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Chapt. 13 – Evolution of the Italian Renaissance
Agenda:
1.Reading Quiz / Italian City States map2.Discuss Reading3.Secondary Sources
HW: Outline: Intellectual Hallmarks of the Renaissance (419- 422); Primary Source summaries – A Letter to Boccaccio: Literary Humanism / On the Liberal Arts*Finish illustration
Italian States
• The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was urban, centered on towns that had become prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and banking.
• Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and some of this wealth was used to support writers, scholars, and artists.
• During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided politically. In northern Italy, the city-states of Florence, Milan, and Venice became major centers of the Renaissance civilization.
• Rome dominated the Papal States of central Italy, while the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies embraced most of southern Italy.
Primary Italian States• Florence
– Oligarchy– Medici family– Savonarola
• Milan– Francesco Sforza
• Venice– Monopoly on spice and
luxury trade
• Papal States– Renaissance
Popes• Julius II
– Naples/ Kingdom of the Two Sicilies• Poor land• Spanish empire
Chapt. 13 – Intellectual Hallmarks of the Renaissance
Agenda:
1.Collect illustrations / Middle Ages Quiz2.Discuss Renaissance terms; readings
HW: Outline: Art and Artists (p. 422 – 428); Individuals in Society: Leonardo da Vinci (p. 427)
Recovery of Classics• Humanities- subjects concerned with
culture and humankind– Interest in Greek and Roman Civ.
• Secularism, science, rationality and individualism
• People imitated language, customs, ways of Classical Civilization
Some Definitions
• Secularism- absence of religion
• Vernacular- language of a particular area (Home language)
Humanism • Study of Latin and Greek Classics and
ancient Church fathers
– for sake of learning
– hopes for rebirth of ancient norms, values
• Liberal Arts- grammar, rhetoric, history, politics, moral philosophy
– celebrate humankind and life of virtue
Interest in Earthly Life
Middle Ages• Ancient writers
used to back Church teaching
• Life was preparation for afterlife
Renaissance• Tried to understand
ancient civilization
• Live life as fully as possible
Petrarch• Pioneer of early
humanism• Italian born poet• Led early development
of Renaissance humanism
• Encouraged study of Roman philosophy and literature
Role of Men • According to Castiglione (The Courtier)
• Educated in Greek, Roman
• Charming, polite, witty
• Dance, write poetry, play music
• Strong but graceful
• Rider, wrestler, swordsmen
Role of Women• More chances existed for women in
Middle Ages
• Education and talent was to be used at home
• Little opportunity in economic, social, and political life
Role of Women• According to Castiglione
• Upper-class educated like men
• Classics, write
• Paint, play music, dance
• Not seek fame as men did
• Inspire poetry not write it
Other Writers• Petrarch- Classical and Christian
values= uneasy coexistence– Letters to the Ancient Dead
• Boccaccio- social commentary– Decameron
• Dante- VERNACULAR– Divine Comedy
Renaissance Literature
---> vernacular– Dante Alighieri
• Divine Comedy
– Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)
• Italian sonnet - poem of 14 lines (8 and 6)
• Literary humanism
– Giovanni Boccaccio• Decameron
• Niccolo Machiavelli– The Prince
• Baldassare Castiglione– The Book of the Courtier
• Benvenuto Cellini– Autobiography
• Lorenzo Valla– Linguistic/historical
analysis
Italian Renaissance Art
• Religious scenes focused on expressions• Holy as human• God’s beauty in world• Neo-Platonism• Nude body• Uniqueness - self-portraits• Pagan myths as Christian icons• Individual-secular-profane
Sandro Botticelli• Vivid colors• Classical mythology• The Adoration of the Magi• The Birth of Venus• Primavera
Leonardo da Vinci• First Italian artist to use oil
paints• Mona Lisa• The Last Supper• The Virgin of the Rocks• Religious matter in secular and
humanized fashion
Leonardo da Vinci• Studying fossils• Anatomy from
dissections• First accurate
description of human skeleton
• Remained on paper
Michelangelo Buonarotti• Sistine Chapel
– Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood
• The Last Judgment• David• Moses• Pieta• Dying Slave• Night
Titian
• Tiziano Vecellio• Most famous
Venetian painter• One painting a
month• “Titian” red• The Assumption of
the Virgin
The Northern Renaissance
• The influence of the Italian Renaissance gradually spread northward.
• The Northern Renaissance was infused with a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where there had been often an almost open revolt against Christian ideals.
Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries
• Printing press w/ moveable type– Johannes Gutenberg– 1456 - the Bible– Rapid spread of
knowledge
• Christian Humanism– Unite classical
learning w/ Christian faith
– Erasmus• ‘Prince of the
Humanists’• Praise of Folly• Rejected Luther
Flemish Painting• Jan and Hubert van
Eyck– First to use oil paints– The Adoration of the
Lamb– Giovanni Arnolfini and
His Bride
Elizabethan Literature
• Edmund Spenser– Leading poet
• Christopher Marlowe– playwright– Brief career– Doctor Faustus
• William Shakespeare– Most famous playwright
• Ben Jonson– Last major literary figure
Spanish Renaissance
• Cardinal Fransciso Jumenez de Cisneros
• Miguel de Cervantes– Don Quixote
• Felix Lope de Vega– Most prolific playwright
• El Greco– Greatest painter of SR– Studied with Titian– Intense religious mysticism– Mannerism
• El Escorial
The Protestant Reformation• 1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses• 1534 - Act of Supremacy• 1555 - Peace of Augsburg
Martin Luther• Planned to be a lawyer• Religious conversion to
Augustinian monk• Theology teacher at
university of Wittenberg• “The just shall live by
faith.” Romans (1:17)– Justification by faith
• Johann Tetzel– Indulgence controversy
• 95 Theses• Diet of Worms
Lutheranism
1. “Justification by faith”
2. “Sola scriptura”
3. Baptism and holy communion
4. Priesthood of believers
5. German translation of Bible
6. Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy
Lutheranism• Peasants’ Revolt• Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V• Diet of Augsburg• Peace of Augsburg
– German prince right to determine religion of his state
• Lutheran or Roman Catholic• No recognition of Calvinists
or Anabaptists
– Lutheranism dominant in northern Germany and Scandinavia
Calvinism
• Ulrich Zwingli– Humanist and
Catholic priest– Sacraments only
symbolic ceremonies– Rejected celibacy of
clergy– Emphasized
simplicity in worship– Killed by Catholic
forces
• John Calvin– Protestant– Exile in Geneva– Institutes of the
Christian Religion– Predestination
• Salvation by election
– Puritanism
• Theocracy
Spread of Calvinism
• Switzerland• France
– Huguenots
• John Knox– Presbyterians
• England– Puritans
• Netherlands• Max Weber’s theory of the “Protestant work ethic”
Anglicanism• King Henry VIII
– Divorce of Catherine of Aragon
– Thomas Cramner
• Act of Supremacy– King head of Church of
England– Six Articles
• No papal supremacy
• Sold monasteries• Supported by English
people– Papal taxes– “Babylonian Captivity”– Monastic land
• Execution of Thomas More
• Edward VI– 42 Articles
• More Protestant
• Cramner’s Book of Common Prayer
• Bloody Mary– Executed Cramner– Married Philip II
• Elizabeth I– Last Tudor– 39 Articles– Opposition
• Pilgrims - Separatists
• Mary Queen of Scots
• Philip II