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Objective

To be able to understand the meaning of

quality and the major concepts and

practices of quality.

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Scope

What is Quality

Evolution of Quality

Quality Philosophies and Definitions

Quality Assurance Vs Quality Control

Total Quality Management

Cost of Quality

What does Software Quality Assuranceencompass

Why Quality Assurance

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What is Quality

Traditionally quality has been defined as

conformance to specifications.

Quality is also synonymous with customersatisfaction.

Thus, a good product meets all the stated

and implied needs of the customer.

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Why Quality

With the globalisation of the market andhighly competitive nature of businesses,what distinguishes one supplier from

another is the quality of its products. An effective quality system leads to

increased productivity and reduced costs.

Quality makes essential contributionstoward the financial performance of thecompany.

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Evolution of Quality

Quality by standard

Quality by use

Quality by cost Quality by latent requirement

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Evolution of Quality

Quality by Standard

Quality by Use

Quality by Cost

Quality by Latent Requirement

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

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Quality by standard

It evaluates whether a product is up to the

standard as prescribed by the manual or

described by the specifications.

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Quality by use

It evaluates the product by its ability to

satisfy market needs.

The market has the focus.

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Quality by cost

This means high quality at low cost.

Quality was now built into the products

rather than being inspected in. This meantbetter quality at a lower cost.

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Quality by latent requirement

This requires meeting customer needs

before the demand for it comes up in the

market.

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Quality Philosophies and Definitions

W Edward Deming

The consumer is the most important part of

the production line. Quality has meaning only in terms of the customer, his needs,

what he is going to use it for. Quality can be

improved only with a system of

improvement.

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Demings 14 points of Management

Create constancy of purpose toward

improvement of product or service

Adopt the new philosophy

Cease dependence on inspection to achieve

quality

End the practice of awarding business on the

basis of price tag Improve constantly and forever the system of

production and service process

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Demings 14 points of Management

Institute on the job training

Institute leadership

Drive out fear Break down barriers between departments

Eliminate slogans, posters and numerical

goals

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Demings 14 points of Management

Eliminate work standards or quotas

Remove the barriers to pride of

workmanship Institute a programme of education and

self improvement

Action plan to accomplish thetransformation

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Joseph Juran - Fitness for use

He propounded the concept of Quality

Trilogy: Planning, Control andImprovement.

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Philip. C. CrosbyFour Absolutes of Quality.

Definition Definition of quality being

conformance to requirements.

SystemThe system of quality needs to beprevention based.

MeasurementThe cost of quality needs to

be measured in terms of failure.

Performance standard Zero defects:

anything else misses the point.

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Xerox Corporation

Quality means providing our internal and

external customers with innovative

products and services that fully satisfy

their requirements.

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ISO Standards

The totality of features and characteristics

of a product or service that bears on its

ability to meet a stated and implied need.

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Mahatma Gandhis philosophy

A customer is the most important visitor on our

premises.

He is not dependent on us. We are dependent on

him. He is not an interruption on our work. He isthe purpose of it.

He is not an outsider to our business. He is a part

of it. We are not doing a favour by serving him.He is doing a favour by giving us an opportunity

to do so."

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Quality Assurance Vs Quality Control

Quality control is product oriented

whereas quality assurance is process

oriented.

Quality assurance is about the work

process, quality control is about the work

product.

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Quality Control

Quality control consists of activities that verify

whether or not the product meets standards.

It identifies defects with the primary purpose of

correcting defects.

The direct result of these activities is changes to

the process.

The output of quality control activities is oftenthe input to quality assurance activities.

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Quality Assurance

It consists of activities that establishes and

evaluates processes, which produce the products.

It measures the processes to identify weakness in

the process and then correct the weakness tocontinually improve the process.

It evaluates whether or not quality control is

working for the primary purpose of determiningif there is a weakness in the process.

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Total Quality Management

Total Quality Management is the

management approach of an organization,

centred on quality, based on the

participation of all its members and aiming

at long-term success through customer

satisfaction, and benefits to the members of

the organization and to society.

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Total Quality Management

Customer

Focus

Continuous

improvement

Total

Participation

T Q M

activities

Processes

InfrastructureTools and

Techniques

Fig. 1.3 Areas of concepts in TQM philosophy

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Customer Focus

iceberg

what the customer says he wants

what the customerreally wants

Fig. 1.4

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Continuous Improvement

P

Plan

D

C

Check

A

Act

Higher

quality

Do

Fig. 1.5 PDCA Cycle

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Total Participation

Everyone in an organization must be actively

involved in customer satisfaction and continuous

improvement

Teams and team work is a fundamentalcomponent of the way TQM organizes work The

success of a TQM system will depend on the

degree of commitment by the top management

The success of a TQM system will depend on the

degree of commitment by the top management

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Cost of Quality

Cost benefits of detecting errors early than repairing it later in

the lifecycle of a software product.

Detection of errors in the stages-

Requirements

Design / Code

Systems / IntegrationTest

ProductService

Cost of Correction

Fig. 1.6

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Cost of Quality

Total Quality Cost = Cost of Prevention +

Cost of Appraisal + Cost of Failure

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Cost of Quality

appraisal

26%

prevention

7%

internal

failure

30%

external

failure

37%

Fig. 1.7

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What does Software Quality Assurance encompass?

Software quality assurance involves the entire

software development process.

It is a planned and systematic approach to the

evaluation of and adherence to software productstandards, processes and procedures.

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Software Quality Assurance

SQA includes the process of assuring that

standards and processes are established

and are followed throughout the software

life cycle.

SQA monitors to make sure that the

standards and procedures set for all core

and supporting activities of software

development is adhered to.

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Why Quality Assurance?

Benefits to the individual

Benefits to the organization

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Summary

Quality - Conformance to specifications andCustomer satisfaction.

Evolution of Quality Concepts:

Quality by Standard Quality by Use

Quality by Cost

Quality by Latent Requirement

Quality Control consists of activities, whichverifies whether or not the product meetsstandards

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Summary

Quality Assurance consists of activities,

which establishes and evaluates processes,

which produce the products.

Concepts common to TQM practices:

Customer Focus

Continuous Improvement

Total Participation

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Summary

Total Quality Cost = Cost of Prevention +

Cost of Appraisal + Cost of Failure

Software Quality Assurance can be defined

as a planned and systematic approach to

the evaluation of and adherence to

software product standards, processes and

procedures.