Date post: | 30-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | emil-washington |
View: | 221 times |
Download: | 5 times |
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy
and PhysiologyAnatomy• Describes the structures of the
body:– what they are made of– where they are located– associated structures
Physiology• Is the study of:
– functions of anatomical structures– individual and cooperative functions
How are living things organized?• Atoms:
– are the smallest chemical units • Molecules:
– are a group of atoms working together• Organelles:
– are a group of molecules working together• Cells:
– are a group of organelles working together• Tissues:
– are a group of similar cells working together• Organs:
– are a group of different tissues working together• Organ systems (11):
– are a group of organs working together• Organism:
– is an individual
Organizing a Muscle
• Protein molecules (chemical level)• Protein filaments (organelle level)• Muscle cells (cellular level)• Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level)• Heart (organ level)
KEY CONCEPTS• The body is divided into 11 organ
systems• All organ systems work together• Many organs work in more than 1 organ
system• Homeostasis: All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
• Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)
• Failure to function within a normal range results in disease
Mechanisms of Regulation• Autoregulation (intrinsic):
– automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
• Extrinsic regulation: – responses controlled by nervous and
endocrine systems
How are living things regulated?
Maintaining Normal Limits • Receptor: receives the stimulus • Control Center: processes the
signal and sends instructions • Effector: carries out instructions • Negative Feedback: response of
the effector negates the stimulus• Positive Feedback: response of
the effector reinforces the stimulus
What are the anatomical terms used to describe body sections, regions, and relative positions?
Anatomical LandmarksSuperficial characteristics: surface parts – can be names or adjectives
KEY CONCEPT
• Anatomical position: – hands at sides,
palms forward
• Supine: – lying down, face up
• Prone: – lying down, face
down
Figure 1–7a
Quadrants and Regions• 4 abdominopelvic
quadrants around umbilicus
• 9 abdominopelvic regions
Which Direction?
Figure 1–8
• Lateral: – side view
• Frontal: – front view
• Anatomical direction: – refers to
the patient’s left or right
The Ventral Body Cavity
• Coelom: – divided by the
diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Figure 1–10a
What are the major body cavities and their subdivisions?