Chapter 002 Principles of Drug Action - Test bank · Chapter 002 Principles of Drug Action 2-13 56....

Chapter 002 Principles of Drug Action

2-1

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following terms describes the passage of a drug from the site of

administration into the bloodstream?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion11.

2. Which of the following terms describes the transportation of a drug from the bloodstream

to the body tissues and intended site of action?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion

3. Which of the following terms describes a series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug

by converting it into a water-soluble compound?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion

4. Which of the following terms describes the body's way of removing the waste products of

ordinary cell processes?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion

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5. Which of the following statements describes the action that antihistamines have on the

body?

A. Slow the body's natural reactions to irritation

B. Speed up the energy-producing functions of cells

C. Destroy parts of cells

D. Replace natural substances that the body lacks

6. Which of the following statements describes the action that stimulants have on the body?





7. Which of the following statements describe the action that insulin has on the body?





8. Which of the following statements describes the action that antibiotics have on the body?





9. Age, size, sex, and genetics are all factors that:

A. affect drug excretion.

B. affect drug metabolism.

C. affect drug action.

D. affect drug distribution.


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10. The route of administration, and the time of day that the drug is administered, diet, and

environmental conditions are all factors that:

A. Affect drug excretion.

B. Affect drug metabolism.

C. Affect drug action.

D. Affect drug distribution.

11. Which of the following statements describes how a health care worker can create a

positive attitude in patients who are undergoing medication therapy?

A. Review, with the patient, the important reasons for taking the medication.

B. Treat the patient in a cheerful and caring manner.

C. Maintain your own positive, confident attitude.

D. All answers are correct.

12. Which of the following describes the effect of a drug that is mainly limited to the area

where it is applied or enters the body?

A. Side effect

B. Local effect

C. Systemic effect

D. Therapeutic effect

13. Which of the following describes the effect of a drug that must travel through the

bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in various parts of the body?

A. Side effect

B. Local effect

C. Systemic effect





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14. Which of the following describes the desired effect of a drug, or the reason the drug is

administered?

A. Side effect

B. Local effect

C. Systemic effect


15. Which of the following describes additional effects on the body that are not a part of the

goal of drug therapy?

A. Side effects

B. Local effects

C. Systemic effects

D. Therapeutic effects

16. Which of the following terms describes the interaction of two drugs to inhibit or cancel

each other's effect?

A. Synergism

B. Potentiation

C. Antagonism

D. Idiosyncrasy

17. Which of the following terms describes a drug interaction in which the effect of two drugs

in combination is greater than the effect of each drug given separately?

A. Synergism

B. Potentiation

C. Antagonism

D. Idiosyncrasy




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18. Which of the following terms describes the drug interaction that occurs when two drugs

are administered at the same time, and one drug increases the effect of the other?

A. Synergism

B. Potentiation

C. Antagonism

D. Idiosyncrasy

19. Psychological drug dependence is:

A. a drive or craving to take a drug to relieve discomfort.

B. a physical need for the drug.

C. the self-administration of a drug in chronically excessive quantities.

D. a problem with people who take their own medications at home.

20. Physical drug dependence is:





21. Withdrawal symptoms can occur as a result of:

A. physical drug dependence.

B. psychological drug dependence.

C. drug misuse.

D. drug side effects.

22. Which of the following are examples of drugs that are commonly abused?

A. Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol

B. Barbiturates, depressants, stimulants

C. Anabolic steroids, sedatives, hypnotics





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23. Which of the following statements describes the health care worker's responsibilities with

respect to the administration of drugs?

A. The health care worker is expected to be aware of possible adverse drug reactions, drug

dependence, and the improper use of drugs.

B. The health care worker must consult his supervisor when drug abuse is suspected.

C. The health care worker must keep medicines locked up when not in use.


24. Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes that affect drug action?

A. Absorption

B. Biotransformation

C. Distribution

D. Potentiation

25. Which of the following describes why pain medications are prescribed?

A. For the local effect they provide

B. For the systemic effect they provide

C. For the side effects they provide

D. For the cumulative effects they provide

26. The ability of a drug to cross the cell membrane and the rate at which it can do so affects

which of the following?

A. Pharmacokinetics

B. Tolerance

C. Side effects


27. Which of the following is NOT a way that a drug interacts with the normal processes

carried on by body cells?

A. The size and shape of drug molecules

B. The ability of drugs to dissolve in water or fat

C. The pH balance of drugs and cells

D. The route of administration




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28. How quickly and completely a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream affects which of the

following?

A. Drug action

B. Drug tolerance

C. Drug toxicity

D. Drug dependence

29. Which of the following routes of administration provides the fastest and most dependable

absorption of a drug?

A. Oral

B. Intramuscular

C. Buccal

D. Intravenous

30. Which of the following is an example of a drug that is administered through the sublingual

route?

A. Ibuprofen

B. Nitroglycerin

C. Epinephrine

D. Meperidine

31. Bactrim is considered a long-lasting antibiotic for which of the following reasons?

A. Bactrim collects in drug reservoirs

B. Bactrim is absorbed very slowly

C. Bactrim is prescribed for 7 to 10 days

D. Bactrim resists biotransformation

32. Enzymes that break down a drug are involved in which of the following processes?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion




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33. In which of the following organs does most of the metabolism and detoxification of drugs

takes place?

A. Kidneys

B. Stomach

C. Liver

D. Colon

34. The chemical composition of a drug, the rate of metabolism, and how often a drug is

administered all effect which of the following?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Detoxification

D. Excretion

35. An increased risk of toxicity from exposures to high doses of a drug is not associated with

which of the following patient types?

A. Older adult

B. Pediatric

C. Kidney disease

D. Pregnant

36. Which of the following are used to calculate proper adult dose?

A. Age and body weight

B. Body mass index and percent of body fat

C. Lean body mass and height

D. Body surface area and muscle mass

37. Which of the following decreases the effects of Coumadin on blood clotting?

A. Milk products

B. Green leafy vegetables

C. Mineral oil

D. Antacids




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38. Which of the following is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological effect but can

make a patient feel better?

A. Placebo

B. Palliative drug

C. Legend drug

D. Supplement

39. Which of the following will cause drugs that are taken orally to be absorbed more

quickly?

A. Gastrointestinal tract free of food

B. Increased fluid intake

C. Exercise

D. Good oral hygiene

40. Which of the following can occur with older adults who see multiple doctors and are

prescribed multiple drugs?

A. Drug toxicity

B. Cumulative effect

C. Drug interactions

D. Drug tolerance

41. Which of the following is a side effect of aspirin therapy?

A. Stomach irritation

B. Constipation

C. Rash

D. Urine retention

42. When observing a patient's reaction to a drug that has been administered, determine

whether you are seeing the drug's therapeutic effect or a

A. Side effect

B. Systemic effect

C. Drug effect

D. Local effect




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43. Edema of the pharynx and larynx, severe wheezing, and dyspnea are symptoms of which

of the following?

A. Drug overdose

B. Anaphylaxis

C. Enzyme deficiency

D. Drug toxicity

44. When a patient presents with an idiosyncratic response to a drug, which of the following

is the recommended treatment?

A. Change medication

B. If therapeutic, continue medication

C. Stop medication

45. Drugs such as opiates, nitrates, and barbiturates frequently produce which of the

following?

A. Toxicity

B. Potentiation

C. Tolerance

D. Synergism

46. Which of the following can be used to reverse overdose symptoms?

A. Placebo

B. Antidote

C. Histamine

D. Epi Pen

47. Patients who take sedatives are advised to avoid drinking alcohol to avoid the possibility

of which of the following?

A. Antagonism

B. Synergism

C. Potentiation

D. Toxicity




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48. The process whereby antacids and iron supplements work against the absorption of the

antibiotic tetracycline is described by which of the following terms?

A. Antagonism

B. Synergism

C. Potentiation

D. Idiosyncrasy

49. Which of the following terms refers to the self-administration of a drug in chronically

excessive quantities, resulting in a psychological or physical dependence?

A. Drug abuse

B. Drug overuse

C. Drug self-use

D. Drug tolerance

Essay Questions

50. State the four basic drug actions.

51. Name the four body processes that affect drug action.




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52. Identify 10 factors influencing drug actions.

53. Differentiate between systemic and local drug effects.

54. State the difference between the therapeutic effect and side effects.

55. Define synergism.




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56. Define antagonism.

57. Define potentiation.

58. Explain the difference between psychological and physical drug dependence.

59. List five commonly abused drugs.




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60. State the health care worker's responsibilities with regard to adverse reactions of drugs,

dependence, and drug abuse.

Fill in the Blank Questions

61. Insulin is an example of a drug that is taken to ___________________a substance that the

body lacks.

________________________________________

62. Antibiotics are examples of drugs that _______________cells or parts of cells.

________________________________________

63. The energy-producing functions of cells are sped up by ____________________.

________________________________________

64. The body's natural reaction to irritation is ____________________by antihistamines.

________________________________________

65. The passage of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream is

called________________.

________________________________________




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66. The transportation of a drug from the bloodstream to the body tissues and intended site of

action is called _________________.

________________________________________

67. The series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug by converting it into a water-

soluble compound so that it can be excreted by the body is termed___________________.

________________________________________

68. The body's way of removing the waste products of ordinary cell processes is

termed__________________

________________________________________

69. Smaller doses and different drugs are required in treating the young or the older adult.

This is an example of how _____________is a factor that affects drug action.

________________________________________

70. To diminish the unpleasant effects of drugs secreted through saliva, the patient should be

educated to chew ______________or suck hard candy.

________________________________________

71. Combining certain drugs with certain foods can alter the drug's effects. This is an example

of the effect that a person's ___________has on drug action.

________________________________________

72. Because some drugs may harm the fetus, ______________________women must be

extremely careful about taking any medication, and must avoid taking medications without

first consulting their physician.

________________________________________




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73. Each person's individual makeup causes slight differences in basic processes like

metabolism and excretion. This is an example of the effect that ______________has on drug

action.

________________________________________

74. Diseases of the liver and kidneys can have an important effect on the processing and

elimination of drugs. This is an example of how _________________________affect drug

action.

________________________________________

75. A patient's mental state is an important factor in the success or failure of drug therapy.

This is an example of the effect __________________________________have on drug

action.

________________________________________

76. A ______________________is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological effects

but may make a patient with a positive attitude "feel better."

________________________________________

77. As a member of the health care team, you can influence a patient's response to medication

by creating a _______________________attitude in the patient.

________________________________________

78. Drugs are absorbed, distributed, and metabolized differently when given by different

_________________.

________________________________________

79. A drug will act most quickly when it is __________________into the bloodstream.

________________________________________




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80. The route of administration resulting in the longest time for drugs to show their effects is

the _______________route.

________________________________________

81. When possible, drugs that make a patient sleepy are ordered to be taken at bedtime.

This is an example of the effect ________________has on drug action.

________________________________________

82. Drugs that are taken orally are absorbed most quickly if the gastrointestinal tract is free of

_______________.

________________________________________

83. When drugs collect in the body and produce an increased response, it is termed a

______________________effect of drug action.

________________________________________

84. When a patient is less responsive to a drug after repeated doses, it is termed

drug__________________.

________________________________________

85. If a patient has a drug _________________, it must be clearly marked on the front of the

chart with a bright sticker.

________________________________________

86. Older adult patients often see several doctors who prescribe what is needed in a patient's

particular case. Multiple doctors and multiple drugs can lead to serious drug

____________________.

________________________________________




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87. Heat relaxes the blood vessels and speeds up the circulation, so drugs act faster. This is an

example of the effect that _______________________conditions have on drug action.

________________________________________

88. The term drug __________________refers to the chemical changes the drug produces in

cells and tissues.

________________________________________

89. The combination of biological, physical, and psychological changes that takes place in the

body as a result of the drug action is termed the drug _________________.

________________________________________

90. The desired effect, or the reason a drug is administered, is termed the

_____________________effect.

________________________________________

91. Additional effects that drugs have on the body that are not part of the goal of drug therapy

are termed_______________________ effects.

________________________________________

92. Aspirin, taken orally, is beneficial for the treatment of arthritis, but tends to irritate the

lining of the stomach. This side effect is controlled by giving the drug with milk or

____________.

________________________________________

93. Some drugs mainly affect the area they enter, or are applied to, the body, for example, eye

drops and sunburn creams. This is an example of the ________________effects of drugs.

________________________________________




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94. Pain medications that must travel through the bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in

other parts of the body are an example drugs given for their _____________________effects.

________________________________________

95. Occasionally, the body has an unexpected or dangerous response to a drug. These

unexpected conditions are called ___________________reactions.

________________________________________

96. A drug ______________is an abnormal response that occurs because a person has

developed antibodies against a particular drug.

________________________________________

97. ___________________is a substance released by injured cells that is responsible for the

symptoms usually seen in allergic reactions.

________________________________________

98. A substance, for example, a drug, that stimulates the production of antibodies and causes

allergic reaction is termed an _________________.

________________________________________

99. An ______________________is a substance produced in the body that helps the body

fight off foreign invaders like microorganisms and antigens.

________________________________________

100. An extreme, possibly life-threatening, hypersensitivity reaction to a previously

encountered antigen is termed _____________________.

________________________________________




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101. ______________________are abnormal or peculiar responses that people may have to

certain drugs.

________________________________________

102. Drug ___________________ is the need for an increasingly larger dose of a drug in

order to produce the same physiological and/or psychological effects.

________________________________________

103. When the body cannot metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug completely before the

next dose is given a ________________________effect occurs.

________________________________________

104. An __________________is a dose of a medication that is too large for a patient's age,

size, and/or physical condition.

________________________________________

105. ___________________refers to the drug's ability to poison the body.

________________________________________

106. An ______________________is a drug that has an opposite effect and can reverse the

overdose symptoms.

________________________________________

107. When one drug modifies the action of another drug, it is termed a drug

________________________.

________________________________________




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108. When two drugs administered together produce a more powerful response than the effect

of each drug given separately, it is called ___________________.

________________________________________

109. ____________________occurs when two drugs are administered at the same time, and

one drug increases the effect of the other drug.

________________________________________

110. A drug interaction in which two drugs inhibit or cancel each other's effect is called

____________________.

________________________________________

111. Drug ______________________is a strong psychological and/or physical need to take a

certain drug.

________________________________________

112. When a person has a drive or a craving to take a certain drug for pleasure or to relieve

discomfort, they are experiencing ______________________drug dependence.

________________________________________

113. In _____________________drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the drug

that it needs it to function.

________________________________________

114. ___________________symptoms are a set of physical reactions that occur when a

person stops taking a drug on which they are physically dependent.

________________________________________




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115. Drug ____________________refers to self-administration of a drug in chronically

excessive quantities, resulting in a psychological or physical dependence.

________________________________________

116. The overuse or careless use of any drug is termed drug ___________________.

________________________________________



Chapter 002 Principles of Drug Action Key

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. (p. 24) Which of the following terms describes the passage of a drug from the site of

administration into the bloodstream?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion11.

The passage of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream is called

absorption.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy Learning Outcome: 2-2

2. (p. 24) Which of the following terms describes the transportation of a drug from the

bloodstream to the body tissues and intended site of action?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion

After a drug is absorbed, the transportation of that drug from the bloodstream to the body

tissues and intended site of action is called distribution.

Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy

Learning Outcome: 2-2




2-24

3. (p. 26) Which of the following terms describes a series of chemical reactions that inactivate a

drug by converting it into a water-soluble compound?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion

Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug by converting it into a

water-soluble compound.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


4. (p. 26) Which of the following terms describes the body's way of removing the waste

products of ordinary cell processes?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion

Excretion is the body's way of removing the waste products of ordinary cell processes.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


5. (p. 24) Which of the following statements describes the action that antihistamines have on the

body?





Antihistamines slow the body's natural reactions to irritation.

Bloom's: Remember





2-25

6. (p. 24) Which of the following statements describes the action that stimulants have on the

body?





Stimulants speed up the energy-producing functions of cells.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


7. (p. 24) Which of the following statements describe the action that insulin has on the body?





Insulin is taken because the pancreas is unable to produce insulin to maintain normal blood

glucose levels.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Intermediate


8. (p. 24) Which of the following statements describes the action that antibiotics have on the

body?





Antibiotics kill disease microorganisms.

Bloom's: Remember





2-26

9. (p. 28) Age, size, sex, and genetics are all factors that:

A. affect drug excretion.

B. affect drug metabolism.

C. affect drug action.

D. affect drug distribution.

Responses to drug action differ according to age, size, sex, and genetics.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


10. (p. 28) The route of administration, and the time of day that the drug is administered, diet,

and environmental conditions are all factors that:

A. Affect drug excretion.

B. Affect drug metabolism.

C. Affect drug action.

D. Affect drug distribution.

The route of administration, and the time of day that the drug is administered, diet, and

environmental conditions all play a role in drug action.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy





2-27

11. (p. 28) Which of the following statements describes how a health care worker can create a

positive attitude in patients who are undergoing medication therapy?

A. Review, with the patient, the important reasons for taking the medication.

B. Treat the patient in a cheerful and caring manner.

C. Maintain your own positive, confident attitude.


As a member of the health care team, you can do much to create a positive attitude in the

patient. One way is to review, with the patient, the important reasons for taking the

medication. Another, is to treat the patient in a cheerful and caring manner. Also, your own

positive, confident attitude toward the drugs you administer can influence the patient's

response to the medication.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


12. (p. 30) Which of the following describes the effect of a drug that is mainly limited to the

area where it is applied or enters the body?

A. Side effect

B. Local effect

C. Systemic effect


Some drugs mainly affect the area where they enter, or are applied to, the body. These drugs

are given for their local effect.

Bloom's: Remember

Bloom's: Understand Difficulty: Easy


Learning Outcome: 2-4 Learning Outcome: 2-5




2-28

13. (p. 30) Which of the following describes the effect of a drug that must travel through the

bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in various parts of the body?

A. Side effect

B. Local effect

C. Systemic effect


Pain medications must travel through the bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in various parts

of the body. These types of drugs are given for their systemic effects.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


14. (p. 30) Which of the following describes the desired effect of a drug, or the reason the drug

is administered?

A. Side effect

B. Local effect

C. Systemic effect


A drug is usually prescribed on the basis of its therapeutic effect. This is the desired effect, or

reason the drug is administered.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy





2-29

15. (p. 30) Which of the following describes additional effects on the body that are not a part of

the goal of drug therapy?

A. Side effects

B. Local effects

C. Systemic effects

D. Therapeutic effects

Most drugs have additional effects on the body that are not part of the goal of drug therapy.

These are called side effects.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


16. (p. 33) Which of the following terms describes the interaction of two drugs to inhibit or

cancel each other's effect?

A. Synergism

B. Potentiation

C. Antagonism

D. Idiosyncrasy

Antagonism is the interaction of two drugs to inhibit or cancel each other's effect.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


17. (p. 33) Which of the following terms describes a drug interaction in which the effect of two

drugs in combination is greater than the effect of each drug given separately?

A. Synergism

B. Potentiation

C. Antagonism

D. Idiosyncrasy

Synergism is a drug interaction in which the effect of two drugs in combination is greater than

the effect of each drug given separately.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Intermediate Learning Outcome: 2-7




2-30

18. (p. 33) Which of the following terms describes the drug interaction that occurs when two

drugs are administered at the same time, and one drug increases the effect of the other?

A. Synergism

B. Potentiation

C. Antagonism

D. Idiosyncrasy

Potentiation occurs when two drugs are administered at the same time, and one drug increases

the effect of the other.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


19. (p. 34) Psychological drug dependence is:





In psychological dependence, a person has a drive or craving to take a drug for pleasure or to

relieve discomfort.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


20. (p. 34) Physical drug dependence is:





In physical drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the drug that it needs it to

function.

Bloom's: Remember





2-31

21. (p. 34) Withdrawal symptoms can occur as a result of:

A. physical drug dependence.

B. psychological drug dependence.

C. drug misuse.

D. drug side effects.


function. When the drug is taken away, the person develops withdrawal symptoms.

Bloom's: Remember


22. (p. 34) Which of the following are examples of drugs that are commonly abused?

A. Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol

B. Barbiturates, depressants, stimulants

C. Anabolic steroids, sedatives, hypnotics


The most commonly abused drugs are alcohol, nicotine, anabolic steroids, barbiturates,

sedatives, hypnotics, depressants, and stimulants.






2-32

23. (p. 35) Which of the following statements describes the health care worker's responsibilities

with respect to the administration of drugs?

A. The health care worker is expected to be aware of possible adverse drug reactions, drug

dependence, and the improper use of drugs.

B. The health care worker must consult his supervisor when drug abuse is suspected.

C. The health care worker must keep medicines locked up when not in use.


In a case of suspected drug abuse, the health care worker's main responsibility is to consult

the nurse in charge. Health care workers must keep medicines locked up when not in use,

administer only prescribed medications, and watch for signs of drug dependence and the

improper use of drugs. As a person giving medications, health care workers are expected to be

aware of possible reactions and to notify their supervisor as soon as they notice any signs of

an adverse reaction.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


24. (p. 24) Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes that affect drug action?

A. Absorption

B. Biotransformation

C. Distribution

D. Potentiation

The four basic body processes that affect drug action are absorption, distribution,

metabolism/biotransformation, and excretion.

Bloom's: Understand





2-33

25. (p. 30) Which of the following describes why pain medications are prescribed?

A. For the local effect they provide

B. For the systemic effect they provide

C. For the side effects they provide

D. For the cumulative effects they provide

Pain medications must travel through the bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in various parts

of the body. These types of drugs are given for their systemic effects.

Bloom's: Understand



26. (p. 24) The ability of a drug to cross the cell membrane and the rate at which it can do so

affects which of the following?

A. Pharmacokinetics

B. Tolerance

C. Side effects


Pharmacokinetics is the study of a drug during absorption, distribution, metabolism and

excretion. The extent to which a drug completes the processes of absorption, distribution,

metabolism, and excretion depends on its ability to cross the cell membrane and the rate at

which it can do so.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy





2-34

27. (p. 24) Which of the following is NOT a way that a drug interacts with the normal processes

carried on by body cells?

A. The size and shape of drug molecules

B. The ability of drugs to dissolve in water or fat

C. The pH balance of drugs and cells

D. The route of administration

The way a drug interacts with the normal processes carried on by body cells is determined by

many things: the size and shape of the drug molecules, their ability to dissolve in water or fat,

the pH balance of drugs and cells, and the electrical charges of molecules.

Bloom's: Understand



28. (p. 27) How quickly and completely a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream affects which of

the following?

A. Drug action

B. Drug tolerance

C. Drug toxicity

D. Drug dependence

Drug action depends on how quickly and completely a drug is absorbed.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy





2-35

29. (p. 29) Which of the following routes of administration provides the fastest and most

dependable absorption of a drug?

A. Oral

B. Intramuscular

C. Buccal

D. Intravenous

Intravenous drugs are administered directly into the bloodstream and have the fastest and

most dependable absorption.

Bloom's: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy


30. (p. 29) Which of the following is an example of a drug that is administered through the

sublingual route?

A. Ibuprofen

B. Nitroglycerin

C. Epinephrine

D. Meperidine

An example of a drug that is administered using the sublingual route is Nitroglycerin.

Bloom's: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy


31. (p. 26) Bactrim is considered a long-lasting antibiotic for which of the following reasons?

A. Bactrim collects in drug reservoirs

B. Bactrim is absorbed very slowly

C. Bactrim is prescribed for 7 to 10 days

D. Bactrim resists biotransformation

Some drugs tend to collect in certain organs or tissues, called drug reservoirs which cause

them to be released into the body more slowly. Bactrim is released slowly from tissues and

are therefore considered a long-lasting antibiotic.

Bloom's: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 2-4




2-36

32. (p. 24) Enzymes that break down a drug are involved in which of the following processes?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Metabolism

D. Excretion

The process of metabolism occurs under the influence of enzymes which break down the

drug.

Bloom's: Understand



33. (p. 24) In which of the following organs does most of the metabolism and detoxification of

drugs takes place?

A. Kidneys

B. Stomach

C. Liver

D. Colon

Most of the metabolism and detoxification of drugs takes place in the liver.

Bloom's: Understand



34. (p. 24) The chemical composition of a drug, the rate of metabolism, and how often a drug is

administered all effect which of the following?

A. Absorption

B. Distribution

C. Detoxification

D. Excretion

The rate of excretion depends on the chemical composition of the drug, the rate of

metabolism, and how often the drug is administered.

Bloom's: Understand





2-37

35. (p. 28) An increased risk of toxicity from exposures to high doses of a drug is not associated

with which of the following patient types?

A. Older adult

B. Pediatric

C. Kidney disease

D. Pregnant

When a person is an older adult, is pediatric, or has kidney disease, there is an increased risk

of toxicity from exposures to high doses of a drug.

Bloom's: Analyze



36. (p. 28) Which of the following are used to calculate proper adult dose?

A. Age and body weight

B. Body mass index and percent of body fat

C. Lean body mass and height

D. Body surface area and muscle mass

The proper adult dose is calculated according to a specific formula based on age and body

weight.

Bloom's: Remember



37. (p. 28) Which of the following decreases the effects of Coumadin on blood clotting?

A. Milk products

B. Green leafy vegetables

C. Mineral oil

D. Antacids

Foods rich in vitamin K, such as green leafy vegetables, decrease the effects of Coumadin on

blood clotting.

Bloom's: Remember





2-38

38. (p. 28) Which of the following is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological effect

but can make a patient feel better?

A. Placebo

B. Palliative drug

C. Legend drug

D. Supplement

A patient with a positive attitude may feel better after taking a placebo, an inactive substance

that has no pharmacological effect.

Bloom's: Analyze



39. (p. 28) Which of the following will cause drugs that are taken orally to be absorbed more

quickly?

A. Gastrointestinal tract free of food

B. Increased fluid intake

C. Exercise

D. Good oral hygiene

Drugs taken orally are absorbed most quickly if the gastrointestinal tract is free of food.

Bloom's: Remember






2-39

40. (p. 28) Which of the following can occur with older adults who see multiple doctors and are

prescribed multiple drugs?

A. Drug toxicity

B. Cumulative effect

C. Drug interactions

D. Drug tolerance

Drug combinations can be a problem for the older adult. They often see several doctors who

may be unaware of the medications other doctors have prescribed. Multiple doctors and

multiple drugs can lead to serious interactions.

Bloom's: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult


41. (p. 30) Which of the following is a side effect of aspirin therapy?

A. Stomach irritation

B. Constipation

C. Rash

D. Urine retention

Aspirin tends to irritate the lining of the stomach.

Bloom's: Understand






2-40

42. (p. 30) When observing a patient's reaction to a drug that has been administered, determine

whether you are seeing the drug's therapeutic effect or a

A. Side effect

B. Systemic effect

C. Drug effect

D. Local effect

When you give medications, consider whether the drug is given for a local or a systemic

effect. Then, while observing the patient's reaction, determine whether you are seeing the

drug's therapeutic effect or a side effect.

Bloom's: Understand



43. (p. 30) Edema of the pharynx and larynx, severe wheezing, and dyspnea are symptoms of

which of the following?

A. Drug overdose

B. Anaphylaxis

C. Enzyme deficiency

D. Drug toxicity

Certain drugs may cause a systemic anaphylaxis characterized by constriction of the bronchial

muscle, edema of the pharynx and larynx, severe wheezing and dyspnea.

Bloom's: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy


44. (p. 35) When a patient presents with an idiosyncratic response to a drug, which of the

following is the recommended treatment?

A. Change medication

B. If therapeutic, continue medication

C. Stop medication

The treatment for the adverse effect idiosyncrasy is to stop medication.

Bloom's: Analyze

Difficulty: Difficult Learning Outcome: 2-10




2-41

45. (p. 35) Drugs such as opiates, nitrates, and barbiturates frequently produce which of the

following?

A. Toxicity

B. Potentiation

C. Tolerance

D. Synergism

Drug tolerance is the need for increasingly larger doses of a drug to produce the same effects.

Drugs that frequently produce tolerance are opiates, nitrates, and barbiturates.

Bloom's: Understand



46. (p. 35) Which of the following can be used to reverse overdose symptoms?

A. Placebo

B. Antidote

C. Histamine

D. Epi Pen

An antidote is a drug that has the opposite effect and can reverse the overdose symptoms.

Bloom's: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy


47. (p. 24) Patients who take sedatives are advised to avoid drinking alcohol to avoid the

possibility of which of the following?

A. Antagonism

B. Synergism

C. Potentiation

D. Toxicity

Potentiation refers to the administration of two drugs at the same time wherein one drug

increases the effect of the other drug. Alcohol causes sedatives to have a much stronger,

possibly fatal, effect.

Bloom's: Remember





2-42

48. (p. 24) The process whereby antacids and iron supplements work against the absorption of

the antibiotic tetracycline is described by which of the following terms?

A. Antagonism

B. Synergism

C. Potentiation

D. Idiosyncrasy

A drug interaction in which two drugs inhibit or cancel each other's effect is called

antagonism.

Bloom's: Remember



49. (p. 31) Which of the following terms refers to the self-administration of a drug in chronically

excessive quantities, resulting in a psychological or physical dependence?

A. Drug abuse

B. Drug overuse

C. Drug self-use

D. Drug tolerance

Drug abuse refers to self-administration of a drug in chronically excessive quantities resulting

in a psychological or physical dependence.

Bloom's: Analyze

Difficulty: Easy


Essay Questions

50. (p. 24) State the four basic drug actions.

The four basic drug actions are depressing or stimulating cell function, destroying cells, and

replacing substances.






2-43

51. (p. 24) Name the four body processes that affect drug action.

The four body processes that affect drug action are absorption, distribution,

metabolism/biotransformation, and excretion.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


52. (p. 27) Identify 10 factors influencing drug actions.

Factors influencing drug actions are age, size, sex, genetics, physiological and pathological

conditions, and psychological factors. The route of administration, the time of day that the

drug is administered, the number and size of doses, diet, and environmental conditions also

play a role in drug action.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


53. (p. 30) Differentiate between systemic and local drug effects.

Some drugs mainly affect the area where they enter, or are applied to, the body. These drugs

are given for their local effects. Other drugs must travel through the bloodstream to affect

cells or tissues in various parts of the body. These types of drugs are given for their systemic

effects.

Bloom's: Understand





2-44

54. (p. 30) State the difference between the therapeutic effect and side effects.

A drug is usually prescribed on the basis of its therapeutic effect. This is the desired effect, or

the reason the drug is administered. However, most drugs have additional effects on the body

that are not part of the goal of drug therapy. These are called side effects.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


55. (p. 31) Define synergism.

Synergism is a drug interaction in which the effect of two drugs in combination is greater than

the effect of each drug given separately.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


56. (p. 31) Define antagonism.


Bloom's: Remember


57. (p. 31) Define potentiation.



Bloom's: Remember





2-45

58. (p. 34) Explain the difference between psychological and physical drug dependence.

In psychological or emotional drug dependence, a person has a drive or a craving to take a

certain drug for pleasure or to relieve discomfort. There are no physical symptoms if the drug

is taken away, but the person may feel anxious about not having the psychological crutch. In

physical drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the drug that it needs it to

function. When the drug is taken away, the person develops withdrawal symptoms involving

extreme physical discomfort.

Bloom's: Understand



59. (p. 35) List five commonly abused drugs.

The most commonly abused drugs are alcohol, nicotine, anabolic steroids, barbiturates,

sedatives or hypnotics, depressants, marijuana, amphetamines, LSD, narcotics, opium, and

cocaine.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


60. (p. 35) State the health care worker's responsibilities with regard to adverse reactions of

drugs, dependence, and drug abuse.

As a person giving medications, health care workers are expected to be aware of possible

reactions and to notify their supervisor as soon as they notice any sign of an adverse reaction.

In a situation where drug abuse is suspected, their main responsibility is to consult the nurse

in charge. As health care workers, they must keep medicines locked up when not in use,

administer only prescribed medications, and watch for signs of drug dependence and improper

use of drugs.

Bloom's: Understand





2-46

Fill in the Blank Questions

61. (p. 24) Insulin is an example of a drug that is taken to ___________________a substance

that the body lacks.

replace

Drugs can be taken to replace natural substances that the body lacks because of an organ

malfunction or poor nutrition. Insulin is a drug taken, in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,

because the pancreas is unable to produce insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Bloom's: Remember


62. (p. 24) Antibiotics are examples of drugs that _______________cells or parts of cells.

destroy

Some drugs destroy certain cells or parts of cells. For example, some antibiotics kill disease

microorganisms.



63. (p. 24) The energy-producing functions of cells are sped up by ____________________.

stimulants

Stimulants speed up the energy-producing functions of cells.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy





2-47

64. (p. 24) The body's natural reaction to irritation is ____________________by antihistamines.

depressed

Antihistamines slow the body's natural reactions to irritation.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


65. (p. 24) The passage of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream is

called________________.

absorption

Absorption is the passage of a substance into the bloodstream from the site of administration.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


66. (p. 24) The transportation of a drug from the bloodstream to the body tissues and intended

site of action is called _________________.

distribution

Distribution is the transport of drugs to body cells and spaces between cells.

Bloom's: Remember





2-48

67. (p. 24) The series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug by converting it into a water-

soluble compound so that it can be excreted by the body is termed___________________.

metabolism

Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions that inactivate a drug by converting it into a

water-soluble compound so that it can be excreted by the body.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


68. (p. 24) The body's way of removing the waste products of ordinary cell processes is

termed__________________

excretion

Excretion is the removal of waste substances from the body.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


69. (p. 27) Smaller doses and different drugs are required in treating the young or the older

adult. This is an example of how _____________is a factor that affects drug action.

age

Responses to drug action differ according to age.

Bloom's: Remember





2-49

70. (p. 27) To diminish the unpleasant effects of drugs secreted through saliva, the patient

should be educated to chew ______________or suck hard candy.

gum

To diminish the unpleasant effects of drugs secreted through saliva, the patient should be

educated to chew gum or suck hard candy.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


71. (p. 27) Combining certain drugs with certain foods can alter the drug's effects. This is an

example of the effect that a person's ___________has on drug action.

diet

Diet is a factor that may cause differences in a person's response to a drug.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


72. (p. 27) Because some drugs may harm the fetus, ______________________women must be

extremely careful about taking any medication, and must avoid taking medications without

first consulting their physician.

pregnant

Because some drugs may harm the fetus, pregnant women must be extremely careful about

taking any medication, and must avoid taking medications without first consulting their

physician.

Bloom's: Remember





2-50

73. (p. 27) Each person's individual makeup causes slight differences in basic processes like

metabolism and excretion. This is an example of the effect that ______________has on drug

action.

genetics

Responses to drug action differ according to genetics.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


74. (p. 27) Diseases of the liver and kidneys can have an important effect on the processing and

elimination of drugs. This is an example of how _________________________affect drug

action.

pathological conditions

Disease can strongly affect how patients respond to drugs.

Bloom's: Remember



75. (p. 27) A patient's mental state is an important factor in the success or failure of drug

therapy. This is an example of the effect __________________________________have on

drug action.

psychological factors

Responses to drug action differ according to psychological factors.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy





2-51

76. (p. 27) A ______________________is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological

effects but may make a patient with a positive attitude "feel better."

placebo

A placebo is an inactive substance that has no pharmacological effect.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


77. (p. 27) As a member of the health care team, you can influence a patient's response to

medication by creating a _______________________attitude in the patient.

positive

A patient with a positive attitude is likely to respond well to medication.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


78. (p. 24) Drugs are absorbed, distributed, and metabolized differently when given by different

_________________.

routes

The route of administration affects drug action.

Bloom's: Remember


79. (p. 24) A drug will act most quickly when it is __________________into the bloodstream.

injected

A drug acts most quickly when injected into the bloodstream.

Bloom's: Remember





2-52

80. (p. 24) The route of administration resulting in the longest time for drugs to show their

effects is the _______________route.

oral

Medications administered by mouth take the longest time to show their effects.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


81. (p. 27) When possible, drugs that make a patient sleepy are ordered to be taken at bedtime.

This is an example of the effect ________________has on drug action.

time of administration

Care must be taken to give drugs at the time of day ordered by the physician.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


82. (p. 27) Drugs that are taken orally are absorbed most quickly if the gastrointestinal tract is

free of _______________.

food

Diet plays a role in drug action.

Bloom's: Remember





2-53

83. (p. 30) When drugs collect in the body and produce an increased response, it is termed a

______________________effect of drug action.

cumulative

A cumulative effect occurs when the body does not metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug

completely before the next dose is given.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


84. (p. 30) When a patient is less responsive to a drug after repeated doses, it is termed

drug__________________.

tolerance

Tolerance is the need for increasingly higher doses of a drug to produce the same physical and

psychological effects.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


85. (p. 30) If a patient has a drug _________________, it must be clearly marked on the front of

the chart with a bright sticker.

allergy

The chart of a patient with a drug allergy must be clearly marked. This is usually done on the

front of the chart with a bright sticker.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy





2-54

86. (p. 30) Older adult patients often see several doctors who prescribe what is needed in a

patient's particular case. Multiple doctors and multiple drugs can lead to serious drug

____________________.

interactions

Drug combinations can be a problem for older adults.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


87. (p. 29) Heat relaxes the blood vessels and speeds up the circulation, so drugs act faster. This

is an example of the effect that _______________________conditions have on drug action.

environmental

Extremes of weather affect the action of drugs because body functions are influenced by heat

and cold.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


88. (p. 24) The term drug __________________refers to the chemical changes the drug

produces in cells and tissues.

action

The action of a drug refers to a drug's chemical effects on body cells.

Bloom's: Remember





2-55

89. (p. 27) The combination of biological, physical, and psychological changes that takes place

in the body as a result of the drug action is termed the drug _________________.

effect

A drug's effect is defined as a physical or psychological change in a patient brought about by

a drug.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


90. (p. 30) The desired effect, or the reason a drug is administered, is termed the

_____________________effect.

therapeutic

A therapeutic effect is a desired or predicted physiological response caused by a drug.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


91. (p. 30) Additional effects that drugs have on the body that are not part of the goal of drug

therapy are termed_______________________ effects.

side

Side effects are desirable or undesirable effects of a drug apart from the primary purpose for

giving the drug.

Bloom's: Remember





2-56

92. (p. 30) Aspirin, taken orally, is beneficial for the treatment of arthritis, but tends to irritate

the lining of the stomach. This side effect is controlled by giving the drug with milk or

____________.

food

Many side effects can be controlled by using special procedures.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


93. (p. 30) Some drugs mainly affect the area they enter, or are applied to, the body, for

example, eye drops and sunburn creams. This is an example of the ________________effects

of drugs.

local

Local effect refers to having an effect in the immediate area of administration.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


94. (p. 30) Pain medications that must travel through the bloodstream to affect cells or tissues in

other parts of the body are an example drugs given for their _____________________effects.

systemic

Systemic effect refers to having an effect throughout the body.

Bloom's: Remember





2-57

95. (p. 30) Occasionally, the body has an unexpected or dangerous response to a drug. These

unexpected conditions are called ___________________reactions.

adverse

Adverse reactions are unintended and undesirable effects of a drug.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


96. (p. 30) A drug ______________is an abnormal response that occurs because a person has

developed antibodies against a particular drug.

allergy

An allergy is a reaction of the body cell to a foreign substance (antigen) to which it has

previously developed antibodies.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


97. (p. 30) ___________________is a substance released by injured cells that is responsible for

the symptoms usually seen in allergic reactions.

Histamine

Histamine is a substance released from injured cells during an allergic reaction that is

responsible for allergic symptoms.

Bloom's: Remember





2-58

98. (p. 30) A substance, for example, a drug, that stimulates the production of antibodies and

causes allergic reaction is termed an _________________.

antigen

An antigen is a substance that stimulates production of antibodies and causes allergic

reactions.

Bloom's: Remember

Difficulty: Easy


99. (p. 30) An ______________________is a substance produced in the body that helps the

body fight off foreign invaders like microorganisms and antigens.

antibody

An antibody is a substance produced in the body that helps the body fight off foreign invaders

like microorganisms and antigens.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


100. (p. 30) An extreme, possibly life-threatening, hypersensitivity reaction to a previously

encountered antigen is termed _____________________.

anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that may be fatal.

Bloom's: Understand





2-59

101. (p. 30) ______________________are abnormal or peculiar responses that people may have

to certain drugs.

Idiosyncrasies

An idiosyncrasy is a peculiar, unusual, individual response to a drug.

Bloom's: Understand



102. (p. 30) Drug ___________________ is the need for an increasingly larger dose of a drug in

order to produce the same physiological and/or psychological effects.

tolerance

Tolerance is the need for an increasingly larger dose of a drug to produce the same physical

and or psychological effect.

Bloom's: Understand



103. (p. 30) When the body cannot metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug completely before

the next dose is given a ________________________effect occurs.

cumulative

A cumulative effect occurs when the body does not metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug

completely before the next dose is given.

Bloom's: Understand





2-60

104. (p. 30) An __________________is a dose of a medication that is too large for a patient's

age, size, and/or physical condition.

overdose

An overdose is a drug dose that is too large for a person's age, size, or physical condition.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


105. (p. 30) ___________________refers to the drug's ability to poison the body.

Toxicity

Toxicity refers to the poisonous effect of prolonged exposure to high doses or too-frequent

administration of a drug.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


106. (p. 30) An ______________________is a drug that has an opposite effect and can reverse

the overdose symptoms.

antidote

An antidote is a drug that has an opposite effect and can reverse the overdose symptoms.

Bloom's: Understand





2-61

107. (p. 30) When one drug modifies the action of another drug, it is termed a drug

________________________.

interaction

Drug interactions occur when one drug modifies the action of another drug.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


108. (p. 31) When two drugs administered together produce a more powerful response than the

effect of each drug given separately, it is called ___________________.

synergism

Synergism refers to a drug interaction in which the effect of two drugs in combination is

greater than the effect of each drug given separately.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


109. (p. 31) ____________________occurs when two drugs are administered at the same time,

and one drug increases the effect of the other drug.

potentiation



Bloom's: Understand





2-62

110. (p. 31) A drug interaction in which two drugs inhibit or cancel each other's effect is called

____________________.

antagonism


Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


111. (p. 34) Drug ______________________is a strong psychological and/or physical need to

take a certain drug.

dependence

Dependence is a compulsion to continue taking a drug; it can be physical or psychological.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


112. (p. 34) When a person has a drive or a craving to take a certain drug for pleasure or to

relieve discomfort, they are experiencing ______________________drug dependence.

psychological

In psychological drug dependence, a person has a drive or a craving to take a certain drug for

pleasure or to relieve discomfort.

Bloom's: Understand





2-63

113. (p. 34) In _____________________drug dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the

drug that it needs it to function.

physical


function.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


114. (p. 34) ___________________symptoms are a set of physical reactions that occur when a

person stops taking a drug on which they are physically dependent.

Withdrawal

In physical dependence, the body grows so accustomed to the drug that it needs it to function.

When the drug is taken away, the person develops withdrawal symptoms.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy


115. (p. 34) Drug ____________________refers to self-administration of a drug in chronically

excessive quantities, resulting in a psychological or physical dependence.

abuse

Drug abuse is defined as taking drugs for their mood-altering effects, or taking too many

drugs or too much of a drug.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy





2-64

116. (p. 34) The overuse or careless use of any drug is termed drug ___________________.

misuse

Drug misuse is the overuse or careless use of any drug.

Bloom's: Understand

Difficulty: Easy




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