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544
The ProgressiveMovement 1890ndash1919
1889bull Hull House
opens inChicago
1902bull Maryland workersrsquo
compensation lawspassed
1884bull Toynbee Hall first settlement
house established in London
1900bull Freudrsquos Interpretation
of Dreams published1902bull Anglo-Japanese
alliance formed
1904bull Ida Tarbellrsquos History of
the Standard OilCompany published
Why It MattersIndustrialization changed American society Cities were crowded with new immigrants working
conditions were often bad and the old political system was breaking down These conditions
gave rise to the Progressive movement Progressives campaigned for both political and social
reforms for more than two decades and enjoyed significant successes at the local state and
national levels
The Impact TodayMany Progressive-era changes are still alive in the United States today
bull Political parties hold direct primaries to nominate candidates for office
bull The Seventeenth Amendment calls for the direct election of senators
bull Federal regulation of food and drugs began in this period
The American Vision Video The Chapter 18 video ldquoThe Stockyard Junglerdquo portrays the horrors of the meatpacking industry first investigated by Upton Sinclair
1890bull Jacob Riisrsquos How
the Other HalfLives published
1903bull Russian Bolshevik Party established by Lenin
1890 1900
B Harrison1889ndash1893
Cleveland1893ndash1897
McKinley1897ndash1901
T Roosevelt1901ndash1909
544
The ProgressiveMovement 1890ndash1919
1889bull Hull House
opens inChicago
1902bull Maryland workersrsquo
compensation lawspassed
1884bull Toynbee Hall first settlement
house established in London
1900bull Freudrsquos Interpretation
of Dreams published1902bull Anglo-Japanese
alliance formed
1904bull Ida Tarbellrsquos History of
the Standard OilCompany published
Why It MattersIndustrialization changed American society Cities were crowded with new immigrants working
conditions were often bad and the old political system was breaking down These conditions
gave rise to the Progressive movement Progressives campaigned for both political and social
reforms for more than two decades and enjoyed significant successes at the local state and
national levels
The Impact TodayMany Progressive-era changes are still alive in the United States today
bull Political parties hold direct primaries to nominate candidates for office
bull The Seventeenth Amendment calls for the direct election of senators
bull Federal regulation of food and drugs began in this period
The American Vision Video The Chapter 18 video ldquoThe Stockyard Junglerdquo portrays the horrors of the meatpacking industry first investigated by Upton Sinclair
1890bull Jacob Riisrsquos How
the Other HalfLives published
1903bull Russian Bolshevik Party established by Lenin
1890 1900
B Harrison1889ndash1893
Cleveland1893ndash1897
McKinley1897ndash1901
T Roosevelt1901ndash1909
null
5835795
545
1905bull Industrial Workers
of the Worldfounded
1920bull Nineteenth Amendment
ratified guaranteeingwomenrsquos voting rights
1905bull Einsteinrsquos theory of
relativity formulated
1910bull Mexican Revolution
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit the American Vision
Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Chapter
OverviewsmdashChapter 18 topreview chapter information
Women marching for the vote in New York City 1912
1906bull Pure Food and
Drug Act passed
1914bull World War I begins
in Europe
1910 1920
1910bull Mann-Elkins
Act passed
Taft1909ndash1913
Wilson1913ndash1921
1913bull Seventeenth
Amendmentratified
545
1905bull Industrial Workers
of the Worldfounded
1920bull Nineteenth Amendment
ratified guaranteeingwomenrsquos voting rights
1905bull Einsteinrsquos theory of
relativity formulated
1910bull Mexican Revolution
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit the American Vision
Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Chapter
OverviewsmdashChapter 18 topreview chapter information
Women marching for the vote in New York City 1912
1906bull Pure Food and
Drug Act passed
1914bull World War I begins
in Europe
1910 1920
1910bull Mann-Elkins
Act passed
Taft1909ndash1913
Wilson1913ndash1921
1913bull Seventeenth
Amendmentratified
1890Jacob Riisrsquos How the OtherHalf Lives published
546 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
1900
In 1917 suffragist Rose Winslow and several other women including Alice Paul founder of theNational Womanrsquos Party were arrested for obstructing traffic and blocking sidewalks The women hadbeen picketing the White House to draw attention to the fact that women did not yet have the right tovote in federal elections After being sentenced to seven months in jail Paul Winslow and otherwomen prisoners went on a hunger strike Prison authorities forced the prisoners to eat Winslowsmuggled details of their plight out to the public
ldquoWe have been in solitary for five weeks I have felt quite feeble the last few daysmdashfaint sothat I could hardly get my hair brushed my arms ached so But today I am well again [Alice Paul]dreaded forcible feeding frightfully and I hate to think how she must be feeling I am really allright If this continues very long I perhaps wonrsquot be All the officers here know we are making thishunger strike [so] that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners [W]edonrsquot want women ever to have to do this over againrdquo
mdashquoted in Jailed for Freedom
The Rise of ProgressivismThe struggle for the right of women to vote was only one of a series of reform efforts
that transformed American society in the early 1900s Historians refer to this era inAmerican historymdashfrom about 1890 to 1920mdashas the Progressive Era
The Roots ofProgressivism
Main IdeaProgressivism was a diverse response tothe problems posed by industrialism andmodern life
Key Terms and Namesprogressivism muckraker Jacob Riiscommission plan Robert La Follettedirect primary initiative referendumrecall suffrage Alice Paul temperanceprohibition socialism
Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about thebeginnings of progressivism complete a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow by filling in the beliefs ofprogressives
Reading Objectivesbull Discuss the rise of the Progressive
movementbull Evaluate the impact of initiative refer-
endum and recall and of theSeventeenth Amendment
Section ThemeGovernment and DemocracyProgressive reformers focused on politicalreforms to try to keep the nation true toits democratic ideals
ProgressiveBeliefs
1910
1901Galveston Texas adoptscommission system
1913Seventeenth Amendment providesfor direct election of senators
1920Nineteenth Amendmentgives women the vote
1890 1920
The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section
SSC144Understand the role
of special interestgroups political
parties the mediapublic opinion and
majorityminorityconflicts on the
development of publicpolicy and the political
process
1890Jacob Riisrsquos How the OtherHalf Lives published
546 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
1900
In 1917 suffragist Rose Winslow and several other women including Alice Paul founder of theNational Womanrsquos Party were arrested for obstructing traffic and blocking sidewalks The women hadbeen picketing the White House to draw attention to the fact that women did not yet have the right tovote in federal elections After being sentenced to seven months in jail Paul Winslow and otherwomen prisoners went on a hunger strike Prison authorities forced the prisoners to eat Winslowsmuggled details of their plight out to the public
ldquoWe have been in solitary for five weeks I have felt quite feeble the last few daysmdashfaint sothat I could hardly get my hair brushed my arms ached so But today I am well again [Alice Paul]dreaded forcible feeding frightfully and I hate to think how she must be feeling I am really allright If this continues very long I perhaps wonrsquot be All the officers here know we are making thishunger strike [so] that women fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners [W]edonrsquot want women ever to have to do this over againrdquo
mdashquoted in Jailed for Freedom
The Rise of ProgressivismThe struggle for the right of women to vote was only one of a series of reform efforts
that transformed American society in the early 1900s Historians refer to this era inAmerican historymdashfrom about 1890 to 1920mdashas the Progressive Era
The Roots ofProgressivism
Main IdeaProgressivism was a diverse response tothe problems posed by industrialism andmodern life
Key Terms and Namesprogressivism muckraker Jacob Riiscommission plan Robert La Follettedirect primary initiative referendumrecall suffrage Alice Paul temperanceprohibition socialism
Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about thebeginnings of progressivism complete a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow by filling in the beliefs ofprogressives
Reading Objectivesbull Discuss the rise of the Progressive
movementbull Evaluate the impact of initiative refer-
endum and recall and of theSeventeenth Amendment
Section ThemeGovernment and DemocracyProgressive reformers focused on politicalreforms to try to keep the nation true toits democratic ideals
ProgressiveBeliefs
1910
1901Galveston Texas adoptscommission system
1913Seventeenth Amendment providesfor direct election of senators
1920Nineteenth Amendmentgives women the vote
1890 1920
The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section
SSC144Understand the role
of special interestgroups political
parties the mediapublic opinion and
majorityminorityconflicts on the
development of publicpolicy and the political
process
null
9795806
Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society
Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy
Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems
One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society
The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt
ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo
mdashWashington DC April 14 1906
By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent
magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos
Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry
Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities
Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The
Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement
HISTORY
Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil
What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers
History
Who Were the Progressives Progressivism wasnot a tightly organized political movement with a spe-cific set of reforms Instead it was a collection of dif-ferent ideas and activities Progressives had manydifferent views about how to fix the problems theybelieved existed in American society
Progressives generally believed that industrialismand urbanization had created many social problemsMost agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving societyrsquos problemsProgressives belonged to both major political partiesand usually were urban educated middle-classAmericans Many leaders of the Progressive move-ment worked as journalists social workers educa-tors politicians and members of the clergy
Beginnings of Progressivism Progressivism waspartly a reaction against laissez-faire economics andits emphasis on an unregulated market After seeingthe poverty of the working class and the filth andcrime of urban society these reformers began todoubt the free marketrsquos ability to address those prob-lems At the same time they doubted that govern-ment in its present form could fix those problemsThey concluded that government had to be fixed firstbefore it could be used to fix other problems
One reason progressives believed people couldimprove society was because they had a strong faith inscience and technology The application of scientificknowledge had produced the lightbulb the telephonethe automobile and the airplane It had built skyscrap-ers and railroads Science and technology had bene-fited people thus progressives believed using scientificprinciples could also produce solutions for society
The Muckrakers Among the first people to articu-late Progressive ideas was a group of crusading jour-nalists who investigated social conditions andpolitical corruption These writers became known asmuckrakers after a speech by President TheodoreRoosevelt
ldquoNow it is very necessary that we should not flinchfrom seeing what is vile and debasing There is filthon the floor and it must be scraped up with themuck-rake and there are times and places where thisservice is the most needed of all the services that canbe performed rdquo
mdashWashington DC April 14 1906
By the early 1900s American publishers were com-peting to see who could expose the most corruptionand scandal A group of aggressive 10cent and 15cent
magazines grew in popular-ity at this time includingMcClurersquos Collierrsquos andMunseyrsquos
Muckrakers uncoveredcorruption in many areasSome concentrated onexposing what they consid-ered to be the unfair prac-tices of large Americancorporations In McClurersquosfor example Ida Tarbellpublished a series of arti-cles critical of the StandardOil Company In Everybodyrsquos Magazine CharlesEdward Russell attacked the beef industry
Other muckrakers targeted government DavidGraham Philips described how money influenced theSenate while Lincoln Steffens another McClurersquosreporter reported on vote stealing and other corruptpractices of urban political machines These werelater collected into a book The Shame of the Cities
Still other muckrakers concentrated on socialproblems In his influential book How the Other HalfLives published in 1890 Jacob Riis described thepoverty disease and crime that afflicted manyimmigrant neighborhoods in New York City The
Student WebActivity Visit theAmerican Vision Website at tavglencoecomand click on StudentWeb ActivitiesmdashChapter 18 for anactivity on theProgressive movement
HISTORY
Muckrakers McClurersquos published Ida Tarbellrsquos exposeacute on Standard Oil
What issues particularly concerned the muckrakers
History
null
23443011
muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms
Describing How did the muckrakers
help spark the Progressive movement
Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism
Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems
One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management
The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor
described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools
Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices
Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed
Explaining Why did progressives
want to reorganize city government
Reading Check
Reading Check
A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-
tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council
Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system
548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
muckrakersrsquo articles led to a general public debate onsocial and economic problems and put pressure onpoliticians to introduce reforms
Describing How did the muckrakers
help spark the Progressive movement
Making Government Efficient There were many different types of progressivism
Different causes led to different approaches and pro-gressives even took opposing positions on how tosolve some problems
One group of progressives focused on makinggovernment more efficient They believed that manyproblems in society could be solved if governmentworked properly Efficiency progressives took theirideas from business These progressives believedbusiness had become more efficient by applying theprinciples of scientific management
The ideas of scientific management had beendeveloped in the late 1800s and were popularized byFrederick W Taylor in his book The Principles ofScientific Management published in 1911 Taylor
described how a company could become more effi-cient by managing time breaking tasks down intosmall parts and using standardized tools
Efficiency progressives argued that managing amodern city required experts not politicians Theydid not want more democracy in government forthey believed that the democratic process led to com-promise and corruption In most American cities themayor or city council chose the heads of city depart-ments Traditionally these jobs went to political sup-porters and friends who often knew little about cityservices
Efficiency progressives wanted either a commissionplan or a council-manager system Under thecommission plan a cityrsquos government would bedivided into several departments which would eachbe placed under the control of an expert commis-sioner These progressives argued that a board of com-missioners or a city manager with expertise in cityservices should hire the specialists to run city depart-ments Galveston Texas adopted the commission sys-tem in 1901 Other cities soon followed
Explaining Why did progressives
want to reorganize city government
Reading Check
Reading Check
A City and a StormOn September 8 1900 a massive hurricane devas-
tated the city of Galveston Texas About 6000 peopledied When the political machine that controlled the citygovernment proved incapable of responding to the disas-ter local business leaders convinced the state to let themtake control In April 1901 Galveston introduced thecommission system of government Under this systemGalveston chose five commissioners to replace themayor and city council
Four commissioners were local business leadersWhen the city quickly recovered reformers in other citieswere impressed Galvestonrsquos experience seemed toprove the benefits ofrunning a city like abusiness by dividing itsgovernment intodepartments and plac-ing each under anexpert commissionerMany other cities soonfollowed adoptingeither the commissionplan or the council-manager system
548 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
null
14100711
Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency
progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters
ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election
La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La
Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo
Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired
GOVERNMENT
Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo
To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution
Evaluating What was the impact of
the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to
solve
The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote
Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s
Reading Check
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549
Council-Manager FormVoters
Mayor
Heads of City Departments
elect hires
elects
appointsCity Council(makes policy)
City Manager(Chief Administrator)
carry out policy
Source The World Book Encyclopedia
Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner
Fire Commissioner
Parks Commissioner
Finance Commissioner
Public Works Commissioner
elect
Board ofCommissioners
pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy
Source The World Book Encyclopedia
Mayor-Council FormVoters
Mayor City Council
Heads of CityDepartments
elect
appointsactions approved by
carry out policy
Source The World Book Encyclopedia
Democracy and ProgressivismNot all progressives agreed with the efficiency
progressives Many believed that society neededmore democracy not less They wanted to makeelected officials more responsive to voters
ldquoLaboratory of Democracyrdquo Political reform firstcame to the state level when Wisconsin voters electedRepublican Robert La Follette to be governor LaFollette used his office to attack the way political par-ties ran their conventions Because party bosses con-trolled the selection of convention delegates theyalso controlled which candidates were chosen to runfor office La Follette pressured the state legislature torequire each party to hold a direct primary in whichall party members could vote for a candidate to runin the general election
La Follettersquos great reform success gave Wisconsina reputation as the ldquolaboratory of democracyrdquo La
Follette claimed ldquoDemocracy is based upon knowl-edge The only way to beat the boss is to keepthe people thoroughly informedrdquo
Inspired by La Follette progressives in other statespushed for similar electoral changes To force state leg-islators to respond to voters three new reforms wereintroduced in many states The initiative allowed agroup of citizens to introduce legislation and requiredthe legislature to vote on it The referendum allowedproposed legislation to be submitted to the voters forapproval The recall allowed voters to demand a spe-cial election to remove an elected official from officebefore his or her term had expired
GOVERNMENT
Direct Election of Senators Another reform theprogressives favored affected the federal govern-mentmdashthe direct election of senators As originallywritten the United States Constitution directed eachstate legislature to elect two senators from that statePolitical machines or large trusts often influenced theelection of senators who then repaid their supporterswith federal contracts and jobs By the early 1900smuckraker Charles Edward Russell charged that theSenate had become ldquoonly a chamber of butlers forindustrialists and financiersrdquo
To counter Senate corruption progressives calledfor the direct election of senators by all state votersIn 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amend-ment Although the direct election of senators wasintended to end corruption it also removed one ofthe state legislaturesrsquo checks on federal power In1913 the amendment was ratified becoming theSeventeenth Amendment to the Constitution
Evaluating What was the impact of
the Seventeenth Amendment What problem was it intended to
solve
The Suffrage MovementIn July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia
Mott organized the first womenrsquos rights conventionin Seneca Falls New York Stanton convinced the del-egates that their first priority should be gettingwomen the right to vote The movement for womenrsquosvoting rights became known as the suffragemovement Suffrage is the right to vote
Woman suffrage was an important issue for pro-gressives Although the suffrage movement began wellbefore progressivism emerged many progressivesjoined the movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s
Reading Check
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 549
Council-Manager FormVoters
Mayor
Heads of City Departments
elect hires
elects
appointsCity Council(makes policy)
City Manager(Chief Administrator)
carry out policy
Source The World Book Encyclopedia
Commission FormVoters Police Commissioner
Fire Commissioner
Parks Commissioner
Finance Commissioner
Public Works Commissioner
elect
Board ofCommissioners
pass ordinancescontrol funds carry out policy
Source The World Book Encyclopedia
Mayor-Council FormVoters
Mayor City Council
Heads of CityDepartments
elect
appointsactions approved by
carry out policy
Source The World Book Encyclopedia
null
2171876
Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery
After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused
The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group
wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution
This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights
The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social
reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen
As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause
Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested
In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage
i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906
Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements
Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that
the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement
In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979
550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
Early Problems The suffrage movement got off to aslow start Women suffragists were accused of beingunfeminine and immoral Several were physicallyattacked The movement also remained weakbecause many of its supporters were abolitionists aswell In the years before the Civil War they preferredto concentrate on abolishing slavery
After the Civil War the Republicans in Congressintroduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendmentsto the Constitution to protect the voting rights ofAfrican Americans Several leaders of the woman suf-frage movement had wanted these amendmentsworded to give women the right to vote as well Theywere bitterly disappointed when Republicans refused
The debate over the Fourteenth and FifteenthAmendments split the suffrage movement into twogroups the National Woman Suffrage Associationled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthonyand the American Woman Suffrage Association ledby Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe The first group
wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amend-ment allowing woman suffrage The second groupbelieved that the best strategy was to convince stategovernments to give women the right to vote beforetrying to amend the Constitution
This split reduced the movementrsquos effectiveness In1878 a constitutional amendment granting womansuffrage was introduced in Congress but it failed topass Few state governments granted women the rightto vote either By 1900 only Wyoming Idaho Utahand Colorado had granted women full voting rights
The Movement Builds Support In 1890 the twogroups united to form the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) The movement stilldid not make significant gains however until about1910 Part of the problem was convincing women tobecome politically active As the Progressive move-ment began however many middle-class women con-cluded that they needed the vote to promote social
reforms they favored Many working-class women also wanted the vote toensure passage of labor laws protectingwomen
As the suffrage movement grewmembers began lobbying lawmakersorganizing marches and deliveringspeeches on street corners By the end of 1912 Washington OregonCalifornia Arizona and Kansas hadgranted women full voting rights OnMarch 3 1913 the day beforePresident Wilsonrsquos inauguration suf-fragists marched in Washington DCto draw attention to their cause
Alice Paul a Quaker social workerwho headed NAWSArsquos congressionalcommittee had organized theWashington march Paul wanted touse protests to force President Wilsonto take action on suffrage Her activi-ties alarmed other members ofNAWSA who wanted to negotiatewith Wilson Paul left NAWSA andformed the National Womanrsquos PartyHer supporters picketed the WhiteHouse blocked sidewalks chainedthemselves to lampposts and went onhunger strikes if arrested
In 1915 Carrie Chapman Cattbecame NAWSArsquos leader Catt devel-oped what she called her ldquoWinningPlanrdquo to mobilize the suffrage
i n H i s t o r ySusan B Anthony1820ndash1906
Susan B Anthony was born inAdams Massachusetts to Quaker par-ents Quakers were generally moresupportive of womenrsquos rights thansome other groups and so Anthonywas able to receive a good educationShe finished her schooling at the age of17 Anthony then worked as a teacherin New York but she was fired afterprotesting that her pay was one-fifththe amount of her male colleaguesShe found another job however as aprincipal at New Yorkrsquos CanajoharieAcademy Between 1848 and 1863Anthony was involved in both the tem-perance and abolitionist movements
Her involvement in the drive forwomenrsquos equality began in 1851 aftershe met Elizabeth Cady StantonBetween 1854 and 1860 the duoattempted to change discriminatorylaws in New York In 1869 Anthony andStanton organized the National WomanSuffrage Association and began pro-moting an amendment to grant womansuffrage Anthony and 12 other womenillegally cast votes in the presidentialelection of 1872 They were arrestedand convicted but the judge feared that
the jury would rule in Anthonyrsquos favorHe dismissed the jury and finedAnthony instead She refused to pay the$100 fine but the judge decided to lether go afraid that appealing the casemight generate sympathy for the suf-frage movement
In 1883 Anthony traveled to Europeand she helped form the InternationalCouncil of Women in 1888 This organi-zation represented the rights of womenin 48 countries She died in RochesterNew York in 1906 Though Anthonydid not live to see her dream of womansuffrage become reality the UnitedStates government honored her byplacing her portrait on a new dollarcoin in 1979
550 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
null
2133211
movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote
The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes
During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect
Evaluating How successful were
women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment
Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming
the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems
The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor
Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour
Reading Check
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551
SC
WASH1910
OREG1912
CALIF1911
NEV1914
IDAHO1896
MONT1914
WYO1869
COLO1893
UTAH1870
ARIZ1912 N MEX
TEXAS
OKLA1918
KANS1912
NEBR
S DAK1918
N DAK MINN
WIS
IOWA
MO
ARK
LA
MISS
TENN
KY
ILL IND
MICH1918
OHIO
ALA GA
FLA
NC
VAWVA
PA
NY1917
VTNH
MASS
RICONNNJ
DEL
MD
ME
Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920
1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage
2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage
Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted
Partial woman suffrage before 1920
No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment
1920 border
movement nation-wide in one final push to gain vot-ing rights She also threw NAWSArsquos support behindWilson in the 1916 election Although Wilson did notendorse a woman suffrage amendment he sup-ported the Democratic Partyrsquos call for states to givewomen the vote
The Nineteenth Amendment As more statesgranted women the right to vote Congress began tofavor a constitutional amendment In 1918 the Houseof Representatives passed a woman suffrage amend-ment Wilson then addressed the Senate asking it tovote for the amendment Despite his efforts theamendment failed to pass by two votes
During the midterm elections of 1918 Catt usedNAWSArsquos resources to defeat two anti-suffrage sena-tors The following year in June 1919 the Senatefinally passed the Nineteenth Amendment by justmore than the two-thirds vote needed On August 261920 after three-fourths of the states had voted to rat-ify it the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeingwomen the right to vote went into effect
Evaluating How successful were
women in lobbying to achieve passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment
Social Welfare ProgressivismWhile many progressives focused on reforming
the political system others focused on social prob-lems such as crime illiteracy alcohol abuse childlabor and the health and safety of AmericansThese social welfare progressives created charitiesto help the poor and disadvantaged They alsopushed for new laws they hoped would fix socialproblems
The Campaign Against Child Labor Probably themost emotional Progressive issue was the cam-paign against child labor Children had alwaysworked on family farms but the factory work thatmany children performed was monotonous andthe conditions were often unhealthy In 1900 over17 million children under the age of 16 workedoutside the home Reformers established a NationalChild Labor Committee in 1904 to work to abolishchild labor
Muckraker John Spargorsquos 1906 book The Bitter Cryof the Children presented detailed evidence on childlabor conditions He told of coal mines where thou-sands of ldquobreaker boysrdquo were hired at age 9 or 10 topick slag out of coal and were paid 60cent for a 10-hour
Reading Check
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 551
SC
WASH1910
OREG1912
CALIF1911
NEV1914
IDAHO1896
MONT1914
WYO1869
COLO1893
UTAH1870
ARIZ1912 N MEX
TEXAS
OKLA1918
KANS1912
NEBR
S DAK1918
N DAK MINN
WIS
IOWA
MO
ARK
LA
MISS
TENN
KY
ILL IND
MICH1918
OHIO
ALA GA
FLA
NC
VAWVA
PA
NY1917
VTNH
MASS
RICONNNJ
DEL
MD
ME
Woman Suffrage 1869ndash1920
1 Interpreting Maps Which region led the way in grant-ing woman suffrage
2 Applying Geography Skills Based on the map whatregion would you suggest had the least amount of campaigning for woman suffrage
Full woman suffrage before 1920 with date granted
Partial woman suffrage before 1920
No woman suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment
1920 border
null
16138461
day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work
By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead
Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York
City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions
During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds
Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons
The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the
552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers
day He described how the work bent their backspermanently and often crippled their hands Reportslike these convinced states to pass laws that set aminimum age for employment and established otherlimits on child labor such as maximum hours chil-dren could work At the same time many statesbegan passing compulsory education laws requiringyoung children to be in school instead of at work
By the early 1900s the number of child laborershad begun to decline For many families the newwealth generated by industry enabled them to sur-vive without having their children work For othersthe child labor and compulsory education lawsmeant that wives had to work instead
Health and Safety Codes Many adult workers alsolabored in difficult conditions Factories coal minesand railroads were particularly dangerous Forexample in 1911 a terrible fire swept through TriangleShirtwaist Company in New York City Nearly 150women workers died trapped by doors locked fromthe outside Outrage at the deaths caused New York
City to pass strict building codes dealing with fire haz-ards and unsafe machinery and working conditions
During the early 1900s thousands of people diedor were injured on the job but they and their familiesreceived little compensation Progressives joinedunion leaders to pressure states for workersrsquo compen-sation laws These laws established insurance fundsfinanced by employers Workers injured in industrialaccidents received payments from the funds
Some progressives also favored zoning laws as amethod of protecting the public These laws divided atown or city into zones for commercial residential orother development thereby regulating how land andbuildings could be used Building codes set minimumstandards for light air room size and sanitation andrequired buildings to have fire escapes Health codesrequired restaurants and other facilities to maintainclean environments for their patrons
The Prohibition Movement Many progressivesbelieved alcohol was responsible for many problemsin American life Settlement house workers hated the
552 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
MOMENTinHISTORYMOMENTinHISTORYYOUTHFUL PROTESTTwo young immigrants marchin a New York City demonstra-tion against child labor prac-tices in 1907 Both youngwomen wear banners pro-claiming the same messagemdashone in English the other inYiddish Such protests helpedpublicize the exploitation ofchildren in dingy dangerousldquosweatshopsrdquo in Americancities At the dawn of the twen-tieth century more than a mil-lion childrenmdashsome as youngas eightmdashlabored long hours infactoriesThe weight of popularopinion finally forced state governments to pass laws protecting young workers
null
15704787
Writing About History
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553
Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker
commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism
2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul
3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution
Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did
initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States
Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B
Anthony have on Progressive erareforms
6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed
Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts
on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so
Problems Exposedby Muckrakers
effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol
Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns
For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol
Examining What actions did
progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor
Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their
efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries
Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking
Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities
At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise
Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson
Evaluating What was the impact of
Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election
Reading Check
Reading Check
FCAT LAB142
8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment
FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below
Writing About History
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 553
Checking for Understanding1 Define progressivism muckraker
commission plan direct primary initiative referendum recall suffragetemperance prohibition socialism
2 Identify Jacob Riis Robert La FolletteAlice Paul
3 State what was provided for by theNineteenth Amendment to theConstitution
Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy How did
initiative referendum and recallchange democracy in the United States
Critical Thinking5 Evaluating What impact did Susan B
Anthony have on Progressive erareforms
6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the kindsof problems that muckrakers exposed
Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Charts Study the charts
on page 549 Under which system dovoters seem to have the most controlover department heads Why do youthink so
Problems Exposedby Muckrakers
effects of drinking on families Scarce wages werespent on alcohol and drinking sometimes led tophysical abuse and sickness Many Christians alsoopposed alcohol
Some employers believed drinking hurt workersrsquoefficiency while political reformers viewed the saloonas the informal headquarters of the machine politicsthey opposed The temperance movement whichadvocated the moderation or elimination of alcoholemerged from these concerns
For the most part women led the temperancemovement In 1874 a group of women formed theWomenrsquos Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) By1911 this organization had nearly 250000 membersIn 1893 another organizationmdashthe Anti-SaloonLeaguemdashwas formed When it began the temperancemovement concentrated on reducing alcohol con-sumption Later it pressed for prohibitionmdashlawsbanning the manufacture sale and consumption ofalcohol
Examining What actions did
progressives take to deal with the issue of child labor
Progressives Versus Big BusinessA fourth group of progressives focused their
efforts on regulating big business Many progres-sives believed that wealth was concentrated in thehands of too few people In particular manybecame concerned about trusts and holding compa-niesmdashgiant corporations that dominated manyindustries
Progressives disagreed however over how to goabout regulating big business Some believed thatthe government should break up big companies torestore competition This idea led to the ShermanAntitrust Act in 1890 Others argued that big busi-ness was the most efficient way to organize the econ-omy They pushed instead for the creation ofgovernment agencies to regulate big companies andprevent them from abusing their power TheInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC) created in1887 was an early example of this kind ofProgressive thinking
Some progressives went even further and advo-cated socialismmdashthe idea that the governmentshould own and operate industry for the commu-nity as a whole They wanted the government tobuy up large companies especially industries thataffected everyone such as railroads and utilities
At its peak socialism had some national sup-port Eugene Debs the former American RailwayUnion leader won nearly a million votes as theAmerican Socialist Party candidate for president in1912 Most progressives and most Americans how-ever believed in the superiority of the Americansystem of free enterprise
Efforts to regulate business were focused at thenational level Congress passed a number of pro-posals to regulate the economy under presidentsTheodore Roosevelt William Taft and WoodrowWilson
Evaluating What was the impact of
Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party on the 1912 election
Reading Check
Reading Check
FCAT LAB142
8 Persuasive Writing Some women inthe early 1900s suggested that theConstitution needed an equal rightsamendment Imagine you are livingthen Write a letter to the editor of yourlocal paper supporting or opposing suchan amendment
FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below
null
19550386
Study and Writing
Taking Notes
554
Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change
Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills
Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-
tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes
Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something
is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study
There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes
bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings
bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject
bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves
time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes
bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later
Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this
chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo
Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page
573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill
Student success relies on good note-taking
FCAT LAA244
Completing theactivity below
will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test
FCATPRACTICE
Study and Writing
Taking Notes
554
Applying the SkillTaking Notes Have a classmate quiz you on the sec-tion on which you took notes How did you do Didyour notes work well What can be improved aboutthem What would you change
Glencoersquos Skillbuilder Interactive WorkbookCD-ROM Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills
Why Learn This SkillTaking notes is a way of recording the impor-
tant parts of something you have read Takingnotes also helps you recall information Theguidelines below explain how to get the most outof your notes
Learning the Skill One of the best ways to remember something
is to write it down Taking notes involves writingdown information in a brief and orderly formThis helps you remember information andmakes it easier to study
There are several styles of taking notes but allclarify and put information in a logical orderKeep these guidelines in mind when you are tak-ing notes
bull Identify the subject and write it at the top of thepage In your book for example look for chapteror section headings
bull Be selective in what information you include inyour notes For example anything your teacherwrites on the chalkboard or shows you from atransparency should be included If your teacheremphasizes a point or spends a considerableamount of time on a given topic this is also aclue to its importance Similarly if your textbookcovers a single topic over several pages takenotes by seeking the topic sentences of para-graphs on the topic Be certain to write down allwords that are in bold or italicized type Yourgoal is to listen or read carefully paying attentionto the main ideas or key points Do not writedown every word your teacher says Your notesshould consist of the main ideas and supportingdetails on the subject
bull Paraphrase the information Put it in your ownwords rather than trying to take it down wordfor word In order to save time you might wantto develop a personal form of shorthand Forexample eliminating vowels from words saves
time ldquodeveloprdquo becomes ldquodvlprdquo Use symbolsarrows or sketches ldquoamprdquo in place of ldquoandrdquo Useyour shorthand whenever you take notes
bull Make sure your notes are neat so you will be ableto understand them when you study them later
Practicing the SkillAfter you have carefully read Section 4 of this
chapter follow the general guidelines to taking noteslisted above and create notes for the subsection ldquoTheLimits of Progressivismrdquo
Skills AssessmentComplete the Practicing Skills questions on page
573 and the Chapter 18 Skill Reinforcement Activityto assess your mastery of this skill
Student success relies on good note-taking
FCAT LAA244
Completing theactivity below
will help you prepare forthe FCAT Reading test
FCATPRACTICE
null
18280711
1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death
William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo
The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw
ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo
mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life
Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest
person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed
Roosevelt in Office
Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics
Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair
Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below
Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate
concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in
environmental conservation
Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president
1900 1904
1902United Mine Workersgo on strike
1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations
1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published
1906Meat InspectionAct passed
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555
Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency
ABCD
II
1902 1906
The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section
SSD243Understand how
government taxespolicies and
programs affectindividuals groups
businesses andregions
1901Theodore Roosevelt becomes presidentafter William McKinleyrsquos death
William McKinleyrsquos assassination brought Teddy Roosevelt to the presidency Despite the tragic cir-cumstances he took to the office with great joy A man who loved the outdoors and physical activityRoosevelt impressed many people as a new kind of president One visitor wrote that after spendingtime with Roosevelt ldquoyou go home and wring the personality out of your clothesrdquo
The famous muckraker Lincoln Steffens already knew Roosevelt as a fellow reformer Steffenswent to Washington to see his friend and this is what he saw
ldquoHis offices were crowded with people mostly reformers all day long He strode triumphantaround among us talking and shaking hands dictating and signing letters and laughing Washingtonthe whole country was in mourning and no doubt the President felt he should hold himself down hedidnrsquot he tried to but his joy showed in every word and movement With his feet his fists hisface and his free words he laughed at his luck And he laughed with glee at the power and placethat had come to himrdquo
mdashquoted in Theodore Roosevelt A Life
Roosevelt Revives the PresidencyTheodore Roosevelt better known as ldquoTeddyrdquo took office at age 42mdashthe youngest
person ever to serve as president Roosevelt was intensely competitive strong-willedand extremely energetic In international affairs Roosevelt was a Social Darwinist Hebelieved the United States was in competition with the other nations of the world andthat only the fittest would survive Domestically however Roosevelt was a committed
Roosevelt in Office
Main IdeaWith Theodore Rooseveltrsquos succession tothe presidency in September 1901 pro-gressivism entered national politics
Key Terms and NamesSquare Deal Northern Securities UnitedMine Workers arbitration Hepburn ActUpton Sinclair
Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read about theadministration of President TheodoreRoosevelt use the major headings of thesection to create an outline similar to theone below
Reading Objectivesbull Describe various efforts to regulate
concentrated corporate powerbull Discuss Theodore Rooseveltrsquos interest in
environmental conservation
Section ThemeIndividual Action Progressive goalswere carried to the national level whenTheodore Roosevelt became president
1900 1904
1902United Mine Workersgo on strike
1903Roosevelt sets upBureau of Corporations
1906Upton Sinclairrsquos TheJungle published
1906Meat InspectionAct passed
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 555
Roosevelt in OfficeI Roosevelt Revives the Presidency
ABCD
II
1902 1906
The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section
SSD243Understand how
government taxespolicies and
programs affectindividuals groups
businesses andregions
null
1190639
progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society
ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations
Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of
their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo
During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities
The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities
Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082
for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)
The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice
The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers
Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the
Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street
Analyzing Political Cartoons
John DRockefeller
JP Morgan
James JHill
T Roosevelt
progressive who firmly believed that governmentshould actively balance the needs of competinggroups in American society
ldquoI shall see to itrdquo Roosevelt declared in 1904 ldquothatevery man has a square deal no less and no morerdquoDuring his second term his reform programs becameknown as the Square Deal To Roosevelt it was notinconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism andProgressivism at the same time He believed theUnited States needed to adopt progressive reforms inorder to maintain an efficient society that could com-pete successfully against other nations
Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Although headmired competition Roosevelt was also concernedwith efficiency He believed that trusts and otherlarge business organizations were very efficient andpart of the reason for Americarsquos prosperity YetRoosevelt remained concerned that in the pursuit of
their private interests some trusts were hurting thepublic interest He wanted to find a way to supervisebig business without destroying its economic effi-ciency When the New York Sun declared thatRoosevelt was ldquobringing wealth to its kneesrdquo thepresident disagreed ldquoWe draw the line against mis-conductrdquo he declared ldquonot against wealthrdquo
During Rooseveltrsquos first year in office a fight forcontrol of the Burlington Railroad erupted on theNew York Stock Exchange On one side was EHHarriman of the Union Pacific Railroad On the otherside were James J Hill and JP Morgan of the GreatNorthern and Northern Pacific Railroads The stockbattle almost triggered a financial panic that couldhave plunged the nation into a recession The threemen ultimately compromised by creating a giant newholding company called Northern Securities
The formation of the Northern Securities Companyalarmed many Americans including Roosevelt Thestock battle that led to its creation seemed a classicexample of private interests acting in a way thatthreatened the nation as a whole Roosevelt decidedthat the company was in violation of the ShermanAntitrust Act In early 1902 he ordered his attorneygeneral to file a lawsuit against Northern Securities
Rooseveltrsquos action pleased many progressives butbaffled JP Morgan He immediately traveled to theWhite House with two supportive senators in tow topresent his case ldquoIf we have done anything wrongrdquohe told the president ldquosend your man to my man andthey can fix it uprdquo Unmoved Roosevelt proceededwith the case In 1904 in Northern Securities v theUnited States the Supreme Court ruled that NorthernSecurities had indeed violated the Sherman AntitrustAct Roosevelt declared it a great victory ldquoThe mostpowerful men in the countryrdquo he proclaimed ldquowereheld to accountability before the lawrdquo Newspapershailed Roosevelt as a ldquotrustbusterrdquo and his popular-ity with the American public soared (See page 1082
for more information on Northern Securities v the United States)
The Coal Strike of 1902 As presidentRoosevelt regarded himself as thenationrsquos head manager He believed itwas his job to keep society operating effi-ciently by preventing conflict betweenthe nationrsquos different groups and theirinterests In the fall of 1902 he put thesebeliefs into practice
The previous spring the United MineWorkers (UMW) union had called astrike of the miners who dug anthraciteor hard coal Nearly 150000 workers
Corporate Giants This 1904 cartoon portrays Roosevelt as ldquoJack the
Giant-Killerrdquo but he actually restrained very few trusts Why do you thinkthe scene is set on Wall Street
Analyzing Political Cartoons
John DRockefeller
JP Morgan
James JHill
T Roosevelt
null
22633136
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557
walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union
As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching
Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo
The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society
The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts
In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities
The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court
Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts
Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority
The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC
Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for
little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike
History
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 557
walked out of eastern Pennsylvaniarsquos anthracitemines demanding a pay increase a reduction in workhours and recognition for their union
As the months passed and the strike continuedcoal prices began to rise To Roosevelt it was anotherexample of groups pursuing their private interests atthe expense of the nation If the strike dragged on toolong the country would face a coal shortage thatcould shut down factories and leave many peoplersquoshomes cold with winter fast approaching
Roosevelt urged the union and the owners toaccept arbitrationmdasha settlement imposed by an out-side party The union agreed The mine ownersdetermined to destroy the UMW did not Oneowner George Baer declared ldquoThe rights and inter-ests of the laboring man will be protected and caredfor not by the labor agitators but by the Christianmen to whom God in His infinite wisdom has giventhe control of the property interests of the countryrdquo
The mine ownersrsquo stubbornness infuriatedRoosevelt as it did much of the public Rooseveltthreatened to order the army to run the minesFearful of this the mine owners finally accepted arbi-tration By intervening in the dispute Roosevelt hadtaken the first step toward establishing the federalgovernment as an honest broker between powerfulgroups in society
The Bureau of Corporations Despite his lawsuitagainst Northern Securities and his role in the coalstrike Roosevelt was not opposed to big business Hebelieved most trusts benefited the economy and thatbreaking them up would do more harm than goodInstead Roosevelt proposed the creation of a newfederal agency to investigate corporations and publi-cize the results He believed the most effective way tokeep big business from abusing its power wasthrough knowledge and publicity of the facts
In 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to createthe Department of Commerce and Labor Within thisdepartment would be a division called the Bureau ofCorporations with the authority to investigate cor-porations and issue reports on their activities
The following year the Bureau of Corporationsbegan investigating US Steel a gigantic holdingcompany that had been created in 1901 Worriedabout a possible antitrust lawsuit the companyrsquosleaders met privately with Roosevelt and offered adeal They would open their account books andrecords to the Bureau of Corporations In exchange ifthe Bureau found anything wrong the companywould be advised privately and allowed to correctthe problem without having to go to court
Roosevelt accepted this ldquogentlemenrsquos agreementrdquoas he called it Shortly afterward he made similardeals with other companies These arrangementsgave Roosevelt the ability to regulate big businesswithout having to sacrifice economic efficiency bybreaking up the trusts
Congress Follows In addition to creating theDepartment of Commerce and Labor Congresspassed the Expedition Act which gave federalantitrust suits precedence on the dockets of circuitcourts Then in 1906 Roosevelt pushed the HepburnAct through Congress This act was intended tostrengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC) An early effort to regulate the railroad indus-try the ICC had been ineffective because it lackedsufficient authority
The Hepburn Act tried to strengthen the ICC bygiving it the power to set railroad rates The agencyoriginally was intended to regulate rates to ensurethat companies did not compete unfairly At firstrailroad companies were suspicious of the ICC andtied up its decisions by challenging them in courtEventually the railroads realized that they couldwork with the ICC to set rates and regulations thatlimited competition and prevented new competitorsfrom entering the industry Over time the ICC
Minerrsquos Lot In the early 1900s miners worked under dangerous conditions for
little pay How did Roosevelt respond when they went on strike
History
null
2537626
became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits
Comparing What was the purpose
of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful
was it
Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly
concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business
Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed
Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the
slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry
ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo
mdashfrom The Jungle
Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs
Summarizing What two pieces of
legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton
Sinclairrsquos The Jungle
ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most
clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources
An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo
GEOGRAPHY
Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of
Reading Check
Reading Check
The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad
558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
became a supporter of the railroadsrsquo interests and by1920 it had begun setting rates at levels intended toensure the industryrsquos profits
Comparing What was the purpose
of the Interstate Commerce Commission and how successful
was it
Social Welfare ActionWhen Roosevelt took office he was not greatly
concerned about consumer issues but by 1905 con-sumer protection had become a national issue Thatyear a journalist named Samuel Hopkins Adamspublished a series of articles in Collierrsquos magazinedescribing the patent medicine business
Many companies were patenting and marketingpotions they claimed would cure a variety of illsMany patent medicines were little more than alcoholcolored water and sugar Others contained caffeineopium cocaine and other dangerous compoundsConsumers had no way to know what they were tak-ing nor did they receive any assurance that the med-icines worked as claimed
Many Americans were equally concerned aboutthe food they ate Dr WH Wiley chief chemist at theUnited States Department of Agriculture had issuedreports documenting the dangerous preservativesbeing used in what he called ldquoembalmed meatrdquoThen in 1906 Upton Sinclair published The JungleBased on Sinclair rsquos close observations of the
slaughterhouses of Chicago the powerful book fea-tured appalling descriptions of conditions in themeatpacking industry
ldquoThere would come all the way back from Europeold sausage that had been rejected and that wasmoldy and whitemdashit would be dosed with borax andglycerine and dumped into the hoppers and madeover again for home consumption There wouldbe meat stored in great piles in rooms and the waterfrom leaky roofs would drip over it and thousands ofrats would race about upon itrdquo
mdashfrom The Jungle
Sinclairrsquos book was a best-seller It made con-sumers illmdashand angry Roosevelt and Congressresponded with the Meat Inspection Act It requiredfederal inspection of meat sold through interstatecommerce and required the Agriculture Departmentto set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plantsThe Pure Food and Drug Act passed on the same dayin 1906 prohibited the manufacture sale or shipmentof impure or falsely labeled food and drugs
Summarizing What two pieces of
legislation were enacted due to the facts revealed in Upton
Sinclairrsquos The Jungle
ConservationRoosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most
clearly in the area of environmental conservationRealizing that the nationrsquos bountiful natural resourceswere being used up at an alarming rate Roosevelturged Americans to conserve these resources
An enthusiastic outdoorsman Roosevelt valuedthe countryrsquos minerals animals and rugged terrainHe cautioned against unregulated exploitation ofpublic lands and believed in conservation to managethe nationrsquos resources As president Roosevelteagerly assumed the role of manager He argued thatthe government must distinguish ldquobetween the manwho skins the land and the man who develops thecountry I am going to work with and only with theman who develops the countryrdquo
GEOGRAPHY
Land Development in the West Roosevelt quicklyapplied his philosophy in the dry Western stateswhere farmers and city dwellers competed for scarcewater In 1902 Roosevelt supported passage of theNewlands Reclamation Act authorizing the use of
Reading Check
Reading Check
The Teddy Bear The softand cuddly teddy bear wasnamed after the gruff andrugged Theodore (ldquoTeddyrdquo)Roosevelt The idea for thetoy stemmed from a hunt-ing trip Roosevelt took toMississippi in 1902 Onthe trip the presidentrefused to kill a defense-less bear cub CartoonistClifford Berryman drew awhimsical reenactment of the scene for theWashington Post which in turn inspired MorrisMichtom a toy shop owner in Brooklyn to create theldquoteddy bearrdquo The toy became a runaway success inthe United States and abroad
558 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
null
2353706
Writing About History
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559
Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United
Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair
3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act
Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton
Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers
Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact
did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business
6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902
Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at
the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to
Results of1902
Coal Strike
federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy
Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo
As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands
Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations
Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the
executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act
Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos
policies help the conservation of natural resources
Reading Check
Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated
audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency
History
8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142
FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below
Writing About History
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 559
Checking for Understanding1 Define Square Deal arbitration2 Identify Northern Securities United
Mine Workers Hepburn Act UptonSinclair
3 Explain what was provided for in theHepburn Act
Reviewing Themes4 Individual Action How did Upton
Sinclair contribute to involving the federal government in protecting consumers
Critical Thinking5 Drawing Conclusions What impact
did Rooseveltrsquos use of the ShermanAntitrust Act have on business
6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list theresults of the Coal Strike of 1902
Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Political Cartoons Look at
the cartoon on page 556 Why are thegiants depicted as they are What dothey represent Roosevelt is called Jackthe Giant-Killer What fairy tale is beingreferred to
Results of1902
Coal Strike
federal funds from public land sales to pay for irriga-tion and land development projects Thus it was thefederal government that began the large-scale trans-formation of the Westrsquos landscape and economy
Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt also backed efforts tosave the nationrsquos forests through careful managementof the timber resources of the West He appointed hisclose friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United StatesForest Service ldquoThe natural resourcesrdquo Pinchot saidldquomust be developed and preserved for the benefit ofthe many and not merely for the profit of a fewrdquo
As progressives Roosevelt and Pinchot bothbelieved that trained experts in forestry and resourcemanagement should apply the same scientific stan-dards to the landscape that others were applying tothe management of cities and industry They rejectedthe laissez-faire argument that the best way to pre-serve public land was to sell it to lumber companieswho would then carefully conserve it because it wasthe source of their profits With the presidentrsquos sup-port Pinchotrsquos department drew up regulations con-trolling lumbering on federal lands
Roosevelt took other steps as well to conserve thenationrsquos resources He added over 100 million acresto the protected national forests quadrupling theirarea and established 5 new national parks and 51federal wildlife reservations
Rooseveltrsquos Legacy President Roosevelt changedthe role of the federal government and the nature ofthe presidency Increasingly Americans began tolook to the federal government to solve the nationrsquoseconomic and social problems Under Roosevelt the
executive branch of government had dramaticallyincreased its power The ICC could set rates theAgriculture Department could inspect food theBureau of Corporations could monitor business andthe attorney general could rapidly bring antitrustlawsuits under the Expedition Act
Examining How did Rooseveltrsquos
policies help the conservation of natural resources
Reading Check
Crowd Pleaser Teddy Rooseveltrsquos energetic speaking style captivated
audiences across the nation What impact did he have on the office ofthe presidency
History
8 Descriptive Writing Imagine you areliving in the early 1900s and have justread Sinclairrsquos The Jungle Write a letterto a friend explaining what the novel isabout and how it characterizes theProgressive era FCAT LAB142
FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below
null
13907385
Bridalveil Creek
MercedRiv
er
C A T H E D R A L R A N G E
EaglePeak
El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)
UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)
YosemitePoint
Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)
Cathedral Rocks
CathedralSpires
Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)
Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)
Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)
GeographyampHistory
OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests
Yellowstone1872
Sullys Hill1904
Wind Cave1903
Mount Rainier1899
Crater Lake1902
Sequoia1890
Mesa Verde1906
General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890
AtlanticOcean
PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico
Early National Parks
560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
Bridalveil Creek
MercedRiv
er
C A T H E D R A L R A N G E
EaglePeak
El Capitan7569 ft (2307 m)
UpperYosemite Falls1430 ft (436 m)
YosemitePoint
Clouds Rest9926 ft (3025 m)
Cathedral Rocks
CathedralSpires
Royal ArchesYosemite Fallstotal drop2425 ft (739 m)
Yosemite Valley4000 ft (1219 m)
Bridalveil Fall620 ft (189 m)
GeographyampHistory
OUR GROWING HERITAGEThis map of the United States shows 9 of the national parks that existedby the end of President Theodore Roosevelts administration Rooseveltestablished 5 national parks 4 of which still exist today He also estab-lished 51 wildlife preserves and 150 national forests
Yellowstone1872
Sullys Hill1904
Wind Cave1903
Mount Rainier1899
Crater Lake1902
Sequoia1890
Mesa Verde1906
General Grant (Kings Canyon)1890Yosemite1890
AtlanticOcean
PacificOcean Gulf of Mexico
Early National Parks
560 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY
1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed
2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources
mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park
In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region
In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks
The Story ofYosemite
The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers
came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings
The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite
To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the
Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year
President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point
Bridalveil Creek
Bridalveil Creek
MercedRiv
er
Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)
Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)
Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)
SentinelRock
561
LEARNING FROM GEOGRAPHY
1 How was the Yosemite Valley formed
2 How did the establishment of thenational park system help to conservenatural resources
mountains and glaciers of the parkHis compelling descriptions swayed many influential people In 1890Congress expanded the protectedarea and made Yosemite an officialnational park
In many ways Yosemite estab-lished a pattern for our national parksystem It started programs to teachvisitors about native plants and wild-life and was the first park to build amuseum to help visitors understandand enjoy the region
In 1903 President TheodoreRoosevelt visited the park with MuirThe natural beauty of the valley capti-vated the environmentalist presidentand stimulated his desire to protectvast areas of the countryldquoWe are notbuilding this country of ours for adayrdquodeclared RooseveltldquoIt is to lastthrough the agesrdquoDuring his presi-dency Roosevelt enlarged Yosemiteestablished the US Forest Serviceand put millions of acres of landunder federal protection In 1916 theNational Park Service was establishedand today it manages more than 380areas including 57 national parks
The Story ofYosemite
The breathtaking beauty of the Yosemite Valley hasalways astounded visitors to Californiarsquos High SierraIn 1851 volunteer soldiers
came upon the valley One officer felt a ldquopeculiar exalted sensationrdquoashe marveled at his surroundings
The officerrsquos reaction was a natural one Carved by glaciers andrivers the seven-mile-long valley intowhich he and his men rode lies at anelevation of 4000 feet (1219 m)Above them rose the near-verticalcliffs and great granite monoliths of ElCapitan Half Dome and CathedralRocks Down onto the valley floorpoured the waters of Bridalveil FallA dozen other waterfalls spilled oversheer cliffs elsewhere in the valleysome of themmdash like Yosemite Falls at 2425 feet (739 m)mdashamong thehighest on EarthWithin five yearshorseback parties were coming togaze at Bridalveil Fall and the face of El CapitanThe tourists had foundYosemite
To guarantee that the publiccould continue to enjoy the beautyin 1864 President Abraham Lincolngranted the valley to California as awilderness preserve In so doingLincoln laid the foundation for the national park system (The firstofficial national parkYellowstone wasnot created until eight years later) By the late 1880s Yosemite was attractingabout 5000 visitors a year John Muirand other conservationists wereanxious to preserve the area Muirhad spent years tramping through the woods and up and down the
Sightseers admireYosemite Falls as theyride along Glacier PointTrail in 1901 Today some 35 million touristsvisit the park each year
President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standatop Glacier Point
Bridalveil Creek
Bridalveil Creek
MercedRiv
er
Half Dome8836 ft (2693 m)
Glacier Point7214 ft (2199 m)
Nevada Falls594 ft (181 m)
SentinelRock
561
null
19048785
One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo
The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered
In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft
mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States
1908Taft elected president
562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-
son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and
The Taft Administration
Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives
Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination
Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives
Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt
helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-
pointed with Taft as president
Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies
Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives
1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy
1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed
1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel
1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination
1908 1910 1912
The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section
SSD243Understand how
government taxespolicies and
programs affectindividuals groups
businesses andregions
One evening in January 1908 President Theodore Roosevelt sat chatting with Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and his wife Nellie in the second-floor White House library The mood wasrelaxed Seated comfortably in his easy chair Roosevelt was talking about a subject he had often dis-cussed with his guests the future role of Taft Roosevelt toyed with a couple of options ldquoAt one time itlooks like the presidencyrdquo he mused considering a future role for his trusted lieutenant ldquothen again itlooks like the chief justiceshiprdquo
The Tafts knew that Roosevelt had the power to bring about either of these options ldquoMake it thepresidencyrdquo interrupted Nellie Taft always ambitious about her husbandrsquos career Taft himself wasless convinced that he would make a good chief executive ldquoMake it the chief justiceshiprdquo he uttered
In the end Taft bowed to the wishes of his wife and his boss Following George Washingtonrsquosexample and honoring his own promise of 1904 Roosevelt decided not to seek reelection in 1908Instead he endorsed an experienced administrator and moderate progressive to run for president onthe Republican ticket William Howard Taft
mdashadapted from The American Heritage PictorialHistory of the Presidents of the United States
1908Taft elected president
562 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
Taft Becomes PresidentRoosevelt loved ldquoSmiling Billrdquo Taft like a brother and believed him to be the ideal per-
son to continue his policies He was Roosevelt said a leader who possessed ldquoa scorn of allthat is base and mean a hearty sympathy with the oppressed [and a] kindly generosity ofnature which makes him feel that all of his countrymen are in very truth his friends and
The Taft Administration
Main IdeaPresident Taft continued with RooseveltrsquosProgressive policies but he did not liveup to the expectations of manyprogressives
Key Terms and NamesJoseph G Cannon Payne-Aldrich TariffRichard Ballinger syndicate insubordination
Reading StrategyOrganizing As you read about progres-sivism in this section complete a graphicorganizer similar to the one below listingTaftrsquos conflicts with the progressives
Reading Objectivesbull Explain how Theodore Roosevelt
helped Taft get electedbull Discuss why progressives were disap-
pointed with Taft as president
Section ThemeContinuity and Change Political differ-ences with Roosevelt caused PresidentTaft to lose Progressive support eventhough he supported many Progressivepolicies
Disputes BetweenTaft and Progressives
1909Ballinger-Pinchotcontroversy
1910Mann-ElkinsAct passed
1911Antitrust lawsuit filedagainst US Steel
1912Roosevelt challenges Taft forRepublican nomination
1908 1910 1912
The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section
SSD243Understand how
government taxespolicies and
programs affectindividuals groups
businesses andregions
null
11916839
brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more
Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling
In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency
ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a
large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo
mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial
History of the Presidents of the United States
Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives
Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in
Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today
History
brothersrdquo Taft had been Rooseveltrsquos most trusted lieu-tenant He had served as a judge as governor of thePhilippines and as Rooseveltrsquos secretary of war Infact Taft seemed acceptable to almost everyoneThanks to Rooseveltrsquos efforts he easily received hispartyrsquos nomination His victory in the general electionin November 1908 was a foregone conclusion TheDemocratic candidate twice-defeated WilliamJennings Bryan lost once more
Taftrsquos Approach to Government ldquoMy dearTheodorerdquo Taft wrote to his old friend a couple ofweeks after assuming office ldquoWhen I am addressedas lsquoMr Presidentrsquo I turn to see whether you are at myelbowrdquo The comment was telling
In that same letter Taft admitted some of his earlyfears about his presidency
ldquoI have no doubt that when you return you willfind me very much under suspicion I have notthe prestige which you had I am not attemptingquite as much as you did and so I fear that a
large part of the public will feel as if I had fallen awayfrom your ideals but you know me better and willunderstand that I am still working away on the sameold planrdquo
mdashquoted in The American Heritage Pictorial
History of the Presidents of the United States
Roosevelt and Taft were very different peopleRoosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spot-light and the rough-and-tumble world of politics Hehad grand ideas and schemes but left the details ofadministering them to others Taft was the oppositein many ways He was a skillful administrator andjudge He disliked political maneuvering and pre-ferred to avoid conflict with others Unlike Rooseveltwho acted quickly and decisively on issues Taftresponded slowly approaching problems from alegalistic point of view ldquoI donrsquot like politicsrdquo hewrote ldquoI donrsquot like the limelightrdquo Although commit-ted to many progressive ideas Taftrsquos personality andapproach to politics quickly brought him into conflictwith progressives
Presidential Ritual In 1910 President Taft threw out the first baseball of the season at Lincoln Park in
Washington DC as his wife Nellie looked on Why do you think presidents often continue this practice today
History
null
13980536
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates
To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation
Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power
Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods
After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff
Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo
The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development
In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless
Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired
564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made
nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the
story to the press How was the controversy resolved
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act Like many progres-sives Taft believed high tariffs limited competitionhurt consumers and protected trusts Roosevelt hadwarned him to stay away from tariff reform becauseit would divide the Republican Party Taft howeverwent ahead and called Congress into special sessionto lower tariff rates
To pass a new tariff Taft needed the help ofSpeaker of the House Joseph G Cannon AsSpeaker Cannon appointed all committees anddecided which bills they handled By exercisingalmost total control over debate Cannon could pushsome bills through without discussion and see thatothers never came to a vote Progressives howeverwanted to unseat Cannon because he often blockedtheir legislation
Taft disagreed with the effort to unseat CannonHe pressured progressive Republicans into stoppingtheir campaign against Cannon In exchangeCannon quickly pushed the tariff bill through theHouse of Representatives Taftrsquos compromiseangered many progressives The following year theydefied the president by joining with HouseDemocrats and removing Cannon from power
Taft further alienated progressives when the tariffbill went to the Senate The powerful head of theSenate Finance Committee Republican NelsonAldrich from Rhode Island wanted to protect hightariffs as did many other conservative senators Theresult was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which cut tariffshardly at all and actually raised them on some goods
After discussions with Aldrich and other senatorshowever Taft decided to accept the new tariff
Progressives felt betrayed and outraged by Taftrsquosdecision ldquoI knew the fire had gone out of [theProgressive movement]rdquo recalled chief foresterGifford Pinchot after Roosevelt left officeldquoWashington was a dead town Its leader was goneand in his place [was] a man whose fundamentaldesire was to keep out of troublerdquo
The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy With Taftrsquosstanding among Republican progressives deterio-rating a sensational controversy broke out late in1909 that helped destroy Taftrsquos popularity withreformers for good Many progressives had beenunhappy when Taft replaced Rooseveltrsquos secretaryof the interior James R Garfield an aggressive con-servationist with Richard A Ballinger a more con-servative corporate lawyer Suspicion of Ballingergrew when he tried to make nearly a million acres ofpublic forests and mineral reserves available for pri-vate development
In the midst of this mounting concern GiffordPinchot charged the new secretary with having onceplotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska toa private syndicate or business group for personalprofit Pinchot took the charges to the president Taftrsquosattorney general investigated the charges and decidedthey were groundless
Still not satisfied Pinchot leaked the story to thepress and asked Congress to investigate Taft fired
564 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
Political Uproar Taftrsquos interior secretary Richard Ballinger pictured at left ignited controversy when he made
nearly one million acres of public land available for development Progressive Gifford Pinchot at right leaked the
story to the press How was the controversy resolved
null
19022661
Writing About History
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565
Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-
Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation
efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC
Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did
replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives
Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference
between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress
6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms
Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the
photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities
8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism
Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger
By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives
Summarizing What problems did
President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues
Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several
successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven
In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC
The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor
the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development
After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president
In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company
Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them
Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president
Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos
accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting
compare to President Rooseveltrsquos
Reading Check
Reading Check
Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms Writing About History
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 565
Checking for Understanding1 Define syndicate insubordination2 Identify Joseph G Cannon Payne-
Aldrich Tariff Richard Ballinger3 Describe how Taft helped conservation
efforts alleviated child labor problemsand strengthened the ICC
Reviewing Themes4 Continuity and Change How did
replacing Rooseveltrsquos secretary of theinterior cause a dispute between Taftand the progressives
Critical Thinking5 Comparing What was the difference
between Roosevelt and Taft regardingthe relationship between the presidentand Congress
6 Organizing Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to list TaftrsquosProgressive reforms
Analyzing Visuals7 Examining Photographs Study the
photograph on page 563 Note the for-mal attire of the president and his wifeHow would you compare the clothesthe people in the photograph are wear-ing with todayrsquos style of dress forleisure activities
8 Descriptive Writing Write a magazinearticle in which you defend or criticizePresident Taftrsquos administration in termsof its support of progressivism
Pinchot for insubordination or disobedience Thecongressional committee appointed to study the con-troversy cleared Ballinger
By signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act support-ing Ballinger against Pinchot and backing CannonTaft gave the impression that he had ldquosold the SquareDeal down the riverrdquo Popular indignation was sogreat that the congressional elections of 1910 resultedin a sweeping Democratic victory with Democratstaking the majority in the House and Democrats andProgressive Republicans grabbing control of theSenate from the conservatives
Summarizing What problems did
President Taft have with progressives on tariff issues
Taftrsquos Progressive ReformsDespite his political problems Taft also had several
successes Although Roosevelt was nicknamed theldquotrustbusterrdquo Taft was a strong supporter of competi-tion and actually brought twice as many antitrustcases in four years as his predecessor had in seven
In other areas too Taft was at least as strong aprogressive as Roosevelt Taft established theChildrenrsquos Bureau a federal agency similar toRooseveltrsquos Bureau of Corporations The ChildrenrsquosBureau investigated and publicized problems withchild labor Taft also supported the Mann-Elkins Actof 1910 which increased the regulatory powers ofthe ICC
The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside Taft wasalso a dedicated conservationist His contributions inthis area actually equaled or surpassed those ofRoosevelt He set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor
the activities of mining companies expanded thenational forests and protected waterpower sites fromprivate development
After Taft took office in 1909 Roosevelt left for abig-game hunt in Africa followed by a tour ofEurope He did not return to the United States untilJune 1910 Although disturbed by stories of Taftrsquosldquobetrayalrdquo of progressivism Roosevelt at firstrefused to criticize the president
In October 1911 Taft announced an antitrust law-suit against US Steel claiming that the companyrsquosdecision to buy the Tennessee Coal and IronCompany in 1907 had violated the Sherman AntitrustAct The lawsuit was the final straw for Roosevelt Aspresident he had approved US Steelrsquos plan to buythe company
Roosevelt believed Taftrsquos focus on breaking uptrusts was destroying the carefully crafted system ofcooperation and regulation that Roosevelt had estab-lished with big business through the Bureau ofCorporations In November 1911 Roosevelt publiclycriticized Taftrsquos decision Roosevelt argued that the bestway to deal with the trusts was to allow them to existwhile at the same time increasing governmentrsquos abilityto regulate them
Having broken with Taft it was only a matter oftime before progressives convinced Roosevelt toreenter politics In late February 1912 Rooseveltannounced that he would enter the presidential cam-paign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as theRepublican nominee for president
Evaluating How did President Taftrsquos
accomplishments regarding conservation and trustbusting
compare to President Rooseveltrsquos
Reading Check
Reading Check
Taftrsquos Progressive Reforms
null
1717301
1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president
566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and
an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s
On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor
Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo
Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo
Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division
mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House
The Wilson Years
Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory
Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People
Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms
Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social
reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive
movement
Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy
1913Federal ReserveAct passed
1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed
1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed
Economic Reforms Social Reforms
1912 1914 1916
The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section
SSD243Understand how
government taxespolicies and
programs affectindividuals groups
businesses andregions
1912Woodrow Wilsonelected president
566 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
The Election of 1912The 1912 presidential campaign featured a current president a former president and
an academic who had entered politics only two years earlier The electionrsquos outcomedetermined the path of the Progressive movement and helped shape the nationrsquos path inthe 1900s
On September 15 1910 in the Taylor Opera House in Trenton New Jersey a young progressivenamed Joseph Patrick Tumulty watched as a lean man with iron-gray hair made his way toward thestage The man was Thomas Woodrow Wilson the Democratic Partyrsquos nominee for governor
Wilson was the choice of the party bosses As Tumulty recalled progressives were ldquofeeling sullenbeaten and hopelessly impotentrdquo To Tumultyrsquos astonishment Wilson announced ldquoI shall enter uponthe duties of the office of governor if elected with absolutely no pledge of any kind to prevent mefrom serving the people of the state with singleness of purposerdquo
Tumulty knew that Wilson was declaring his independence from the New Jersey political machineIt brought the progressives at the convention roaring to their feet From one came the cry ldquoThankGod at last a leader has comerdquo
Two years later Woodrow Wilson was the Democratsrsquo nominee for the presidency an office theyhad won only twice since the Civil War This time they were confident of victory for Wilson a commit-ted progressive faced a Republican Party wracked by division
mdashadapted from Wilson The Road to the White House
The Wilson Years
Main IdeaWoodrow Wilson pursued a Progressiveagenda after his 1912 election victory
Key Terms and NamesProgressive Party New Nationalism NewFreedom income tax Federal ReserveAct Federal Trade Commission unfairtrade practices National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People
Reading StrategyCategorizing As you read about pro-gressivism during the Wilson administra-tion complete a chart similar to the onebelow by listing Wilsonrsquos Progressive eco-nomic and social reforms
Reading Objectivesbull Describe Wilsonrsquos economic and social
reformsbull Evaluate the legacy of the Progressive
movement
Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy WoodrowWilsonrsquos reforms greatly increased thefederal governmentrsquos role in regulatingthe nationrsquos economy
1913Federal ReserveAct passed
1914Federal TradeCommission Act passed
1916Keating-Owen ChildLabor Act passed
Economic Reforms Social Reforms
1912 1914 1916
The following is the majorSunshine StateStandard coveredin this section
SSD243Understand how
government taxespolicies and
programs affectindividuals groups
businesses andregions
null
10689148
The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo
The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo
Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson
Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform
ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism
Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy
and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo
Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States
Summarizing Who were the three
major candidates in the presidential election of 1912
Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking
on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo
Reading Check
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567
The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government
should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition
History
The Republican Party Splits Believing thatPresident Taft had failed to live up to Progressiveideals Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state gov-ernors that he was willing to accept the Republicannomination ldquoMy hat is in the ringrdquo he declaredldquoThe fight is onrdquo
The struggle for control of the Republican Partyreached its climax at the national convention inChicago in June Conservatives rallied behind TaftMost of the progressives lined up for RooseveltWhen it became clear that Taftrsquos delegates controlledthe nomination Roosevelt decided to leave the partyand campaign as an independent ldquoWe stand atArmageddonrdquo he told his supporters ldquoand we battlefor the Lordrdquo
Declaring himself ldquofit as a bull mooserdquo Rooseveltbecame the presidential candidate for the newlyformed Progressive Party nicknamed the Bull MooseParty Because Taft had alienated so many groupsthe election of 1912 became a contest between twoprogressives the Bull Moose Roosevelt and theDemocrat Wilson
Wilsonrsquos Character and Background WoodrowWilson entered politics as a firm progressive As gov-ernor of New Jersey he pushed one Progressivereform after another through the statehouse Herevamped election laws established utility regula-tory boards and allowed cities to change to the com-missioner form of government In less than twoyears New Jersey became a model of Progressivereform
ldquoNew Freedomrdquo Versus ldquoNew Nationalismrdquo Theelection of 1912 was a contest between two men whosupported progressivism although they had differ-ent approaches to reform Roosevelt accepted theeconomic power of the trusts as a fact of life and pro-posed a more powerful federal government and astrong executive to regulate them Roosevelt also out-lined a complete program of reforms He favored leg-islation to protect women and children in the laborforce and supported workersrsquo compensation forthose injured on the job He also wanted a federaltrade commission to regulate industry in a mannersimilar to the ICCrsquos authority over railroadsRoosevelt called his program the New Nationalism
Wilson countered with what he called the NewFreedom He criticized Rooseveltrsquos program as onethat supported ldquoregulated monopolyrdquo Monopolieshe believed were evils to be destroyed not regulatedWilson argued that Rooseveltrsquos approach gave thefederal government too much power in the economy
and did nothing to restore competition Freedom inWilsonrsquos opinion was more important than efficiencyldquoThe history of libertyrdquo Wilson declared ldquois the his-tory of the limitation of governmental power IfAmerica is not to have free enterprise then she canhave freedom of no sort whateverrdquo
Wilson Is Elected As expected Roosevelt and Taftsplit the Republican voters enabling Wilson to winthe Electoral College and the election with 435 voteseven though he received less than 42 percent of thepopular votemdashless than Roosevelt and Taft com-bined For the first time since Grover Clevelandrsquoselection in 1892 a Democrat became president of theUnited States
Summarizing Who were the three
major candidates in the presidential election of 1912
Regulating the EconomyThe new chief executive lost no time in embarking
on his program of reform He immediately took chargeof the government ldquoThe president is at liberty both inlaw and conscience to be as big a man as he canrdquo
Reading Check
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 567
The New Freedom Woodrow Wilson initially believed that government
should break up trusts Why did Wilson favor economic competition
History
null
23061586
Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights
Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs
He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo
Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo
In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s
An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly
ECONOMY
Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907
To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses
At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve
568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
12
10
9
11
8
7
5
4 32 1
6
Buffalo
CharlotteNashville
Birmingham
NewOrleans
HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville
Miami
Pittsburgh
DetroitSalt Lake City
LittleRock Memphis
Oklahoma City
Portland
Omaha
El Paso
CincinnatiLouisville
Denver
Helena
Los Angeles
Seattle
Baltimore
Boston
New York City
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Richmond
AtlantaDallas
StLouis
Chicago
Minneapolis
Kansas City
San Francisco
12
12
The Federal Reserve System
1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks
2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries
Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank
5
Wilson had once written ldquoHis capacity will set thelimitrdquo During his eight years as president Wilsondemonstrated his power as he crafted reforms affectingtariffs the banking system trusts and workersrsquo rights
Reforming Tariffs Five weeks after taking officeWilson appeared before Congress the first presidentto do so since John Adams He had come to presenthis bill to reduce tariffs
He personally lobbied members of Congress tosupport the tariff reduction bill Not even Roosevelthad taken such an active role in promoting speciallegislation In Wilsonrsquos message to Congress hedeclared that high tariffs had ldquobuilt up a set ofprivileges and exemptions from competition behind which it was easy to organize monopolyuntil nothing is obliged to stand the tests of effi-ciency and economyrdquo
Wilson believed that the pressure of foreign com-petition would lead American manufacturers toimprove their products and lower their prices Lowertariff rates he claimed would help businesses byputting them under the ldquoconstant necessity to be effi-cient economical and enterprisingrdquo
In 1913 the Democrat-controlled Congress passedthe Underwood Tariff and Wilson signed it into lawThis piece of legislation reduced the average tariff onimported goods to about 30 percent of the value ofthe goods or about half the tariff rate of the 1890s
An important section of the Underwood Tariff Actwas the provision for levying an income tax or adirect tax on the earnings of individuals and corpora-tions The Constitution originally prohibited directtaxes unless they were apportioned among the stateson the basis of population In other words the stateswould be paying the income tax not individuals andstates with more people would pay more tax Passageof the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 however madeit legal for the federal government to tax the incomeof individuals directly
ECONOMY
Reforming the Banks The United States had not hada central bank since the 1830s During the economicdepressions that hit the country periodically after thattime hundreds of small banks collapsed wiping outthe life savings of many of their customers The mostrecent of these crises had been in 1907
To restore public confidence in the banking sys-tem Wilson supported the establishment of a FederalReserve system Banks would have to keep a portionof their deposits in a regional reserve bank whichwould provide a financial cushion against unantici-pated losses
At the center of the Federal Reserve system wouldbe a Board of Governors appointed by the presidentThe Board could set the interest rates the reserve
568 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
12
10
9
11
8
7
5
4 32 1
6
Buffalo
CharlotteNashville
Birmingham
NewOrleans
HoustonSan Antonio Jacksonville
Miami
Pittsburgh
DetroitSalt Lake City
LittleRock Memphis
Oklahoma City
Portland
Omaha
El Paso
CincinnatiLouisville
Denver
Helena
Los Angeles
Seattle
Baltimore
Boston
New York City
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Richmond
AtlantaDallas
StLouis
Chicago
Minneapolis
Kansas City
San Francisco
12
12
The Federal Reserve System
1 Interpreting Maps Which state hasthe most branch banks
2 Applying Geography Skills The fed-eral reserve system tied banks closer tolocal communities What criteria doyou think were used to determinedistrict sizes and boundaries
Federal Reserve DistrictFederal Reserve BankFederal Reserve Branch Bank
5
null
1892861
banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history
Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business
In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings
Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners
Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods
Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist
Evaluating What was the impact of
the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment
Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New
Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism
The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms
In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court
Reading Check
The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born
PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role
in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation
banks charged other banks thereby indirectly con-trolling the interest rates of the entire nation and theamount of money in circulation This gave the Boardthe ability to fight inflation by raising interest ratesand to stimulate the economy during a recession bylowering interest rates Congress approved the newsystem at the end of 1913 The Federal Reserve Actbecame one of the most significant pieces of legisla-tion in American history
Antitrust Action During his campaign Wilson hadpromised to restore competition to the economy bybreaking up big business monopolies Rooseveltargued that Wilsonrsquos ideas were unrealistic becausebig business was more efficient and unlikely to bereplaced by smaller more competitive firms Once inoffice Wilsonrsquos opinion shifted and he came to agreewith Rooseveltmdashbut progressives in Congress con-tinued to demand action against big business
In the summer of 1914 at Wilsonrsquos requestCongress created the Federal Trade Commission(FTC) to monitor American business The FTC hadthe power to investigate companies and issue ldquoceaseand desistrdquo orders against companies engaging inunfair trade practices or those which hurt competi-tion The FTC could be taken to court if a businessdisagreed with its rulings
Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big busi-ness Instead it was to work with business to limitactivities that unfairly limited competition He delib-erately appointed conservative business leaders toserve as the FTCrsquos first commissioners
Wilsonrsquos approach did not satisfy progressives inCongress who responded by passing the ClaytonAntitrust Act The act banned tying agreementswhich required retailers who bought from one com-pany to stop selling a competitorrsquos products It alsobanned price discrimination Businesses could notcharge different customers different pricesManufacturers could no longer give discounts tochain stores and other retailers who bought a largevolume of goods
Before the act passed labor unions lobbiedCongress to exempt unions from the antitrust lawsThe Clayton Antitrust Act specifically declared thatunions were not unlawful combinations in restraintof trade When the bill became law Samuel Gompershead of the American Federation of Labor called theClayton Antitrust Act the workerrsquos ldquoMagna Cartardquobecause it gave unions the right to exist
Evaluating What was the impact of
the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment
Federal Aid and Social WelfareBy the fall of 1914 Wilson believed that his New
Freedom program was essentially complete As aresult he began to retreat from activism
The congressional elections of 1914 however shat-tered the presidentrsquos complacency Democrats suf-fered major losses in the House of Representativesand voters who had supported the Bull Moose Partyin 1912 began returning to the Republicans Realizingthat he would not be able to rely on a divided oppo-sition when he ran for re-election in 1916 Wilsonbegan to support further reforms
In 1916 for example Wilson signed the first fed-eral law regulating child labor The Keating-OwenChild Labor Act prohibited the employment of chil-dren under the age of 14 in factories producing goodsfor interstate commerce The Supreme Court
Reading Check
The NAACPPast Violent race riots broke out in 1908in Springfield Illinois as immi-grants and African Americans viedwith other residents for scarcejobs In one riot a mob killed sev-eral African Americans anddestroyed much propertyResponding to the growingracial violence in the nation anintegrated group of citizensmet in New York City to discuss reme-dies Out of that meeting the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born
PresentToday the NAACP works for such causes as school desegrega-tion fair housing and employment voter registration andequal health care and income opportunity It plays a role
in establishinglegal precedentsto improve thequality of life forAfrican Americansacross the nation
null
2302501
declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates
Examining How did the Adamson
Act improve labor conditions in the United States
The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon
Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president
A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so
By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems
The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement
In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo
Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo
Evaluating How did progressivism
change American beliefs about the federal government
Reading Check
Reading Check
Writing About History
Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade
practices2 Identify Progressive Party New
Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People
3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System
Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What
new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy
Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of
Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why
6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society
Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the
photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used
Effects ofProgressivism
570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142
FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below
declared the law unconstitutional on the groundsthat child labor was not interstate commerce andtherefore only states could regulate it Wilsonrsquos efforthowever helped his reputation with progressive vot-ers Wilson also supported the Adamson Act whichestablished the eight-hour workday for railroadworkers and the Federal Farm Loan Act which cre-ated 12 Federal Land Banks to provide farmers withlong-term loans at low interest rates
Examining How did the Adamson
Act improve labor conditions in the United States
The Legacy of ProgressivismDuring his presidency Wilson had built upon
Rooseveltrsquos foundation He expanded the role of thefederal government and of the president
A New Kind of Government Progressivism madeimportant changes in the political life of the UnitedStates Before this era most Americans did not expectthe government to pass laws protecting workers orregulating big business In fact many courts had pre-viously ruled that it was unconstitutional for the gov-ernment to do so
By the end of the Progressive era however bothlegal and public opinion had shifted IncreasinglyAmericans expected the government particularly thefederal government to play a more active role in reg-ulating the economy and solving social problems
The Limits of Progressivism The most conspicu-ous limit to progressivism was its failure to addressAfrican American reform issues African Americansthemselves however were absorbing the reformspirit which fueled their longstanding desire foradvancement
In 1905 WEB Du Bois and 28 other AfricanAmerican leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand fullpolitical rights and responsibilities for AfricanAmericans They met on the Canadian side of the fallsbecause no hotel on the American side would acceptthem There they launched what became known as theNiagara Movement This meeting was one of manysteps leading to the founding of the NationalAssociation for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) in 1909 Du Bois and other NAACP foundersbelieved that the vote was essential to bring about anend to lynching and racial discrimination ldquoThe powerof the ballot we need in sheer self-defenserdquo Du Boissaid ldquoelse what shall save us from a second slaveryrdquo
Despite the failure of most progressives to focus onracial issues Progressive reform helped changeAmerican society in many ways Although theyexcluded many groups from their efforts the progres-sives expanded democracy and improved the qualityof life for millions of men women and children As thecountry entered World War I however Americanssoon turned from reforming their own society to a cru-sade to ldquomake the world safe for democracyrdquo
Evaluating How did progressivism
change American beliefs about the federal government
Reading Check
Reading Check
Writing About History
Checking for Understanding1 Define income tax unfair trade
practices2 Identify Progressive Party New
Nationalism New Freedom FederalReserve Act Federal Trade CommissionNational Association for theAdvancement of Colored People
3 Explain why President Wilson proposedthe establishment of the FederalReserve System
Reviewing Themes4 Government and Democracy What
new federal agencies increased the governmentrsquos power to regulate theeconomy
Critical Thinking5 Forming an Opinion Which of
Wilsonrsquos reforms do you consider mostimportant Why
6 Organizing Use a graphic organizersimilar to the one below to list the effectsprogressivism had on American society
Analyzing Visuals7 Analyzing Photographs Study the
photograph on page 571 What detailsdo you see in the image that mighthave contributed to tainted meatWhen do you think the stamp abovethe photo began to be used
Effects ofProgressivism
570 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
8 Expository Writing Imagine that youare a newspaper editor during PresidentWilsonrsquos administration Write an articleon the shortcomings of the Progressivemovement in terms of its attitudes aboutrace Provide ideas about how themovement might have addresseddiscrimination and segregationFCAT LAB142
FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below
null
19236887
After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar
Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was
rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter
Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle
deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant
Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown
Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other
caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling
knave a tricky deceitful person
from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571
Analyzing Literature1
2
Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The
Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings
FCAT LAA242
FCAT LAA142
FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test
1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal
2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo
After Jurgis had been there awhilehe would know that the plants weresimply honeycombed with rotten-ness mdashthe bosses grafted off themen and they grafted off each otherand some day the superintendentwould find out about the boss andthen he would graft off the boss Here was Durhamrsquos for instanceowned by a man who was trying tomake as much money out of it as hecould and did not care in the leasthow he did it and underneathhim were managers and superin-tendents and foremen each one driv-ing the man next below him andtrying to squeeze out of him as muchwork as possible And all the men ofthe same rank were pitted againsteach other So from top to bottomthe place was simply a seething cal-dron of jealousies and hatreds therewas no loyalty or decency anywhereabout it there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar
Jurgis would find these things out for himself if he stayed therelong enough it was the men [likehim] who had to do all the dirty jobs Jurgis had come there and thought he was going to make himself useful and rise andbecome a skilled man but he wouldsoon find out his errormdashfor nobodyrose in Packingtown by doing goodwork [I]f you met a man who was
rising in Packingtown you met aknave [T]he man who mindedhis own business and did his workmdashwhy they would (wear) him out andthen throw him into the gutter
Born in Maryland in 1878Upton Sinclair spent his lifewriting about and trying tochange what he saw as wrong inthe United States One of hismost famous novels The Jungle
deals with working conditionsand the rights of immigrantsThe novel tells the story of JurgisRudkus a Lithuanian immigrantwho comes to the United Stateswith his family in the early1900s dreaming of wealth andfreedom What he finds isldquoPackingtownrdquo the bustlingfilthy stockyards of Chicago Inthe following excerpt Sinclairdescribes the system Jurgiscomes to know after gaining hisfirst job in a meatpacking plant
Read to DiscoverWhat qualities did Sinclairbelieve a person must have tosucceed in Packingtown
Readerrsquos Dictionarypitted set against each other
caldron a large kettle or potfor boiling
knave a tricky deceitful person
from The Jungleby Upton Sinclair
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 571
Analyzing Literature1
2
Interdisciplinary ActivityGovernment When it was published The
Jungle was so shocking that it launched agovernment investigation of the meatpack-ing industry The investigation eventuallyled to laws regulating the industry Usingthe Internet research these laws and readabout how they are enforced today Writea short report on your findings
FCAT LAA242
FCAT LAA142
FCATPRACTICE Answering the questions below will help you prepare for the FCAT Reading test
1 According to the passage what is the plant ownerrsquos main goal
2 What does Sinclair mean when hesays ldquo there was no place in itwhere a man counted for anythingagainst a dollar rdquo
null
1827026
Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton
Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission
19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era
20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike
21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry
Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did
Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States
23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage
24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society
25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era
26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do
Progressive Reform
Economic Political Social Welfare
1 progressivism
2 muckraker
3 commission plan
4 direct primary
5 initiative
6 referendum
7 recall
8 suffrage
9 temperance
10 prohibition
11 socialism
12 Square Deal
13 arbitration
14 syndicate
15 insubordination
16 income tax
17 unfair trade practices
Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence
Basic Beliefs of Progressives
Government Reforms
Business Regulation
Social Reforms
bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply
bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge
bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems
bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself
had to be reformed
bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote
bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol
572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below
Reviewing Key Facts18 Identify Robert La Follette Alice Paul Hepburn Act Upton
Sinclair Payne-Aldrich Tariff Federal Reserve Act FederalTrade Commission
19 What were the characteristics of the Progressive era
20 How did President Roosevelt influence the outcome of the1902 coal strike
21 How did President Wilson attempt to reform the bankingindustry
Critical Thinking22 Analyzing Themes Government and Democracy How did
Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette help to expanddemocracy in the United States
23 Analyzing How did Progressive reforms strengthen thecause of woman suffrage
24 Evaluating What was the impact of reform leaders such asWEB Du Bois and Robert La Follette on American society
25 Organizing Use a graphic organizer similar to the onebelow to list the economic political and social welfarereforms brought about during the Progressive era
26 Interpreting Primary Sources Ida Husted Harper was asocial reformer a newspaper reporter and a strong sup-porter of suffrage for women In the following excerpt sheexamines the attitudes of the time toward the kinds of workwomen should do
Progressive Reform
Economic Political Social Welfare
1 progressivism
2 muckraker
3 commission plan
4 direct primary
5 initiative
6 referendum
7 recall
8 suffrage
9 temperance
10 prohibition
11 socialism
12 Square Deal
13 arbitration
14 syndicate
15 insubordination
16 income tax
17 unfair trade practices
Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use each of these terms in a sentence
Basic Beliefs of Progressives
Government Reforms
Business Regulation
Social Reforms
bull Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthenedbull Consumer protection laws were passedbull Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate businessbull Federal Reserve System was set up to control money supply
bull People could improve society by relyingon science and knowledge
bull Industrialism and urbanization causedproblems
bull Government should fix problemsbull To achieve reform government itself
had to be reformed
bull Commission and city-manager forms of government were adoptedbull Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidatesbull Initiative referendum and recall were adoptedbull Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directlybull Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote
bull Zoning laws and building codes improved urban housingbull Child labor laws were passedbull Workersrsquo compensation laws were passedbull Temperance movement worked to ban alcohol
572 CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement
FCATPRACTICE You can prepare for the FCAT-assessed standards by completing the correlated item(s) below
ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation
There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits
It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves
It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo
mdashquoted in The Independent 1901
a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do
b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today
Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike
of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection
Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a
muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform
29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report
Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906
assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview
Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the
Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the
control of reformers before Wisconsin did
b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments
StandardizedTest Practice
Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question
In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish
A It required colleges to accept women
B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children
C It granted women the right to vote
D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work
Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B
SC1890
WASH1889
OREG1902
CALIF1910
NEV
IDAHO
MONT
WYO
COLOUTAH
ARIZ N MEX
TEXAS1890
OKLA1907
KANS1900
NEBR1906
S DAK1906
N DAK1906 MINN
1902WIS1900
IOWA1901
MO1904
ARK1901
LA
MISS1904
TENN
KY1900
ILL IND
MICH
OHIO
ALA1906
GA1906
FLA1904
NC1900
VAWVA
PA
NY
VTNH
MASS
RICONNNJ
1910DEL
MD
ME
Reformers control state legislatures
Reformers influence state government
Reformers not effective
Date reformers came to power1900
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573
The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912
Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content
HISTORY
FCAT LAA244
FCAT LAA244
ldquoThe moment we accept the theory that women mustenter wage-earning occupations only when compelledto do so by poverty that moment we degrade labor andlower the status of all women who are engaged in itThis theory prevailed throughout past ages and itplaced a stigma upon working women which is onlybeginning to be removed by the present generation
There is not there never has been an effort lsquoto cre-ate a sentiment that home is no place for a girlrsquo A goodhome is the one place above all others for a girl as it isfor a boy It is her rest her haven her protection butthis does not necessarily imply that she must notengage in any work outside its limits
It is wholly impracticable to draw a dividing linebetween the employments which are suitable and thosewhich are unsuitable for women They have just as muchright as men to decide this question for themselves
It is not intended to argue that every womanshould leave the home and go into business but onlythat those who wish to do so shall have the opportunityand that men shall no longer monopolize the gainfuloccupationsrdquo
mdashquoted in The Independent 1901
a What views does Ida Harper have on the kinds of workwomen should do
b What kinds of work-related issues do women face today
Practicing Skills 27 Taking Notes Reread the subsection titled ldquoThe Coal Strike
of 1902rdquo on pages 556 and 557 Then use the steps youlearned about taking notes on page 554 to take notes on thesubsection
Chapter Activities28 Technology Search the Internet for an article written by a
muckraker mentioned in the chapter Using a word proces-sor prepare a two-page summary of the article and indicatehow its contents may have sparked the demand for reform
29 Research Project Worker safety was an important issue forprogressives Research three worker safety laws in your stateand describe how they benefit workers Present your findingsin a written report
Writing Activity30 Informative Writing Imagine you are a reporter in 1906
assigned to interview Upton Sinclair Reread pages 558 and571 then prepare a list of questions to ask him during theinterview
Geography and History31 The map above shows the relationship between the
Progressive movement and state governments Study themap and answer the questions belowa Interpreting Maps Which three states came under the
control of reformers before Wisconsin did
b Applying Geography Skills What generalization can youmake about progressives in state governments
StandardizedTest Practice
Directions Choose the best answer to thefollowing question
In 1920 women won an important victory when the Nine-teenth Amendment was ratified What did this amendmentaccomplish
A It required colleges to accept women
B It guaranteed child care for workersrsquo children
C It granted women the right to vote
D It guaranteed equal wages for equal work
Test-Taking Tip Some answers can be eliminated by usingyour own knowledge For example you probably know thatchild care is still an issue for parents today so it cannot beguaranteed in the Nineteenth Amendment Therefore youcan eliminate answer B
SC1890
WASH1889
OREG1902
CALIF1910
NEV
IDAHO
MONT
WYO
COLOUTAH
ARIZ N MEX
TEXAS1890
OKLA1907
KANS1900
NEBR1906
S DAK1906
N DAK1906 MINN
1902WIS1900
IOWA1901
MO1904
ARK1901
LA
MISS1904
TENN
KY1900
ILL IND
MICH
OHIO
ALA1906
GA1906
FLA1904
NC1900
VAWVA
PA
NY
VTNH
MASS
RICONNNJ
1910DEL
MD
ME
Reformers control state legislatures
Reformers influence state government
Reformers not effective
Date reformers came to power1900
CHAPTER 18 The Progressive Movement 573
The Progressive Movement andState Governments 1889ndash1912
Self-Check QuizVisit the American Vision Web site at tavglencoecomand click on Self-Check QuizzesmdashChapter 18 toassess your knowledge of chapter content
HISTORY
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