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Chapter 1 - Aircond & Ventilation

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    Definition

    - Process by which stale (not fresh) air in an

    enclosure is replaced by fresh air from

    outside.- replacement of used inside air by outside

    air.

    - measured by the number of air changes per

    hours or volume changes per unit time (m3/h).

    Purpose Health & survival

    - Comfort

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    For breathing (i.e. inhaling O2&

    exhale CO2)

    Prevent growth of fungus or mold

    Remove bacteria, fumes & bad

    odour

    Enable our bodies to lose heat

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    a) Supply fresh air to remove and replace gases such

    as carbon dioxide, humidity, water vapors, dust,fumes, smoke etc. Requirement of fresh air supply

    are governed by type, number of occupants and

    activity carried out in the space.

    b) Convective cooling to remove excessive heat andstructural cooling. The exchange indoor air with

    fresh out door air can provide cooling. The moving

    air acts as a heat carrying medium : stack effects.

    c) Physiological cooling to gain human comfort (known as air movement). Air movement accelerates

    heat dissipation through skin in 2 ways : increasing

    convective heat loss and accelerating evaporation.

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    1)

    Natural Caused by air motion due to temperature &

    pressure differences

    Wind becomes of great importance where

    natural ventilation is concerned.

    E.g. stack effects (warm air rises & the space

    left behind is filled or replaced by cool air),

    wind pressure

    Characteristics of wind:

    - wind speed is reduced near ground

    - movement vary depending on topography

    - acceptable = 5 m/s

    - unpleasant = 10 m/s

    - dangerous => 20 m/s

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    Any building ventilation system involves 4 basiccomponents :-

    a) A source of air : acceptable temperature, moisturecontent and cleanliness.

    b) A force to move air through the inhabited space of

    the building either or both of 2 motive forces (highpressure area to lower - pressure area) may beemployed for natural ventilation : wind poweredventilation and convection ventilation.

    c) A means of controlling the volume, velocity and

    direction of air flow: windows and opening, roofventilator, roof moisture, opening skylights, airbrick, fencing, plant / landscaping.

    d) A means of recycling or disposing of contaminatedair e.g : chimney, air well.

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    AIR CHANGE:-

    1) When the volume of air in an enclosure diluted

    or replaced by an equal volume of fresh air, oneair change has taken place.

    2) The number of air changes per hour requireddepends on occupancy rate and type activitiescarried out in the building or part therefore.

    3) The recommended number of air changes varyfrom 3-12 air changes per hour for residentialbuildings. The number is generally for livingand bedroom.

    4) Infiltration- the passage or exchange of airthrough cracks causes up to 15 air changes perhour.

    - The helps in air change of a room.

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    i) Air movement some degree of air movement isessential for feeling of freshness and comfort. The

    required speed of wind various with temperature. A

    velocity 5-10 m/s is acceptable but not more.

    ii) Body odour to keep body odour at the controlled level.

    iii) Preventing bacteria growth which is greatly increasedin damp and stale air.

    iv) Excess heat caused loses of body fluid and may result in

    exhaustion. Sufficient amount of air movement stabilizes

    this situation.

    v) Relative humidity (RH) RH of 30% to 70% for acomfortable atmosphere. RH exceeds than 70% result in

    condensation. High rate of ventilation is advised when

    RH exceed 70% limit.

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    1) To ensure cross-ventilation by having opening on

    opposite walls to a maximum of 30% of floor area.

    2) Trees lined would reduced the prevailing wind

    speed, deflect and acts as filter medium of air.

    3) Location of building to give advantage of relief andprevailing wind condition on the slope facing wind.

    4) Choice of building material which are porous to

    help in improving natural ventilation.

    5) Design of roof structures with opening will result inbetter ventilation.

    6) Presence of water bodies will bring about stack

    effect this improving ventilation.

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    2) Artificial

    Caused by mechanical or artificial

    forces

    E.g. propeller fans, roof ventilator

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    Why Artificial Ventilation?

    i) Internal rooms ( where theres no window at all)

    ii) Large, closely populated rooms where distributionof natural ventilation would be inadequate.

    iii) In cases where specially controlled environment isrequired particularly in relation to RH and dustparticles in the air.

    iv) Rooms where volume per occupants is to low forefficient natural ventilation.

    v) Where natural ventilation is impossible as windowcant opened because of external atmosphere, i.e.pollution and noise.

    vi) In tall buildings, where wind and stack effectrender natural ventilation impracticable.

    vii) Extract ventilation may be required to deal withfumes or smells from cooking and other specialprocesses.

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    3 types of fans used in mechanical ventilation :-

    a) Propeller fan

    suitable for situation where theres no great resistanceto air flow to be overcome.

    b) Axial flow fan

    popular

    has high frequency, high efficiency, simple installation andneat appearance

    can be aligned in line or ducting number of blades are many and small

    less noise is generated

    c) Centrifugal fan

    develop sufficient pressure to drive air through thetreatment plant duct system

    Output of the fan can be varied by different motor andspeed operation, bulky and turns directions of air through90

    Used for tunnel

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    Definisi : Proses perawatan udara untuk ruang-ruang atau tempat-tempat tertutup. Perawatan

    dilakukan terhadap suhu udara, kelembapan

    udara, gantian udara, kebersihan udara dan

    pengagihan udara bagi mencapai keperluan-keperluan tertentu di mana ruang-ruang ia

    berfungsi.

    Suhu Pemanasan / PenyejukanKelembapan Humidification/DehumidificationKebersihan Penapis,penyucian,peresapan kotoranPengagihan Pengudaran dan cara pengagihan

    Keadaan udara yang diperlukan

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    Keselesaan

    Prestasi kerja

    Kesihatan

    Peralatan komputer Simbol status

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    a) Menghalang bunyi bising daripersekitaran

    b) Menghalang habuk dan kotoranc) Mengeluarkan haba berlebihan untuk

    keselesaand) Mendapat pengudaraan yang cukupe) Mengawal kelembapanf) Menghalang bau-bau yang tidak diinginig) Mengagihkan udara

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    a) Orientasi bangunan

    Luas penutupan dan pembukaan bangunan

    terhadap pergerakan matahari.

    b) Penutupan bangunan

    Kecepatan pergerakan haba dan faktor

    simpanan

    c) Penyusupan

    Permukaan yang terbuka/berlubang akanmenentukan udara yang masuk

    d) Keadaan persekitaran

    e) Aktiviti dan alatan dalam ruang.

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    1) Cooling load (beban penyejukan)

    2) Air-handling load (muatan kendalian udara)

    3) Machine power (kuasa kejenteraan)

    4) Energy & power (tenaga & kuasa)

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    1) Beban penyejukan

    Definasi: Suatu konsep yang digunakanuntuk menghitung beban atau kekuatan

    dan keupayaan alat penyaman udara

    bagi menyejukkan udara pada proses

    refrigeration. Unit : btu/hour (british thermal

    unit/hour)

    1 watt = 3.412 btu/hour

    1 kaki2ruang : 60-100 btu/hour untuk

    keadaan normal (0.093 m2)

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    2) Muatan kendalian udara

    Definasi: Dikaitkan dengan banyaknya udara

    bekal yang akan dikendalikan oleh kipasdalam pusingan udara.(Keupayaan kipasuntuk mengatasi rintangan)

    Unit : CFM Cubic feet per minute (m3/s )

    1 m3

    /s = 35.3 CFM3) Keupayaan kejenteraan

    Mengukur keupayaan mekanikal:-i) Kuasa motor ( 1 hp = 7457 waat)

    ii) Pam

    4) Kuasa dan Tenaga

    Menentukan sambungan elektrik daripadasistem

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    a) Bukan semua keadaan yang dibekalkansesuai.

    b) Suhu yang digunakan sesuai untuk badan

    manusia

    Suhu optima = +37 C

    c) Kelembapan relatif = 40 60%

    d) Pergerakan udara tidak melebihi 39

    kaki/min atau 12 m / minit.

    e) Bekalan udara yang bersih

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    Prinsip Penyaman udara

    Berdasarkan kepada sifat jisim, haba danrefrigeration

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    Adalah untuk mengeluarkan, mengalirkan haba

    dari 1 tempat ke tempat yang lain. Berdasarkan

    kepada 2 sifat jirim:-

    a) Bendalir menyerap haba apabila bertukar

    daripada cecair kepada gas

    b) Bendalir mengeluarkan haba apabila gas

    bertukar kepada cecair.

    Terdapat 2 jenis kitaran hawa dingin:-

    a) Kitaran Refrigerant

    b) Kitaran udara

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    Satu proses penyejukan iaitu mengalirkan

    haba dari satu tempat ke satu tempat

    yang lain dengan satu media pembawahaba.

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    Untuk mengalirkan haba dari ruang yang

    didinginkan serta memberi pengudaraan,

    haba dialirkan melalui alat pengewapan

    dalam loji penyaman udara.

    Dari ruang

    Ruang/bilik

    Pemindahan haba

    Evaporator

    Ke udara luar

    Condenser

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    Refrigerator system with A refrigerator,

    B compressor, C expansion valve with

    liquid ammonia

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    Dlm kitaran udara, terdapat 10 komponen yg perlu

    diketahui sebelum sesuatu loji tersebut beroperasi:-

    a) Kipasutk mengerakkan udara dlm 1 kitaran udara.

    b) Saluran udara bekal mengagihkan udara dr tempatrawatan ke ruang yg hendak dinyamankan

    c) Salur masuk mengalirkan udara di dalam ruang

    untuk keselesaan

    d) Ruang (bilik) Ruang yang tertutup.e) Saluran balik membawa udara balik ke loji.

    f) Saluran udara balik Ducting khas yang membawa

    udara ke loji

    g) Lingkaran penyejukan untuk mengeluarkan habadari dalam ruang

    h) Pembuangan udara kotor

    i) Pengambilanpengambilan udara luar untuk (Bilik

    AHU) proses pengudaraan ( tambahan oksigen)

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    Sistem unit

    Unit tingkap Unit kemas siap Unit pisah

    Keseluruhan Penyejukan

    udara

    Penyejukan

    air

    Tanpa udara Dengan udara

    Sistem Loji

    Loji berpusat Air disejukkan(chiller)

    Terbahagi kepada 2:-

    1) Sistem unit2) Sistem loji pusat

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    Sesuai digunakan bagi ruang yang kecil dan

    sederhana.

    Luas lantai yang sesuai ialah 5-300 m2

    Beban : < 360, 000 BTUH

    Kendalian : < 6000 CFM

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    Luas lantai yang boleh digunakan ialah < 25m2

    Terdapat 2 pemampat :-

    i) Pistonii) Rotary

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    i) Keseluruhan

    sesuai untuk keluasan lantai 25- 220 m2. Beban diantara24,000 270,000 BTU/H.

    Ianya seperti unit tingkap kecuali tidak dipasang padatingkap (dipasang di luar rumah atau bangunan).

    Udara disalur ke dalam ruang dengan menggunakansaluran (ducting).

    Besar sedikit dari unit tingkap.

    ii) Penyejukan udara

    Beban penyejukan dan kemasan keseluruhan 25,000-360,000 BTU/H.

    Luas lantai ialah 20-300 m2

    . Condenser berada di luar bangunan sementara

    evaporator berada dalam 1 unit yang lain.

    Compressor dan injap boleh berada di luar atau dalambangunan bergantung kepada pembekal dari kilang

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    iii) Penyejukan air

    Air digunakan untuk menyejukkan condenser. Kos pembaikannya lebih tinggi sebab

    compressornya mahal.

    Kebaikkanya ilaha sekiranya 1 unit rosak, unit-

    unit pada bahagian lain boleh digunakan. Beban penyejukan : 21,000 490,000 BTU/H

    Luas lantai : 17 400m2

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    Terdapat 2 sistem yang digunakan :-

    i) Tanpa udaraii) Menggunakan Udara luar

    i) Tanpa udara

    Condenser dan evaporator terasing

    Piping jenis tembaga digunakan untuk membawamedia pembawa haba (gas) dari condenser keevaporator.

    Seperti unit kemas-siap, beban yang sesuai ialah6000-24,000 BTUH.

    ii) Udara luar

    Beban penyejukannya ialah : 46,000-290,000 BTUH

    Keluasan lantai : 40-240 m^2

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    a) Loji Berpusat

    Melibatkan beban penyejukan yang lebihbesar (15 ribu ton refrigerant).

    b) CHILLER

    Air digunakan sebagai bahan

    penyejukan. Air yang telah disejukkan

    dalam chiller di hantar semula ke dalam

    bilik AHU

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    1) The compressor which pumps the refrigerant around the

    system, is the heart of air-conditioner. Before the compressor,the refrigerant is a gas at low pressure, because of the

    compressor, the gas becomes high pressure, get heated and

    flows towards the condenser.

    2) At the condenser, the high temperature, high pressure gas

    releases it heats to the outdoor air and becomes subcooled

    high pressure liquid.

    3) The high pressure liquid goes to the expansion valve, which

    reduces the pressure and thus the temperature goes below the

    temperature of the refrigerated space.This results in cold andlow pressure refrigerant liquid.

    4) The low pressure refrigerant flows to the evaporator where its

    absorbs heat from the indoor air thought the evaporation and

    becomes low pressure gas. The gas flows back to the

    compressor where the cycle starts all over again.

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    Window unit

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    Air-cond

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    PEMASANGAN INDOOR UNIT

    Mestilah pada tempat yang kukuh.

    Mempunyai peredaraan udara yang baik.

    Jauhkan dari punca-punca haba.

    Saluran air keluar (drain) mudah.

    Kesan bunyi dan gegaran

    Penyambungan dan panjang pemaipan mengikut spesifikasi

    * PASTIKAN ANDA MENGGUNAKAN 2 SPANAR UNTUK

    MENGETATKAN PENYAMBUNGAN PEMAIPAN

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    ELAKKAN DARIPADA MELAKUKAN PERKARA-PERKARA DI BAWAH:

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    PEMASANGAN OUTDOOR UNIT

    Pasang pada tempat yang kukuh.

    Pembebasan haba tidak terhalang.

    Elakkan mudah di gapai oleh kanak-kanak.

    Mudah melakukan pembaikan/penyelenggaraan.

    Penyambungan dan panjang pemaipan mengikut spesifikasi.

    Melakukan Purging setelah pemaipan disambungkan.

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