chap006

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Chapter 6Chapter 6

Systems DevelopmentSystems Development

Steps, Tools, and TechniquesSteps, Tools, and Techniques

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Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview Seven Phases In The Systems Seven Phases In The Systems

Development Life CycleDevelopment Life Cycle Knowledge Workers and Their Roles In Knowledge Workers and Their Roles In

The Systems Development Life CycleThe Systems Development Life Cycle Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail SelfsourcingSelfsourcing OutsourcingOutsourcing PrototypingPrototyping

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Opening Case StudyOpening Case StudyBuilding The Unbelievable – The Building The Unbelievable – The

Hoberman ArchHoberman Arch

Many information systems are developed Many information systems are developed and brought to life by following the and brought to life by following the systems development life cycle.systems development life cycle.

Why is knowledge worker involvement in Why is knowledge worker involvement in each phase of the SDLC critical for each phase of the SDLC critical for successful system development?successful system development?

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IntroductionIntroduction

Systems development Systems development life cycle (SDLC) -life cycle (SDLC) - a a structured step-by-step structured step-by-step approach for developing approach for developing information systems. information systems.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: PlanPhase 1: Plan

Define the system to be developed.Define the system to be developed.

Set the project scope.Set the project scope.

Develop the project plan including tasks, Develop the project plan including tasks, resources, and timeframes.resources, and timeframes.

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Planning phasePlanning phase - involves determining a solid - involves determining a solid plan for developing your information system. plan for developing your information system.

Critical success factor (CSF)Critical success factor (CSF) - a factor simply - a factor simply critical to your organization’s success. critical to your organization’s success.

Project scopeProject scope - clearly defines the high-level - clearly defines the high-level system requirements. system requirements.

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ProjectProject scope documentscope document - a written definition - a written definition of the project scope and is usually no longer of the project scope and is usually no longer than a paragraph. than a paragraph.

Project planProject plan - defines the what, when, and who - defines the what, when, and who questions of system development including all questions of system development including all activities to be performed, the individuals, or activities to be performed, the individuals, or resources, who will perform the activities, and resources, who will perform the activities, and the time required to complete each activity.the time required to complete each activity.

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Project milestonesProject milestones - represent key dates for - represent key dates for which you need a certain group of activities which you need a certain group of activities performed. performed.

Project manager -Project manager - an individual who is an an individual who is an expert in project planning and management, expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan and tracks defines and develops the project plan and tracks the plan to ensure all key project milestones are the plan to ensure all key project milestones are completed on time. completed on time.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 2: AnalysisPhase 2: Analysis

Gather the business requirements for the Gather the business requirements for the system.system.

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Analysis phase - Analysis phase - involves end users and IT involves end users and IT specialists working together to gather, specialists working together to gather, understand, and document the business understand, and document the business requirements for the proposed system. requirements for the proposed system.

Business requirements -Business requirements - the detailed set of the detailed set of knowledge worker requests that the system knowledge worker requests that the system must meet in order to be successful. must meet in order to be successful.

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Joint application developmentJoint application development ( (JADJAD) - ) - knowledge workers and IT specialists meet, knowledge workers and IT specialists meet, sometimes for several days, to define or review sometimes for several days, to define or review the business requirements for the system.the business requirements for the system.

Requirements definition documentRequirements definition document – – prioritizes the business requirements and places prioritizes the business requirements and places them in a formal comprehensive document.them in a formal comprehensive document.

Sign-offSign-off - the knowledge workers’ actual - the knowledge workers’ actual signatures indicating they approve all of the signatures indicating they approve all of the business requirements. business requirements.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: DesignPhase 3: Design

Design the technical architecture required Design the technical architecture required to support the system.to support the system.

Design system models.Design system models.

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Design phaseDesign phase - build a technical blueprint of - build a technical blueprint of how the proposed system will work. how the proposed system will work.

Technical architecture - Technical architecture - defines the defines the hardware, software, and telecommunications hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment required to run the system. equipment required to run the system.

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Modeling Modeling - the activity of drawing a graphical - the activity of drawing a graphical representation of a design.representation of a design.

Graphical user interface (GUI) - Graphical user interface (GUI) - the interface to the interface to an information system. an information system.

GUI screen designGUI screen design - the ability to model the - the ability to model the information system screens for an entire system. information system screens for an entire system.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 4: DevelopmentPhase 4: Development

Build the technical architecture.Build the technical architecture.

Build the database and programs.Build the database and programs.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 4: DevelopmentPhase 4: Development

Development phase - Development phase - take all of your take all of your detailed design documents from the detailed design documents from the design phase and transform them into an design phase and transform them into an actual system. actual system.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 5: TestPhase 5: Test

Write the test conditions.Write the test conditions.

Perform the testing of the system.Perform the testing of the system.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 5: TestPhase 5: Test

Testing phaseTesting phase - verifies that the system - verifies that the system works and meets all of the business works and meets all of the business requirements defined in the analysis requirements defined in the analysis phase. phase.

Test conditionsTest conditions - the detailed steps the - the detailed steps the system must perform along with the system must perform along with the expected results of each step. expected results of each step.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 6: ImplementPhase 6: Implement

Write detailed user documentation.Write detailed user documentation.

Provide training for the system users.Provide training for the system users.

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Implementation phase - Implementation phase - distribute the distribute the system to all of the knowledge workers system to all of the knowledge workers and they begin using the system to and they begin using the system to perform their everyday jobs. perform their everyday jobs.

User documentationUser documentation - highlights how to - highlights how to use the system. use the system.

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Online trainingOnline training - runs over the Internet or - runs over the Internet or off a CD-ROM. off a CD-ROM.

Workshop training - Workshop training - is held in a is held in a classroom environment and lead by an classroom environment and lead by an

instructor.instructor.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 7: MaintainPhase 7: Maintain

Build a help desk to support the system Build a help desk to support the system users. users.

Provide an environment to support system Provide an environment to support system changes.changes.

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 7: MaintainPhase 7: Maintain

Maintenance phase - Maintenance phase - monitor and monitor and support the new system to ensure it support the new system to ensure it continues to meet the business goals. continues to meet the business goals.

Help deskHelp desk - a group of people who - a group of people who responds to knowledge workers’ responds to knowledge workers’ questions. questions.

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Knowledge Workers and Their Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCRoles in the SDLC

Your participation in the systems Your participation in the systems development process is vitally important development process is vitally important because you are (or will be) a:because you are (or will be) a:

1.1. Business process expertBusiness process expert

2.2. Liaison to the customerLiaison to the customer

3.3. Quality control analystQuality control analyst

4.4. Manager of other peopleManager of other people

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PlanPlan Define which systems are to be Define which systems are to be

developed.developed.

Define the project scope, project plan, and Define the project scope, project plan, and project milestones.project milestones.

Allocate individuals to work on the different Allocate individuals to work on the different activities.activities.

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AnalysisAnalysis

Review all business requirements. Review all business requirements.

It’s far cheaper to find an error during the It’s far cheaper to find an error during the planning or analysis phase than it is to find planning or analysis phase than it is to find the same error during the implementation the same error during the implementation or maintenance phase.or maintenance phase.

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AnalysisAnalysis

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DesignDesign

IT specialists perform most of the activities IT specialists perform most of the activities during the design phase.during the design phase.

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DevelopDevelop Confirm any changes to business Confirm any changes to business

requirements.requirements.

Track the progress of tasks on the project plan Track the progress of tasks on the project plan to ensure timely delivery of the system. to ensure timely delivery of the system.

IT specialists complete many of the activities in IT specialists complete many of the activities in the development phase.the development phase.

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TestTest Review the test conditions to ensure the IT Review the test conditions to ensure the IT

specialists have tested all of the system specialists have tested all of the system functionality and that every single test condition functionality and that every single test condition has passed. has passed.

User acceptance testing (UAT) - User acceptance testing (UAT) - determines if determines if the system satisfies the business requirements the system satisfies the business requirements and enables the knowledge workers to perform and enables the knowledge workers to perform their jobs correctly. their jobs correctly.

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ImplementImplement Attend training.Attend training.

Ensure all of the knowledge workers Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the required training in order to use have the required training in order to use the system correctly. the system correctly.

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MaintainMaintain Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the

support they require in order to use the system. support they require in order to use the system.

Develop a help desk.Develop a help desk.

Develop change request forms for your users to Develop change request forms for your users to fill out if they require a change to the system. fill out if they require a change to the system.

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IT Specialists and Knowledge Workers IT Specialists and Knowledge Workers Working TogetherWorking Together

Team Work

Your Responsibilities DuringEach Phase of the

Systems Development Life Cycle(p. 298)(p. 298)

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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail 20% of systems are successful, 80% of 20% of systems are successful, 80% of

systems fail.systems fail.

Five primary reasons why systems fail include:Five primary reasons why systems fail include:1.1. Unclear or missing requirementsUnclear or missing requirements

2.2. Skipping SDLC phasesSkipping SDLC phases

3.3. Failure to manage project scopeFailure to manage project scope

4.4. Failure to manage project planFailure to manage project plan

5.5. Changing technologyChanging technology

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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail Unclear or Missing RequirementsUnclear or Missing Requirements

The business requirements drive the entire The business requirements drive the entire system.system.

If they are not accurate or complete there If they are not accurate or complete there is no way the system will be successful. is no way the system will be successful.

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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail Skipping SDLC PhasesSkipping SDLC Phases

The first thing individuals tend to do when The first thing individuals tend to do when a project falls behind schedule is to start a project falls behind schedule is to start skipping phases in the SDLC. skipping phases in the SDLC.

Skipping any of the phases is sure to lead Skipping any of the phases is sure to lead to system failure.to system failure.

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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail Failure To Manage Project ScopeFailure To Manage Project Scope

The project manager must track the status of The project manager must track the status of each activity and adjust the project plan if a each activity and adjust the project plan if a activity is added or taking longer than expected. activity is added or taking longer than expected.

Scope creepScope creep - occurs when the scope of the - occurs when the scope of the project increases. project increases.

Feature creepFeature creep - occurs when developers add - occurs when developers add extra features that were not part of the initial extra features that were not part of the initial requirements. requirements.

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Why Systems Fail Why Systems Fail Failure To Manage Project PlanFailure To Manage Project Plan

The project plan is the road map you follow The project plan is the road map you follow during the development of the system. during the development of the system.

Developing the initial project plan is the easy.Developing the initial project plan is the easy.

Managing, revising, and updating the project Managing, revising, and updating the project plan is the hard part.plan is the hard part.

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Why Systems Fail Why Systems Fail Changing TechnologyChanging Technology

Technology changes so fast that it’s Technology changes so fast that it’s almost impossible to deliver an information almost impossible to deliver an information system without feeling the pain of system without feeling the pain of changing technology.changing technology.

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InsourcingInsourcing Three choices for building a system include:Three choices for building a system include:

1.1. IT specialists within your organization - InsourcingIT specialists within your organization - Insourcing

2.2. Knowledge workers such as yourself – SelfsourcingKnowledge workers such as yourself – Selfsourcing

3.3. Another organization – OutsourcingAnother organization – Outsourcing

Insourcing - Insourcing - IT specialists within your IT specialists within your organization will develop the system. organization will develop the system.

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SelfsourcingSelfsourcing

SelfsourcingSelfsourcing (also called (also called knowledge worker knowledge worker development development oror end user end user developmentdevelopment) - the ) - the development and support development and support of IT systems by of IT systems by knowledge workers with knowledge workers with little or no help from IT little or no help from IT specialists. specialists.

On Your Own

How HaveYou Selfsourced?

(p. 303)(p. 303)

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SelfsourcingSelfsourcing The Selfsourcing ProcessThe Selfsourcing Process

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Selfsourcing Selfsourcing The Advantages of SelfsourcingThe Advantages of Selfsourcing

Improves requirements determination.Improves requirements determination.

Increases knowledge worker Increases knowledge worker participation and sense of ownership.participation and sense of ownership.

Increases speed of systems Increases speed of systems development.development.

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Selfsourcing Selfsourcing Potential Pitfalls and Risks of SelfsourcingPotential Pitfalls and Risks of Selfsourcing

Inadequate knowledge worker expertise leads to Inadequate knowledge worker expertise leads to inadequately developed systems.inadequately developed systems.

Lack of organizational focus creates “privatized” IT Lack of organizational focus creates “privatized” IT systems.systems.

Insufficient analysis of design alternatives leads to Insufficient analysis of design alternatives leads to subpar IT systems.subpar IT systems.

Lack of documentation and external support leads to Lack of documentation and external support leads to short-lived systems.short-lived systems.

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OutsourcingOutsourcingDeveloping Strategic PartnershipsDeveloping Strategic Partnerships

OutsourcingOutsourcing - the - the delegation of delegation of specific work to a specific work to a third party for a third party for a specified length of specified length of time, at a specified time, at a specified cost, and at a cost, and at a specified level of specified level of service. service.

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IT outsourcing takes on 1 of 4 forms:IT outsourcing takes on 1 of 4 forms:1.1. Purchasing existing software.Purchasing existing software.

2.2. Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher to make certain modifications.to make certain modifications.

3.3. Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher for the right to make modifications yourself.for the right to make modifications yourself.

4.4. Outsourcing the development of an entirely new and Outsourcing the development of an entirely new and unique system for which no software exists.unique system for which no software exists.

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Team Work

How Many Outsourcing Companies Are There?

(p. 306)(p. 306)

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OutsourcingOutsourcingThe Outsourcing ProcessThe Outsourcing Process

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Steps of the outsourcing processSteps of the outsourcing process

1.1. PlanPlan

2.2. Define project scopeDefine project scope

3.3. Select a target systemSelect a target system

4.4. Establish logical requirementsEstablish logical requirements

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5.5. Develop a request for proposalDevelop a request for proposal Request for proposal (RFP)Request for proposal (RFP) - a formal document - a formal document

that describes in detail your logical requirements for that describes in detail your logical requirements for a proposed system and invites outsourcing a proposed system and invites outsourcing organizations to submit bids for its development. organizations to submit bids for its development.

6.6. Evaluate request for proposal returns and Evaluate request for proposal returns and choose a vendorchoose a vendor

7.7. Test and accept solutionTest and accept solution

8.8. Monitor and reevaluateMonitor and reevaluate

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OutsourcingOutsourcingThe Advantages and Disadvantages of The Advantages and Disadvantages of

OutsourcingOutsourcing Advantages of outsourcing include:Advantages of outsourcing include:

Focus on unique core competencies.Focus on unique core competencies. Exploit the intellect of another organization.Exploit the intellect of another organization. Better predict future costs.Better predict future costs. Acquire leading-edge technology.Acquire leading-edge technology. Reduce costs.Reduce costs. Improve performance accountability.Improve performance accountability.

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OutsourcingOutsourcing

Disadvantages of outsourcing include:Disadvantages of outsourcing include: Reduces technical know-how for future Reduces technical know-how for future

innovation.innovation. Reduces degree of control.Reduces degree of control. Increases vulnerability of strategic information.Increases vulnerability of strategic information. Increases dependency on other organizations.Increases dependency on other organizations.

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OutsourcingOutsourcing

On Your Own

A Request for Proposal and the Systems Development Life Cycle

(p. 311)(p. 311)

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PrototypingPrototyping

PrototypingPrototyping - the process of building a model that - the process of building a model that demonstrates the features of a proposed product, demonstrates the features of a proposed product, service, or system. service, or system.

Prototype - Prototype - a model of a proposed product, service, or a model of a proposed product, service, or system. system.

Proof-of-concept prototype - Proof-of-concept prototype - used to prove the used to prove the technical feasibility of a proposed system.technical feasibility of a proposed system.

Selling prototype Selling prototype - used to convince people of the - used to convince people of the worth of a proposed system.worth of a proposed system.

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PrototypingPrototypingThe Prototyping ProcessThe Prototyping Process

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PrototypingPrototypingThe Prototyping ProcessThe Prototyping Process

The prototyping process involves four The prototyping process involves four steps:steps:

1.1. Identify basic requirementsIdentify basic requirements

2.2. Develop initial prototypeDevelop initial prototype

3.3. Knowledge worker reviewKnowledge worker review

4.4. Revise and enhance the prototypeRevise and enhance the prototype

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PrototypingPrototypingThe Advantages of PrototypingThe Advantages of Prototyping

Encourages active knowledge worker participation. Encourages active knowledge worker participation. Helps resolve discrepancies among knowledge Helps resolve discrepancies among knowledge

workers. workers. Gives knowledge workers a feel for the final Gives knowledge workers a feel for the final

system. system. Helps determine technical feasibility.Helps determine technical feasibility. Helps sell the idea of a proposed system. Helps sell the idea of a proposed system.

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PrototypingPrototypingThe Disadvantages of PrototypingThe Disadvantages of Prototyping

Leads people to believe the final system will Leads people to believe the final system will follow shortly.follow shortly.

Gives no indication of performance under Gives no indication of performance under operational conditions.operational conditions.

Leads the project team to forgo proper testing Leads the project team to forgo proper testing and documentation.and documentation.

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Closing Case Study OneClosing Case Study OneSome Prototypes Hit, Some Miss, and Some Prototypes Hit, Some Miss, and

Some We Are Just Not Sure AboutSome We Are Just Not Sure About There are many hilarious prototypes that There are many hilarious prototypes that

failed such as garlic cake and toaster failed such as garlic cake and toaster eggs. eggs.

How can prototyping help you develop a How can prototyping help you develop a successful system?successful system?

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Closing Case Study TwoClosing Case Study TwoAl’s Barbeque RestaurantAl’s Barbeque Restaurant

Automating a manual business is an Automating a manual business is an extremely difficult task.extremely difficult task.

How can the systems development life How can the systems development life cycle help you implement a new system?cycle help you implement a new system?

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Summary Summary Student Learning Outcomes Student Learning Outcomes

1.1. List the seven steps in the systems List the seven steps in the systems development life cycle and an associated development life cycle and an associated activity for each step.activity for each step.

2.2. List four reasons why your participation List four reasons why your participation during the systems development life during the systems development life cycle is critical. cycle is critical.

3.3. Describe three of the five reasons why Describe three of the five reasons why projects fail. projects fail.

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Summary Summary Student Learning OutcomesStudent Learning Outcomes

4.4. Define the three different ways you can Define the three different ways you can staff a system development project. staff a system development project.

5.5. List two of the three advantages of List two of the three advantages of selfsourcing. selfsourcing.

6.6. Describe prototyping and profile an Describe prototyping and profile an example of a prototype. example of a prototype.

7.7. Describe two of the five advantages of Describe two of the five advantages of prototyping. prototyping.

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Summary Summary Assignments & ExercisesAssignments & Exercises

1.1. SDLC and the real worldSDLC and the real world2.2. How creative are you?How creative are you?3.3. Request for proposalRequest for proposal4.4. Understanding insourcingUnderstanding insourcing5.5. Managing the project planManaging the project plan6.6. Why prototype?Why prototype?7.7. Business requirementsBusiness requirements8.8. Why projects failWhy projects fail9.9. Construction and the SDLCConstruction and the SDLC

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Visit the Web to Learn MoreVisit the Web to Learn Morewww.mhhe.com/haagwww.mhhe.com/haag

Using your computer for more than workUsing your computer for more than work Animating your computer screenAnimating your computer screen Protecting your computer investmentProtecting your computer investment Searching for freeware and sharewareSearching for freeware and shareware Project planning and project managementProject planning and project management

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