8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

1/50

The Nature of Psychology

Compiled By:Bro. Hans Moran, FSC

USLS Psychology Department

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

2/50

W hat is Psychology?

A tkinson Psychology is the scientific studyof behavior and mental process

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

3/50

Psychology is

A science therefore it is an objective and scientific study

of how people behave and think

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

4/50

W hat is the aim of Psychology?

T o Understand behavior Explain behavior

Predict behavior A nd to Control behavior

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

5/50

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

6/50

N ativist viewDescartes

Ideas are innate to manFrom within and naturalFrom inside man

Empiricist viewJohn Locke

Knowledge is acquiredthrough experiencesand interaction with theworldFrom outside man

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

7/50

W ilhem W undt

founded psychology asan academic disciplinein 1879.Established the firstPsychology Laboratoryin the University of Leipzig in G ermany.

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

8/50

G. Stanley H all

Studied with WundtEstablished firstPsychology Laboratoryin the US in 1883 atJohn HopkinsUniversity

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

9/50

J . McKeen Cattell

A nother of Wundt StudentFirst person to be called Professor of

Psychology in the US in 1888Designed the 16 PF (sixteen PersonalityFactor Questionnaire Personality test)

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

10/50

Sir Francis G alton

Studied individualdifferences as early as1869.T hese lead to thedevelopment of intelligence tests

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

11/50

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

12/50

Structuralism

Edward T itchener ( A nother Wundt Student)A nalyzed the basic elements of conscious

experience by using introspectionPeople reported the content of their conscious experience

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

13/50

Functionalism

William James (Harvard psychologist)Concerned about how the consciousness

functions

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

14/50

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund FreudHuman behavior is governed by the

unconscious

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

15/50

B ehaviorism

John B. WatsonConcerned with the study of obvert behavior

what can be seen and measured.What happens within is not as important asthe outward behavior Based on stimulus (outside action) andresponse (behavior reaction)

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

16/50

G estalt Psychology

Max Wertheimer G estalt meaning patterns, form or

configurationConcerned with how people form patterns of their experience and how they organize theseexperiences into patterns

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

17/50

R ecent Developments

Information Processing System by HerbertSimon

Modern Linguistics by N oam Chomskythe study of how mental structures are requiredfor comprehension and speech

N europsychologyRelationship between medical neurobiologicalevents (nervous system) and mental processes

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

18/50

H istory in the Philippines

17 th Century University of San Carlos in Cebu and in Universityof Sto. T omas in Manila

18 th centuryWas a part of the Philosophy Department

1926T

aught as a separate subject in UP as part of EducationSeparate Department

First in US T

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

19/50

Pioneers in the Philippines

A gustine A lonzo First head of UPdepartment of Psychology

Sinforoso Padilla First to major inPsychology from Undergraduate to DoctoralLevelA ngel de Blas Made First ExperimentalPsychology Lab in US T

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

20/50

Estefania A ldaba- Lim First to receive aDoctorate in Clinical Psychology from

University of MichiganA lfredo Lagman Chair of UP PsychologyDepartment for 22 yearsJaime Bulatao, S. J. established theDepartment of Psychology in A teneo deManila

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

21/50

Psychological Association of the Philippines

Founded in 1962Padilla, Lagman, Fr. Bulatao, and A ldaba-Lim

served as the first 4 presidents of P A PG oals

T o advocate learning, teaching and research as ascienceA dvocate the practice of psychology as aprofessionT o promote human welfare

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

22/50

Perspectives inPsychology

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

23/50

B iological Approach

Concerned with N eurobilological processesIts relation with behavior and mental

processesN ervous System and Endocrine System-biological causes of behavior and mentalprocesses

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

24/50

Cognitive Approach

Concerned with mental processesPerception, remembering, reasoning,

decision making, problem solvingBy studying the mental processes we canunderstand why people do the things they do

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

25/50

Psychoanalytic Approach

Mans behavior stems from a part within thathe is not conscious or aware of

People are not aware of their inner mostfears and desiresT hese fears and desires within influence theway we behave and the way we think

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

26/50

Phenomenological Approach

Each person is a rare and uniquephenomenon and cannot be copied or imitated no two persons are the same, eventwinsConcern is the study of each individual as anindividual, their inner life, their experiences,

their lifeT his will help us understand behavior andmental processes

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

27/50

Fields/Specializationsin Psychology

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

28/50

Developmental Psychology

Study of human development and the factorsthat shape behavior from birth to old age

How do people grow up and developA re there similar experiences of differentpeople who are the same age?Why do these experiences happen?What effect on the person do theseexperiences have?

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

29/50

Social Psychology

T he study of how people think about,influence, relate with one another, and theways these interactions with other peopleinfluence attitudes and behavior T his is about how people behave and thinkwhen they are interacting with other people

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

30/50

Personality Psychology

T he study of individual differencesWhat makes each person unique and

different from each other

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

31/50

Clinical Psychology

T he study that deals with the diagnosis andtreatment of emotional and behavioralproblemsT his is limited to psychiatric patients who arehighly disturbed

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

32/50

Counseling Psychology

T he study deals with normal personalproblems such as academic, social, or vocational problemsT his differs from Clinical in that counselinghelps individuals who are normal and nothighly disturbed

Clinical Psychology are for those who arehighly disturbed that they are no longer normal

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

33/50

School and EducationalPsychology

Study deals with the evaluation of learning of individuals in school

Study also deals with how to influencelearning which is a relatively permanentchange in behavior

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

34/50

Industrial/OrganizationalPsychology

Study involves the selection of people mostsuitable for a particular job, the developmentof programs to train people to work inorganizations, and the identification of consumer behavior

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

35/50

Engineering/ H uman FactorsEngineering psychology

T he study of how people and machines arerelated and how to improve this relationshipT

his is also designing machines to fit humanbehavior and attitudes rather than justmaking machines and hoping people adjustto the machines

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

36/50

Environmental Psychology

T his study the how the climate, naturalresources, weather patterns, theenvironmental conditions, land conditions, thewater supply affects the way people think andbehave.T he harsh and limited land area of Ilocoscreate people who are frugal and whomigrate to other places.During the cycle of the full moon, studentstalk louder, laugh more, and are more giddy.

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

37/50

Physiological/ B iologicalPsychology

T he study that employs the biologicalperspective,

seeks to discover the relationship betweenbiological processes and human behavior How our human body affects our behavior and thought processes

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

38/50

Experimental Psychology

Uses the experimental method in studyinghuman behavior and mental process

It studies how people react to externalstimulations, how people learn, how peopleremember, how people perceive the worldT his studies all the other fields of psychologytrying to establish cause and effectrelationships between other factors andhuman behavior

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

39/50

Forensic Psychology

How law and legal proceedings applies tohuman behavior and mental processesT

he application of psychology in solvingvarious crimes

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

40/50

Sports Psychology

Study applies theories and knowledge inpsychology to enhance athletes and coachesperformanceIt is used in building team spirit and enhanceathletes self-esteem to become winnersIt is also used to out psych opponents to givea winning advantage

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

41/50

Neuropsychology

T he study that deals with the diagnosis andrehabilitation of brain disorders and its effectson a persons behavior and mental processesN euro meaning human brain

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

42/50

Consumer Psychology

Deals with the activities directly involved inselecting, obtaining, and using productsservices and ideas to satisfy needs anddesires, including decision processes thatprecede and follow these actionsHow do consumers choose a product? Howdo they buy what they need? How do theyuse these products?How do we get people to buy a product theymay not know they need?

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

43/50

H ealth Psychology

T he study of the cognitive, affective,behavioral and interpersonal factors affectinghealth and illness.T his studies how a persons attitude andfeelings affect their physical health.Does the way you think affect the way your heart beats, the way you breath, or the wayyour stomach makes acid?What sicknesses are related to certainpsychological problems?

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

44/50

R esearchMethodology

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

45/50

Descriptive R esearch

A ims to describe behavior and mentalprocesses in a natural settingA ims to understand what different things(variables) affect behavior and mentalprocessA lso called Observational research becauseit uses the power of observationField studies are an example of descriptiveresearch

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

46/50

Descriptive Strategies

1. Observation / Field Study1. Participant & non Participant

2. Surveys1. Interviews & Questionnaires2. Open ended and closed questions

3. Case Histories

4. A rchival Research5. Pakapa-kapa ( G roping A round Method)6. T heory G eneration like G rounded T heory

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

47/50

Correlational R esearch

A ims to determine if there is a relationshipbetween two different things that affectbehavior and mental processesOr to determine if are two behaviors or mental processes are related in influencing aperson.

Example: Is there a relationship betweenones shyness, ones grades, and onesassertiveness

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

48/50

Correlational R esearch

T o establish if there is a relationship, twovariables are measured and subjected to theCorrelational Statistics+ 1.00 = perfect positive relationship, asones shyness increases, ones gradesincrease

- 1.00 = perfect negative relationship, asones shyness increases, ones gradesdecreases

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

49/50

Experimental R esearch

A ims to determine if a cause and effectrelationship exists between two variables.Cause = Independent Variable; Effect =dependent variableIn these studies the independent variable ismanipulated (changed) so as to determine if the dependent variable changes.Random sampling is necessary for a trueExperimental research design

8/6/2019 Chap 1 - The Nature of Psychology

50/50

Experimental R esearch

Quasi-experimental design (parangexperimental design)

Only difference is that these do not haverandom sampling