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Technology: a big capacitor that dischargesthousands of amperes per pulse into the coilof an electromagnet

No anesthesia or sedation during the 40-minute outpatient procedure, usual treatment:daily for four to six weeks.

IEEE Spectrum October 2008


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Repetitive transcranial

magneticstimulation (rTMS) 2/2

FDA decision: more than a year after clinicalresults! (cost efficiency, memory loss)

Challenges: Need fundamental research: How the therapy works?

Why it works for some and not others?

How to make it work better?D

Director of brain stimulation laboratory at theMedical University of South Carolina (co-developer):

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New electromagnetic coil technology will allowdoctors to stimulate a smaller portion of the brainor to electrify areas deeper within the organ. Wherethe electromagnet is placed on the head, how long atreatment session lasts, how frequently it isdelivered, and other aspects of the treatment arealso in need of refinement. Those parameters arefrom some early assumptions I made in 1993, andmany of those are unexamined.

Robots in Rehab (Ex 1)

Human brain: plastic (can change its internal structure, particularlyits synaptic connections, throughout its lifetime)

, ,afflictions caused by brain damage

But prolonged sessions of highly repetitive movements are difficult

for therapists to perform Insurance: reluctant to pay long-term therapy.

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MIT-Manus (MIT's

mechanical engineering

department)


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Robots in Rehab

(Ex 1)

Dysfunctional arm:

- strapped to the robot's arm

- fingers wrapped around a cylinder

Patient is asked to play a video game

If successful, the robot does nothing

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Sensation of spongy wallThe spongy wall doesn't stop you from deviating from the nominal movement, but it

discourages it. A critical feature of the system is that the amount of assistance and the degree

of challenge (for example, how the robot defines "too slow") varies with how well the

patient is doing. If the patient does well, the assistance decreases while the challenge

increases.

Mechatronics at the service of

rehabilitation (Ex 2)

Stroke victims device

partially supports the

upper-body of patients

and protects against falls,

freeing the physical

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walking and balance

training.Test & Measurement World, July 1, 2010


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Dental snapshot Problem: dental prosthesis

requires:

laboratory.

Dental technicians: modeling aplaster impression.

Model is scanned (digital cameras) matching dental prosthesis isproduced.

Now: 3-D coordinates of the

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tooth surface determined on thebasis of measurements taken inthe patients mouth

Biometrics

Identification and

Unique vein pattern

Recognized all but oneof 1290 test subjects

Error rates lower than

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nearly 60 biometricsystems

TechSphere-Fujitsu-Hitachi


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Genetic Engineering

u a ons ema nemyopathy

Muscle weakness due todisrupting a specific

protein in the thinfilament

Molecular dance

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between the thick andthin filaments is

Disrupted musclecontraction is impaired

Gene therapy injection introduced

normal myotubularin into the muscle to

replace the defective gene

Mouse only!

Biomaterials: Drug Dispensing

Contact Lens

Glaucoma and dry-eye

day

Blinking and tearing 1 to7 percent of the dose isactually absorbed by the

Lab: Ciprofloxacin (an

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Two-layer contact lens withan inner drug-bearingbiodegradable polymer filmknown

antibiotic often used in

eyedrops) for 30 days

Constant rate


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:X

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:( (

:Pacemaker (Implants)

Whos who in BME?

IEC: International Electrotechnical Committee

ISO: International Standard Organization AAMI: Association for the Advancement of

Medical Instrumentation

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FDA: Food and Drug Administration

VA: Veterans Administration

IFBME: International Federation of BME


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Any body else?

ANSI: American National Standards Institute

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials

ACCE: American College of Clinical Engineering

AARAT: Association for the advancement of RehabilitationTechnologies

: ompu er- ase a en ecor ns u e

HIBCC: Health Industry Business Communications Council

JCAHO: Joint Commission on Accreditation of HealthOrganizations

Office of Science and Data Development, Agency forHealth Care Policy and Research.

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WEDI: Workgroup for Electronic Data Interchange NEMA: National Equipment Manufacturers Association

AIMBE: American Institute for Medical and BiologicalEngineering (umbrella function)

WHO: World Health Organization

...

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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/Neuron.shtml

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http://www.we-make-money-not-art.com/yyy/RatNeuronOnChip_color_small.jpg

Mode l o f a Neur on

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http://www.ccwu.edu/Thesis_Moynihan/Chapter3_files/image006.gif


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The future is already here: Direct

Neuron Interface

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Artificial eye

58http://blogs.webmd.com/eye-on-vision/uploaded_images/VisionChip-795083.jpg

http://news-

service.stanford.edu/news/2005/march30/gifs/

chip.jpg

Web Page


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Electronic Nose

59http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~infoarts/links/isea2006bioartf/Prof.%2023.jpg

Taking cues from nature

Faster than any other RF

spectrum analyzer Consumes about 100 times

less power (direct

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g za on

Applications: universal orcognitive radio


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Career Video

Courtesy Institute Electrical Electronics

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Chap 1 Basic Definitions FBME V2

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