CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?

WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?(continued)

WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH?

THE CAPACITY TO THINK RATIONALLY THINK LOGICALLY COPE EFFECTIVELY WITH STRESS COPE EFFECTIVELY WITH LIFE’S

CHALLENGES DEMONSTRATE EMOTIONAL STABILITY ACHIEVE PERSONAL GROWTH

SIGNS OF DETERIORATINGMENTAL HEALTH

“I’m no good.” (Low self-regard) “Everybody plots against me.” (Distortion of

reality) “I’m no good at anything.” (Occupational and

social incompetence) “I feel tense all the time.” (Anxiety) “Life isn’t worth living.” (Depression) “I feel mad most of the time.” (Anger) “I feel like I am always ‘pumped’ physically—

like my heart is racing.”(Heightened physiological reactivity)

THE STIGMA OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

PREJUDICE DISCRIMINATION STEREOTYPICAL RESPONSES SOCIAL OSTRICIZATION REJECTION BY FRIENDS AND FAMILY PUBLIC MISUNDERSTANDING OF THE

CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR

ADAPTATIVE BEHAVIOR BALANCING WHAT WE WANT TO DO WITH

WHAT THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY DEMANDS

MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS IN EVERYDAY LIFE CAUSED BY

BRAIN DAMAGE OR OTHER ORGANIC CAUSES PRESENT OR PAST SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS STRSESFUL LIFE EVENTS

THE HISTORY ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

ANCIENT WESTERN WORLD HIPPOCRATES SOCRATES ARISTOTLE PLATO GALEN

THE MIDDLE AGES Saint Augustine

HISTORY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

THE RENAISSSANCE JOHANN WEYER

THE AGE OF REASON AND ENLIGHTENMENT WILLIAM HARVEY BARUCH SPINOZA ROBERT BURTON FRANZ JOSEPH GALL WILIAM CULLEN FRANZ ANTON MESMER

HISTORY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

THE REFORM MOVEMENT IN EUROPE PHILLIPE PINEL- FRANCE BETHLEHEM HOSPITAL – ENGLAND BELIEF IN MORAL TREATMENT LED TO

GROWTH OF ASYLUMS THE REFORM MOVEMENT IN THE U.S.

BENJAMIN RUSH DOROTHEA DIX CLIFFORD BEERS

RECENT CONCEPTS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH FOCUS ON EMOTION AND IRRATIONAL

FEELINGS THE ORGANIC APPROACH

ABNORMAL BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

INTERACTIONAL/PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH CONVERGENCE OF BIOLGOICAL,

PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL FACTORS

THE INTERACTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

STRESS OUR REACTION TO SITUATIONS THAT POSE

DEMANDS, CONSTRAINTS, AND OPPORTUNITIES VULNERABILITY

HOW LIKELY WE ARE TO RESPOND MALADAPTIVELY TO STRESSFUL SITUATIONS

RISK FACTORS VS. PROTECTIVE FACTORS RESILIENCE

OUR ABILITY TO “BOUNCE BACK” FOLLOWING SIGNIFICANT STRESS

HOW GOOD ARE OUR COPING SKILLS?

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

EPIDEMIOILOGICAL CONCEPTS

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RATES OF DIAGNOSED MENTAL

DISORDER

SEEKING HELP FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

REASONS FOR CLINICAL CONTACTS PERSONAL UNHAPPINESS CONCERNS OF OTHERS LEGAL PROBLEMS COMMUNITY PROBLEMS

SEEKING HELP FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

TREATMENT FACILITIES

SEEKING HELP FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

TYPES OF MENTAL HEALTH SPECIALISTS

Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D. or Psy.D.) Counseling Psychologist (Ph.D. or Ed.D.) Psychiatrist (M.D.) Psychiatric Social Worker Psychiatric Nurse

RESEARCH IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

OBSERVING BEHAVIOR THE ROLE OF THEORY RESEARCH

CASE STUDIES CORRELATINAL STUDIES ASSESSMENT STUDIES

LONGITUDINAL STUDIES FOLLOW-UP STUDIES CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS

HYPOTHESIS-TESTING

BEHAVIOR CHANGE

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS

HUMAN EXPERIMENTS

STEPS IN CLINICAL TRIALS

A TYPICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

RESEARCH DESIGN, STATISTICAL ANALYSES, AND INFERENCES

A GOOD DESIGN HAS EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL VALIDITY.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS SUMMARIZE OBSERVATIONS. Mean, median, mode, range, standard

deviation INFERENTIAL STATITSTCS ALLOW

COMPARISONS BETWEEN GROUPS. Level of significance, correlation coefficient.

THREE KINDS OF CORRELATION RESULTS

INTERPRETING RESEARCH RESULTS

FACTORS THAT CAN BIAS RESULTS

CONFOUNDING REACTIVITY DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS EXPECTANCY EFFECTS SAMPLING ISSUES

ETHICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCH

RESEARCHERS SHOULD NOT PLACE SUBJECTS IN PHYSICAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL JEOPARDY.

SUBJECTS MUST BE INFORMED NATURE AND HAZARDS OF EXPERIMENT.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN WITH CHILDREN, PEOPLE WITH MENTAL RETARDATION AND SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESSES, AND PRISONERS.

VIOLATING ETHICAL PRINCIPLES HAS SERIOUS LEGAL AND PROFESSIONAL CONSEQUENCES.