Chap 2: Presenting Data in Tables & Charts

Excel Tutorial

Analysis Tool Pack

• In order to obtain Data analysis option (which contains various statistical functions) in your Excel menu you need to install “Analysis Tool Pack”

• In order to Install ITP follow the following commands

In the main menu select

Tools/Add-inns

In the Add-inns options Check the first two options

Press ok. This will add the option of Data Analysis in the Tools menu

Frequency Distribution

Example 2.12 (pg # 57)• Using Excel to make

• Frequency Distribution

• Percentage Distribution

• Cumulative Percentage Distribution

• Solution:• We take the class interval as 7. Which means

that there will be 7 classes in the frequency distribution of electricity costs during the month of July for the sample of 50 one-bedroom apartments.

=f4 –f5

Class boundaries will be prepared manually using the drag option according to the interval of 19

To find the frequencies select

the frequency column.

Do not select the label !!

Then Press the functions button and choose the

option of

Frequency

Select the data array. Costs of electricity bills of 50 houses

(A2:A51)

Add the range of upper class boundaries In the bins array .

(H2:H8)

Press ctrl + Shift + Enter

DO NOT PRESS OK !!

Frequency Distribution of electricity costs of 50

one-bedroom apartments during the month of July

2001.

Calculate the midpoints of the classes by taking

the average of UCB and LCB of each

classM.P of First class= (100.5 + 81.5)/2= 91

Relative Frequency and

Percentage Distribution

To calculate the relative frequency we divide the frequency of the class with the total frequency.

For exampleR.F of first class = 4/50 (G3/G$10)We add the dollar sign so that the denominator stays the same when we drag the cursor down

Sum of the R.F’s should be equal to 1 or very close to it

To calculate the “relative percentages”

we multiply the R.F’s by 100

Sum of the Relative Percentages should be

equal to 100

Cumulative Percentage Distribution

Add another class at the bottom of the classes

C.P shows the % of values falling below a particular class. C.P for the first class is 0. For remaining classes it is obtained by adding R.P and C.P of the previous class

Graphical Presentation of Data

• Different graphs and charts are used for the graphical presentation of data. In this demonstration we shall cover

• Histogram

• Percentage Polygons

• Cumulative Percentage Polygon

• Bar Chart

• Pie Chart

• Pareto Diagram

For making

• Histogram

• Percentage Polygon

• Cumulative Percentage Polygon

Which are the graphical tools for presenting Quantitative Data

We use example 2.12 on page 57

Select Tools/data analysis from the main menu

Select Histogram from the Data analysis menu

Check the chart output check box

PRESS OK

Select the Upper class boundaries as the bin

range

Select the input range as the 50 sample values

This is the Histogram for the data but it

requires some adjustments as there

should be no gaps between the bars of the

Histogram

Right click on the bars of the Histogram and select the option of Format Data series

Select Options and reduce the gap

width to 0

There is no gap between the bars

now

Make other necessary adjustments for better

presentation

Percentage Polygon is formed by having the midpoint of each class represent the data in that class and then connecting the sequence of midpoints at their respective class percentages.

Choose the chart wizard from the main menu. Select line graphs and then select the

first option In the second rowfor making the line graphs

and then click next.

Select the relative percentages in the

data range.

Select Series option.In Category (X) axis labels enter the mid

points range. Then Click Next

Add titles for the X and Y axis series

and the chart titles. Then click finish

Enhance the diagram by removing

unwanted labels and using better

coloring.

Optionally, to remove/change

background color, select the graph – right click – select Format Plot Area

To obtain the Cumulative Percentage Polygon. We repeat the same process

by selecting C.P’s in place of R.P’s

Mid point of the additional class has

also been calculated

• For the purpose of making• Bar chart • Pie chart

(Used for presenting “Qualitative Data”)• We use the following table (Table 2.7 on page

61 of the book)

Fund Objective No of Funds % of Funds

Growth & Income 26 18.98

International 42 30.66

Mid cap 20 14.6

Small Cap 37 27.01

Technology 12 8.76

Total 137 100

From the chart wizard in the menu select the

option of bar chart then click Next

In the Data Range select the series (in this case the number of funds in each

category)Then select the Series

option on the top of the window

In the category (X) axis labels input the labels range (in this

case the fund objective column).

Then click Next

Add the suitable titles and click Next /Finish

Make necessary changes to make the

chart more presentable.

Bar chart can also be made for two or more series. By using other

options in the bar chart menu.

In order to make the pie chart select the

option of pie from the chart wizard

In the Data Range select the series (in this case percentage of funds in

each category).Then select the Series

option.

In Category labels select the label series (in this case the fund

objective). Then click Next

Add a suitable title for the chart

In the data labels check the options of category name and

percentage or whatever is suitable.

Then click Next

Color scheme and other aspects of the

chart can be changed by right clicking on

the chart.

• In order to prepare a “Pareto Chart” we use problem 2.29 in the book on page 66.

• Data table is as follows

Reasons for Failure Frequency

Physical Connection 1

Power Failure 3

Sever Software 29

Server Hardware 2

Server out of Memory 32

In adequate Bandwidth 1

Select PHStat /Descriptive Statistics /One-way

Tables & ChartsFrom the main menu of

PHStat

In the types of Data select the table of

frequencies

In the table of Cell Range select the

complete table and check the option of “first row contains

labels”

Check the option of Pareto Diagram and press ok

This adds three sheets on the menu of excel work sheet. The sheet named Pareto contains

this Pareto diagram.

The one way table shows the necessary calculations. Enhance the table & diagram for

better presentation.Delete the sheet

named “DataCopy”

Pareto diagram and this table shows that 90% of the time failures occur due to

only two reason Server out of Memory

Server Software

Using the same procedure bar chart and

pie chart can also be prepared for the

“Qualitative Data”Using the PHStat menu