Chapt. 14:The Reformation

1. Reading Quiz

2. Discuss Renaissance contextualization

3. HTS – interpretation

HW: outline – “Martin Luther and the Birth ofProtestantism” (p. 456 – 466)

Why the Reformation?Renaissance Popes- too concerned with

worldly affairsChurch abuses:

excessive lifestyleclergy and nepotism illiteracy and uneducatedAlex VI- 5 kids before Papacy

People expected higher standardsstrict standards

Three disorders:

1. Clerical immorality – non-practitioners of celibacy; drunkenness, gambling, etc2. Clerical ignorance – uneducated, illiterate3. Clerical pluralism / absenteeism – holding many positions (benefices) at once, collecting incomes for all, and being absent from parishes or sees.

*The mixing of civil service / clerical jobs – treasurers, royal councilors, diplomats, judges

A Call for Reform – some attempts• Many lower level spiritual groups and individualscalled for reform at this time: Cardinal Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros in Spain; The Brethren of the Common Life” in Holland, became a true religious Revival; processions, pilgrimages, bequeathing money to the church in wills.

• Pope Julius II called the ecumenical council from 1512 – 1517. They wanted higher standards for education, and elimination of bureaucratic corruption.

• The Imitation of Christ – devotional book by Thomas Kempis - mimic simple life of Christ

Dissent not CrushedLaity more knowledgeablePostal service, printing press spread

informationLiteracy increasedRome lost some control over church

offices (Pragmatic Sanction / Concordat)City, regional govt. growing

Historical Thinking Skill - Interpretation•Describe, analyze, and evaluate the different ways historians interpret the past.

•Understand the various types of questions historians ask.

•How the circumstances and context of each historians work shapes their interpretation of the past and historical evidence.

•Types of sources: encyclopedias, chronologies, biographies, journal articles, books written after the time period, abstracts, paraphrased quotations, dictionaries, and textbooks, newspaper articles about previous events

*Different from argumentation in that you are not framing the question they are answering; you are determining how they are interpreting an event to have happened/been shaped.

Chapt. 14:The Reformation

1. Finish/Discuss HTS: interpretation

2. Discuss Martin Luther

3. HTS: Causation & Analyzing Evidence

HW: outline – “Germany and the ProtestantReformation” (p. 466 - 470)

Protestants “protesters” Religious thinkers who challenged the

authority of the Catholic Church Began the Reformation- movement to reform

the Church John Wycliffe, Jan Hus- early reformers who

believed church worldly and corrupt

Early Calls for Reform John Wycliffe (1330-1384)

Questioned the authority of the pope

Jan Hus (1370-1415) Criticized the vast wealth of the

Church

Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) Attacked corruption in the Church

Sale of Indulgences Indulgences= Church pardons

Sold for profit (fundraising)Took the place of good works for

forgiveness of sinPeople believed they were guaranteed

entrance into heavenBegan as reward for service in the

Crusades

Johann Tetzel – Sermon on Indulgences

“letters of safe conduct from the vicar of ourLord Jesus Christ”

“Each mortal sin = seven years penitence after Confession either in this life or purgatory”

• If you buy these indulgences, you are cleared of all Penalties and sins

Martin Luther

Martin LutherLeader of protest against the ChurchGerman monkChallenged Church to debate in 95

Theses Oct. 31, 1517 nailed to the Church in

WittenbergTetzel- selling indulgences to rebuild St.

Peter’s in Rome

Protestant Teaching:Justification by Faith Alone

The Bible is the only source of truth.

People can read and understand the Bible themselves.

Salvation comes only through faith in Christ.

Luther’s Bible

Luther’s Fate1521 Luther was excommunicated

Ordered to give up his beliefsLuther burned order

Luther called to Imperial Assembly in Worms by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VLuther declared outlaw and hereticLuther goes into hiding in Germany

(Frederick of Saxony) where he translates the Bible

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5AJr0wls0

Luther Gains Followers Reasons: (political and religious)

People liked idea of reading the Bible for themselves

People supported attacks on Church German princes hoped to gain Church land German princes wanted to show independence

from Holy Roman Emperor Peasants wanted reform and lower Church taxes

(wanted Luther’s support in revolting against princes)

Peasant RevoltsFollow Luther’s changes

Take away prince’s powerIssues: laws, customs, taxesGoals: political & economic rights,

release from serfdom

Luther’s ResponseSympathized but NO support

Not social revolutionary“Un-Christian”

Supported princes right to crush“Render to unto Caesar what is

Caesars”- Luther did not support the revolt

Historical Thinking Skill –Analyzing Evidence• Describe, select, and/or evaluate relevant evidence from diverse sources.

• Types of sources: written documents, art, architecture, artifacts, oral tradition, etc. • Draw conclusions about the relevance to history. • Focus on the interplay between the content of a source, the author, point of view, audience, and format. • Assess the usefulness, reliability, and limitations of the source as evidence

Chapt. 14:The Reformation1. Finish/discuss HTS analyzing evidence chart

2. Discuss Protestant Reformation in Germany / videos

HW: outline – “The Growth of the Protestant Reformation” (p.470-477)

Germany - background• German empire lacked strong central power – Golden Bull of 1356 legalized government of seven Electors. This ended elections within the empire and decentralized power of the Holy Roman Emperor.

• Holy Roman Emperor (not to be confused with the Pope) is chosen by the electors and is the heir ofHapsburg Family. 19 year old Charles V.

*House of Hapsburg was created when Maximilian I And Mary of Burgundy were married and united both The Netherlands/Belgian area, Spain, and Austria.

HRE & Charles V (until 7:45, begin again at 9:15)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRYzW3BSj0I

SpainAustria

Burgundian Netherlands

HRE

PLUS New World Possessions

Hapsburg-Valois WarsHapsburg-Bugundian marriage upsets the French because they believe the Burgundian territory is rightfully French territory.

Even after the Treaty of Arras in 1482, there were several skirmishes (Maximilian-HRE vs Louis XI-France), many of which occurred within Germany.

This continued through the reign of Charles V. This conflict evolved from political war into a partially religious in nature.

Revolts in Germany Luther urges German princes to revolt; princes

use Protestantism as justification for rebellion against HRE

HRE Charles V uses military measures Turns on Protestant German princes

Protestant German Princes form Schmalkaldic League as defensive alliance Had taken land from Church Charles ultimately had no help from Catholic

princes

Response to Protests Charles needs the support of all of his princes

to help in the fight against the Turks who invade Vienna in 1529.

In 1530, Charles V orders all princes to imperial Diet in Augsburg People must revert back to Catholicism Church will get land back

In 1555, Charles gives in and grants the Peace of Augsburg – “he who owns lands determines religion” Lutheranism, Catholicism Calvinism other forms of Prot. outlawed

Response to ProtestsCharles was not happy with peace

Wanted unity, not divisionAttached to Middle Age ideas (feudalism,

chivalry, Church)

Schmalkaldic Warshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdHRyyU0KLY

Chapt. 14:The Reformation

1. Reading Quiz

2. “Afternoon Tea”

3. Discuss other reformers/English Reformation

HW: outline – “The Catholic and Counter Reformation” (p. 477 – 484)

Other Reformers

Zwingli Led Swiss Reformation, the “People’s

Priest”Erasmus’ New TestamentEnd celibacy, clergy had right to marryBelieve only what has Scriptural proofTradition and practices questioned

Transubstantiation (consubstantiation)PurgatorySermon not Eucharist was more important

Calvinism 1536 John Calvin, a

French religious scholar, joined reformers in Geneva, Switzerland and developed Protestant belief system called Calvinism

Huguenots- French Calvinists

Calvin’s teachings Bible is the supreme authority in matters of

faith Men & women are insignificant and sinful by

nature Predestination- belief certain people are

chosen by God for salvation, the “elect”Only way to enter heaven

Hard work, devotion might be signs of God’s graceSalvation can not be earned

Calvinism in practicePublishes The Institution of the Christian

Religion (1536, 1559) Geneva was a holy city Role of government: Theocracy

Supervise people’s lives- live strictly and solemnly Those who challenged teachings were persecuted

or exiled (religious dissenters were “dogs and swine”)

Missionaries used Huguenots= French Calvinists

Anabaptists Greek “to rebaptize” Radical Protestant group originating in

depressed urban areas (Germany)– pacifism Ancestors of Quakers, Amish & Mennonites NO infant baptism Human freedom reflected in adult baptism;

religious tolerance Admitted women to ministry

John Knox Scottish Protestant Brought Calvin’s ideas to Scotland,

nobles support ideas (weakens the power of the monarch [James V])

1560 (wanted to copy Henry VIII) Laid foundations for Presbyterian Church Presbyters (elders)- laymen who

governed community church (not bishops)

Book of Common Order Predestination

English Reformation

English Protestantism Earliest demands for reform were in

England Reform connected with struggle for

political power Henry VIII - Act of Supremacy 1534

Henry VIII(1509-1547)

Second son of Henry VII

After his elder brother Arthur died, Henry became heir to the throne.

Spain and England wanted to keep their alliance, even w/ Arthur’s death, so Henry married Catherine of Aragon, Arthur’s widow

Henry claimed that God punished him by denying him a legitimate male heir – in Leviticus, God does threaten childlessness if a man marries his brother’s widow…so Henry came to see this marriage as cursed…

The Break…Catherine of Aragon only had a daughter

(5 children had died)Henry wanted annulment

Fear: repeat of War of Roses if no heirResult: wanted to marry Anne Boleyn but

Church said no Pope refused favor: Pope Clement VII was

taking orders from HRE Charles V (Catherine’s nephew)

Henry VIII (Tudor 1509-1547)Problem: Catholic Church did not allow

divorce, Pope Clement VII refused to annul marriage

Result: Henry took steps to remove England from Pope’s authorityThomas Cranmer- Protestant, appointed

Archbishop of Canterbury who annulled marriage

Catherine of

Aragon

Anne Boleyn

Pope Clement VII

Thomas Cranmer- The Archbishop of Canterbury

Wrote the Book of Common Prayer

Henry VIII…Devout Catholic when young Detested Luther, called him “A great

limb of the Devil”Pope called Henry “Defender of the

Faith”Politics would change religious

views

Around the Pope… Ask Parliament to pass law taking away

Pope’s power in EnglandReformation Parliament- met only when King

called 1533 King married Anne (daughter - Elizabeth) 1534 Act of Supremacy makes King head of

the Church of EnglandKing collected Church moneysClergy appointed by king

King and Parliament gain power

The Results…Chancellor Sir Thomas More refuses to

accept Act of Supremacy “I honor my King but I honor my God more”More is beheaded

Henry closes monasteries, confiscates land (1/3 of land in England)Catholics are prosecutedLand is sold to nobles

The Great Malvern Priory was built in 1085, and averted destruction by Henry VIII in 1541 when the townspeople bought it for 20 pounds, and was a working monastery for over 450 years.

Protestant ReformationProtestantism grew as a return to

Catholicism would take nobles’ land awayHenry remained Catholic - insisted on no

changes in rituals and doctrines (celibacy, ornaments)

Thus was born Church of England, or the Anglican Church (ancestor of Episcopalian denomination)

Henry’s Wives

#1 – Catherine of Aragon (divorced) – Originally married to Henry’s brother Arthur. 1 daughter (Mary)

#2 – Anne Bolelyn (beheaded) – Mistress – married after he got a divorce Catherine. 1 daughter (Elizabeth). She could not produce a Male heir, so Henry looked elsewhere ….

Henry’s Wives

#3 – Jane Seymour (died – natural causes) 1 son (Edward VI)

Henry’s Wives#4 - Anne of Cleves –lasted 6 months

#5 - Catherine Howard, a 17 year old, who was beheaded for adultery

#6 - Catherine Parr – final wife - she got along well with all the children

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EGzHsye71c

Edward VI

Mary I (Bloody Mary -1553-1558) Edward VI- dies shortly after coronation

Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon. As Queen she attempted to restore Catholicism, and she married the young Philip from Spain. She also had more than 300 Protestants killed. None of these actions was popular with the now firmly entrenched Protestant England

Bloody Mary

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

The red-haired daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became England’s greatest leader. She kept control of England by refusing to marry anyone and playing one noble against another – many hoping to marry the Queen. Elizabethan Settlement – parliamentary legislation requiring “outward” CoE conformity• 1563 – Thirty-Nine Articles – basic tenants of the CoE She kept religious wars down, advanced exploration, became a patron of the arts, and brought England to the position of world power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada

Elizabeth I

Other Countries• Ireland – 1536 – Irish Parliament approves laws Severing the church from Rome making the English monarch supreme sovereign over ecclesiasticalMatters; met with Irish resistance (North v South)• Northern Europe – 1520 Sweden and Norway become Independent from Denmark; Sweden implements Lutheran doctrine; King of Denmark also adopts• Eastern Europe – Lutheranism spread from Germany But initially met resistance in Bohemia from King Ferdinand I (Charles V’s brother). • Poland-Lithuania & Hungary– very ethnically diverse; Lutheranism opposed by Polish king because of anti-German sentiment, but accepted Calvinism; Protestanism spread in Hungary but Catholicism was restored later under Hapbsurg rule.

REVIEW: Beliefs of Protestants

Bible provided all guidance People should read Bible to find path to faith People shouldn’t rely on Pope for interpretation of

Bible Changes needed in Church services Clergy should be allowed to marry

Chapt. 14:The (Counter)Reformation

1. Reading Quiz

2. Discuss Catholic & Counter Reformations

3. HTS – CCOT

HW: NO READING but outlines will be checked either tomorrow or Monday. Chapters 13, 14 Test Tuesday?

The Catholic Reformation: aka Trying to stay Relevant through “stimulation of new spiritual fervor” (reforms)

AND

The Counter-Reformation: aka The Church Strikes Back – reaction to Protestant Reformation, attempts to convince people to come back to the Catholic Church (punishments)

Pope Issues• Clement VII – more interested in material /worldlypossessions and luxurious lifestyle than the spread of Protestantism.

• Rome is sacked by Charles V in retaliation for the Pope’s lack of support during the Hapsburg-Valois Wars (marks the “end” of the Renaissance)

• Clement VII becomes political prisoner of Charles V.

• Popes also feared councils set up to reform the church.

Counter-Reformation Catholic Church began to reform and take

action to spread Catholicism Council of Trent, 1545-1563, convened by

Pope Paul III, held in Italy Established council to reform the church yet

also established an Inquisition in papal states…..

Pope Paul III(Santa?)

Council of Trent Met intermittently between 1545 – 1563 Representatives from all nations invited Ok’d by Charles V; opposed by French kings Council (Conciliarists) vs the Pope Reforms to correct abuses:

Sale of indulgences banned Tightened discipline for clergy; suppressed pluralism Only worthy people enter clergy Seminaries established to train clergy Encouraged reform of monasteries and convents Encouragement and practice of lay literacy

Council of TrentContinued beliefs:

Only Church could explain BibleFaith and good works needed for salvationRejected Lutheran and Calvinist views on

transubstantiationPope highest and final authorityMarriage as a sacrament but now more strict

rules (public vows & witnesses)No reconciliation with Protestantism

JesuitsSociety of JesusFounded by Ignatius of Loyola in

1540Duties:

Keep Catholics in ChurchPersuade Protestants to returnEvangelical missions all over the world

Ignatius of

Loyola

Ignatius of

Loyola

with

Pope Paul III

Women in ReformationEducation – both Catholic and

Protestant wrote on religious issuesReform for Catholic nuns – Angela

Merici (Ursuline) and Teresa Avila (Carmelite)

Protestantism interests in middle class Vernacular & nationalism (anti-Rome)

Teresa of Avila• Carmelite nun – preached poverty, rejection of rents, enclosure, forbade class distinction, rejected racial theory (Grandfather was a new christian), approved of evangelical missions in new world

• Known as a spiritual writer: “saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the iron's point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it. The soul is satisfied now with nothing less than God. The pain is not bodily, but spiritual; though the body has its share in it. It is a caressing of love so sweet which now takes place between the soul and God, that I pray God of His goodness to make him experience it who may think that I am lying”

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1647

Congregation of the Holy Office - 1542-Committee of six cardinals with jurisdiction over all Catholics and Inquisition in Rome

- It accepted hearsay evidence and sometimes used methods of torture and harsh punishments

- Published the Index of Prohibited Books in Rome but not outside in other Italian states (did not inhibit secular learning from those areas).

Effects of Reformation Religious unity of Europe gone State strengthened at expense of Church Spread of education

Printing Press, Jesuits, etc Middle-class strengthened as Protestant work

ethic virtue spread Catholic church reformed from a corrupt

institution to more of an emphasis on mission and evangelical work

Historical Thinking Skills – Continuity and Change over Time

CHRONOLOGI CAL REASONING•Recognize, analyze, and evaluate historical continuity and change over periods of time of varying length•Continuity is how history stays the same or is continuous.•Relate patterns to larger historical phases or themes.

Crash Course – Protestant Reformation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1o8oIELbNxE