Chap 1.Introduction

8/3/2019 Chap 1.Introduction

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01/17/06 EE233. Fall 2006. Prof. Kaminow 1

EE 233. LIGHTWAVESYSTEMS

Chapter 1. Introduction

Instructor:

Ivan P. Kaminow


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IVAN P KAMINOW

Ivan Kaminow retired from Bell Labs in 1996 after a 42-year career. He did seminal studies on

electrooptic modulators and materials, Raman scattering in ferroelectrics, integrated optics,

semiconductor lasers, birefringent optical fibers, and WDM lightwave networks. Later, as Head of the

Photonic Networks and Components Department, he led research on WDM components (including

erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and arrayed waveguide grating routers), and on WDM local and wide

area networks. Earlier (1952-1954), he did research on microwave antenna arrays at Hughes Aircraft

Company.

After retiring from Bell Labs, he served as 1996 IEEE Congressional Fellow in the House Science

Committee and Library of Congress. He also established Kaminow Lightwave Technology to provide

consulting services to technology companies and to law firms. In 1999, he served as Senior Science

Advisor to the Optical Society of America. Currently, he is Adjunct Professor at University of California,

Berkeley.

He received degrees from Union College (BSEE), UCLA (MSE) and Harvard (AM, Ph.D). He has

been Visiting Professor at Princeton, Berkeley, Columbia, University of Tokyo, and Kwangju University

(Korea).

He has written or co-edited 5 books, the most recent being Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV

A&B (2002).

Kaminow is a Life Fellow of IEEE, and Fellow of APS and OSA. He is the recipient of the Bell Labs

Distinguished MTS Award, IEEE Quantum Electronics Award, OSA Townes Award, IEEE/LEOS/OSA

Tyndall Award and IEEE Third Millennium Medal. He is a member of the National Academy of

Engineering, Diplomate of the American Board of Laser Surgery, and Fellow of the New York Academy

of Medicine.

December 6, 2005


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Lectures Lectures

Tuesday and Thursday, 11-12:30,

531 Cory Hall

Office Hours, 254M Cory

( [email protected], 642-4867):

Monday: 10:00-10:30

Tuesday; 12:00-12:30

Or by appointment


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Text and References Text

Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 3rd Ed,

G. P. Agrawal, Wiley (2002)

References: Lightwave Technology: Componenets and Devices,


Lightwave Technology: Telecommunication Systems,


Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV A&B,

I. P. Kaminow and T. Li (eds), Academic Press (2002)

Guided-Wave Optoelectronics, T.Tamir, ed; Springer(1990), [Kogelnik; Alferness; Kaminow &Tucker]

Optical Electronics in Modern Communications,5th Ed,A.Yariv, Oxford (1997)


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Text Contents Ch 1. Introduction

Ch 2. Optical

Fibers Ch 3. Optical

Transmitters

Ch 4. Optical

Receivers Ch 5. Lightwave

Systems

Ch 6. Optical

Amplifiers

Ch 7. DispersionManagement

Ch 8. Multichannel

Systems

Ch 9 Soliton Systems

Ch 10. Coherent

Lightwave Systems


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Grades 3-units

Overall grade based on:

Problem sets (50%)

Classroom participation (10%)

One presentation and term paper (40%):last weeks of instruction


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OVERVIEW OF

LIGHTWAVE SYSTEMS


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PDX 200.9

Transmission of Information Over Optical Fibersransm ss on o In ormat on ver pt ca ers

1 pulse of light = 1 bit

A telephone call is represented bymany bits added together

1 phone call 64,000 bits-per-second (64kb/s)

Units of Information


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Long Distance Network

CentralOffice

Telephone System

CentralOffice

CentralOffice

CentralOffice

CentralOffice

CentralOffice

MajorCity

-RegionalCenter

MajorCity

-RegionalCenter

Node

Node

Node

Node

San Francisco New York

MetroNetwork


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PSTN-public switched telephone

network

Trunk NetworkTrunk NetworkCOSwitch

COSwitch

PBX

Signaling

Network

Signaling

Network

Voice Channel Multiplexing

Residential

customers

Business

customers

Access lines


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STANDARD BIT-RATES:

155 Mb/s = 2000 telephone calls

620 Mb/s = 8000 telephone calls

2.5 Gb/s = 30,000 telephone calls

10 Gb/s = 120,000 telephone calls

40 Gb/s = 480,000 telephone calls


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Transmission SystemsTransmission Systems

RepeaterHut

Microwaves

Microwave Relay Towers& Dish Antennas

SF

NewYork


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RepeaterHut

Microwaves

RepeaterHut

Buried Coaxial Cable

Microwave Relay Towers& Dish Antennas

SF

NewYork

Transmission Systems


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GlassJacket

FiberFiberOptical Fiber:650 M km installed

(2005)[16,000 equators]


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Worldwide Fiber DeploymentOptical

Fiber

Deploying Fiber at Mach 3

Fiber is deployed at a rate of 2000 miles every hour

T. Li & A.R. Chraplyvy, 2001


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0.1

1

10

1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Wavelength (microns)

L

oss(dB)

Old

AllWave

Stnd

Optical Fiber Attenuation

Improvements in fiber fabrication

results in a much larger

transmission Window

< 0.40 dB/km 400 nm


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LASER TRANSMITTER

DIMENSIONS IN INCHES


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S.K. Korotky, JLT 22(3), 2004.

64 Tb/sNetwork

capacity

640 Gb/sPer-node

demand

100Nodes

Public Switched Telephone Network

Circuit switchedCentralized switch synchronization

Propagation delay - 5ms/1000km

Billing

Vulnerable to attack --> Internet


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U.S. Telecommunications Network

SONET/SDH

Amplifiers - WDM

LocalSW

LocalSW

PON

FTTC

FiberNode

ONU

LAN

NODE

Long Distance Network

Access Network

TrunkNetwork

LocalSW

NODE

NODE NODE

Toll

Switch

ATM/IP

Switch


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SS DD

SS DD

Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching

Packet SwitchingPacket Switching

Circuit and Packet SwitchingCircuit and Packet Switching

telephone networktelephone network

InternetInternet


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Alcatel supply

participation

others

SAT-2

Americas-1/2

Columbus-2/3

SEA-ME-WE 2/3

Pacrim East

TPC

Pacrim West

Tasman-2

NPC

TAT

Jasuraus

Unisur

Cantat-3

Gemini China-US

Northstar

SEA-ME-WE 3

Atlantis-2

Submarine Systems


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Landing ofsubmarine cable

inFortaleza Bay

(Brazil)


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Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)Meeting Network Needs: Capacity, Scalability, & Cost

Single-wavelength TDM: OC-48 (40 Gb/s)

16 fibers 1 fiber48 regenerators 1 optical amplifier

( ~80 wavelengths ~200 Gb/s )

16-wavelength WDM: 40 Gb/s

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM

OpticalAmplifier(1550 nm)

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTR

1310

RPTRTERMTERM 1310

RPTR1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERMTERM 1310

RPTR1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM 1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM

OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48OC-48

60 wavelengths @ 40 Gb/s per ch 2.4 Tb/s

(Traditional: Pre-WDM; 1996)

OC-48:(2.5 Gb/s)


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Commercial Lightwave System Capacity

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

DATA RATE per CHANNEL (Gb/s)

0.1

1

10

100

1000

NUMBER

ofCHANNELS

77 '83 '86'87

'89

'91

'93

'95

'95

'96

'98

'98

10Gb/s100Gb/s

1Tb/s

10Tb/s

TotalCapacity

'01

'01

100Tb/s

O

ptics

Electronics

'03

'03

H. Kogelnik, ECOC 2004


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Optical telecom technologies of the last 1/4

Century(Desurvire)

Five generations of technology breakthroughs (3 decades)

10 Petabit.km/s= 1Terabit/s over 10,000km or 10Tbit/s over 1,000km

X10 every 4 years

J.Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004

74 78 82 86 90 94 98 02 04

10

1/1000100

10

1/1000

100

10

1/1000100

C

apacityxdistance

(bit.km/s)

year

PETA

TERA

GIGA

MEGA

FEC (>1999)

I = 0.8 m MMFII =1.3m SMF

III = 1.5m DSFIV = coherent

100

108

V = EDFA

WDMDM, C+L

1000

Raman


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TECHNOLOGY HISTORY

1960 - demonstration of the laser

1970 - semiconductor laser and low-loss

fiber

1983 - commercial fiber system deployed-

Northeast Corridor

1996 - commercial WDM - 8x2.5Gb/s

1996 - commercial 10 Gb/s


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WDM Mesh Networks

WDM Cross-Connects

WDM Rings

WDM Add/Drops

Point-to-Point Systems

-ConvertersWDM XC-Fabrics

Integrated Add/Drop Dynamic Gain Equalizers

Ultra-Wideband Amplifiers

-Monitors Tunable Lasers

WDM Routers WDM Sources

Amplifiers

Fibers

Robust, Functional Components

Optical Networking: Critically Dependent

on Advanced Photonic Components

[from R. C. Alferness]

WDM Networking


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Transmitters from 622Mbit/s to 10Gbit/s (E-TDM) from 0.8m to 1.3m then 1.55mwavelength lithium niobate modulators single-frequency lasers (DFB) wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) dense WDM (DWDM,


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TELECOM/INTERNET

BUBBLE


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... countered by a deep market depression !NasdaqNasdaq

Dow JonesDow Jones

-240%

March 2000

Telecommunications BubbleDesurvire, Campinas (2003)


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Installed-fiber indicator (1996-

2007)Source: E. Desurvire (Alcatel) - ECOC05

0

20

40

60

80

100

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Millionfiber-km/

year World total

US

* and 1997-2007 data:KMI Research, 2002

10 Mkm/y=

317 m/s

> csound

!

9%

17%

fiber glut

bubble pops

recovery

back to 2-digits growth (US)


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BUBBLE = PERFECT

STORM

optical fiber technology - backbone

computer technology - PC commercial Internet - connectivity

Web browser - killer application

government deregulation - competition

venture capital, marketing hype - spark


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BOOM

Real growth

Excess competition

Over-investment

Bad judgment

Greed

Dishonesty


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TEXT: CHAPTER 1


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SONET = SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK [US]

SDH = SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY [EUROPE]

OC-N = OPTICAL CARRIER

STM-N = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE

T-1, 3 = TELEPHONE = 1.5 Mbps, 45 Mbps

[PLEIOSYNCHRONOUS = separate clocks at T and R

(MESO)SYNCHRONOUS =central system clock]


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Generic Optical Comm. System

Optical Transmitter Comm. Channel Optical Receiver OutputInput

Modulation

Characteristics

Power

Wavelength

Loss

Dispersion

4-Wave Mixing

Noise

Crosstalk

Distortion

Amplification

Bandwidth

Responsivity

Sensitivity

Noise

Wavelength

Modulation

Format

Bandwidth

Protocol


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THE END


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Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM): transforms

into

STM-16

terminal16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1

STM-16

terminal 3R 3R 3R

16 X in parallel

2.5 Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s

STM-16

terminal16 x STM-1

STM-16

terminal16 x STM-1

16 STM-16

D

EM

U

X

16 STM-16

16 x STM-1STM-16

terminal

16 x STM-1STM-16

terminal

MU

X... ...

2.5 Gbit/s2.5 Gbit/s40 Gbit/s

EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier

155Mbit/s

WDM transmission(Desurvire)


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Recently Announced Systems with 40, 80, 160..Wavelengths

Value Proposition

Single Amplifier for All Wavelength Channels

Utilize Embedded Fiber Base

WDM Point-to-Point

Data In Data Out1

2

N

1

2

N

O

M

U

X

O

D

M

U

X

OA OA OA OAXMTR

XMTR

RCVR

RCVR

RCVR

XMTR

CARRIERS[from R. C. Alferness]


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Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM):

transform

into

STM-16

terminal16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1

STM-16

terminal 3R 3R 3R

16 X in parallel

2.5 Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s

STM-16

terminal16 x STM-1

STM-16

terminal16 x STM-1

16 STM-16

D

EM

U

X

16 STM-16

16 x STM-1STM-16

terminal

16 x STM-1STM-16

terminal

MU

X... ...

2.5 Gbit/s2.5 Gbit/s40 Gbit/s

EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier

155Mbit/s

WDM transmission

(3/3)


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Optical Fiber

40 - 120 km

Up to 10,000 km

= 25 - 100 GHz

(0.4 or 0.8 nm @ 1500 nm)

Amp Amp

1

2

3

N

WDMMux

R

R

R

R

WDMDeMux

Frequency-registeredtransmitters

ReceiversWDM Optical System

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