Date post: | 04-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | akma-moss-mess |
View: | 225 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
1/64
CELL STRUCTURE & CELL
ORGANISATION
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
2/64
Organelles (little organ) tiny structures
inside a cell that perform specific functions for
a cell. Example: mitochondria, lysosome and
chloroplast.
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
3/64
THE UNIQUENESS OF THE CELL
A cell is unique:
Specialisation Division of labour
Coordination and integration
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
4/64
Living components of cell is called as
PROTOPLASM (cytoplasm + nucleus)
The cytoplasms contains ORGANELLES
- Perform specific functions which enable the
cell to function as a unit of life
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
5/64
1. Mitochondrion (pl: Mitochondria): AC and PC
spherical / rod-shaped organelles
two membranes: Inner membrane form cristae
& Outer membrane regular and smooth
an energy source
site of cellular aerobic respiration
produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
6/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
7/64
NUCLEUS
contains the genetic material
regulates and controls the activities of the cell
an organelle bounded by double (2)
layers of nuclear membrane with poresand selectivelypermeable
responsible forall cellular structure, chemical functions, growth and reproduction
separates the genetic materials (chromatin)from cytoplasm
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
8/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
9/64
NUCLEOLUS
spherical structure within the nucleus
consists of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
and RNA (ribonucleic acid) and proteins
visible when the cell is not dividing
synthesis RNA which is needed to
make ribosomes
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
10/64
NUCLEOPLASM
fluid contained within the nucleus
highly viscous solid
made up of the chromatin and the nucleolus
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
11/64
CHROMOSOMES
thread-like structures (consists of genetic
material)
appears as chromatin spread throughout the
nucleus in the form of tiny granules
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
(during cell division)
carry genetic information in its DNA
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
12/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
13/64
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)
connected to the nuclear membrane
synthesises proteins, steroids and lipids
collects, stores and distributes protein, steroids andlipids
exists as rough ER and smooth ER
Rough ER: covered with ribosomes, flat sealed sacwhich continued from the nuclear membrane,transports protein, and have a large surface area for
chemical reactions. Smooth ER: does not have ribosomes, transports lipids
and presents in large amounts of cells.
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
14/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
15/64
PLASMA MEMBRANE
cell membrane
thin membrane surround the cytoplasm of a
cell
selectively permeable / semi permeable
a protective and selective outer barrier
consistsof phospholipids and protein molecules
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
16/64
GOLGI APPARATUS
bound sacs
processes, packages and transport moleculessynthesised in the cell
forms lysosomes
transports and stores lipids
synthesis of carbohydrate from hormone
changes protein into glycoprotein
excretes waste products out of the cell
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
17/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
18/64
CYTOPLASM
aqueous solution (except nucleus)
stores water, enzymes, nutrient, salts and
dissolved gases
provided support, shape and protects the cell
organelles
medium for metabolic reactions
provides substances
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
19/64
LYSOSOME (ac)
sac-like organelle with one membrane
digest proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
removes undigested materials releases enzymes to digest external materials
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
20/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
21/64
CENTRIOLE (ac)
are paired cylindrical organelles
nine tubes with three tubules each
produces spindle during cell division (mitosisand meiosis)
migrate to the opposite poles of the cell
(during cell division will be discussed in
Chapter 5 Cell Division)
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
22/64
CELL WALL (ac)
rigid and tough cellulose layer surrounding the
plasma membrane (cell membrane)
protects and supports the cell
maintains the shape
prevents the cell from busting (excessive
intake of water)
allows substances to move freely through the
cell wall
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
23/64
CHLOROPLAST (pc)
disc / lens-shaped organelle
have two membranes: inner and outer
membrane
contains chlorophyll in the grana to trap
sunlight energy
carry out photosynthesis in the chlorophyll
storage of food and pigments
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
24/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
25/64
CELL ORGANISATION
Unicellular
A single cell performs all thebasic life process. Example:Amoebasp.,Paramecium sp., Chlamydomonas, Bacteria
and Euglena. MulticellularAn organism consists of more
than one cell. Each group of cell specialized tocarry our life processes. Example: Homosapien (human), animals and plants. It has fivelevels of organisation
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
26/64
Cells: basic units of structure and function.Example: Red blood cells and xylem vessel cells.
Tissues: made up of cells with similar in structure andfunction.Example: Epithelial tissues and vascular tissues.
Organs: made up of tissues that perform a specificfunction.
Example: Heart and flower. System: two of more organs that perform a specific
function.Example: Digestive system and root system.
Organisms: whole living thing that carry out all thebasic life processes.Example: Human and durian tree.
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
27/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
28/64
CELL ORGANISATION in Amoeba sp.
Cell structure
Amoeba sp.: plasma membrane, food vacuole,
contractile vacuole, pseudopodium, nucleus,
ectoplasma, endoplasm.
Locomotion
Amoeba sp.: Pseudopodium (false foot) helps
it to move forward slowly and it is known
asamoeboid movement.
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
29/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
30/64
Feeding
Amoeba sp.: Omnivore. Eat bacteria, plantcells, algae and other microscopic organisms.
Entrapment extend pseudopodium.
Engulfment
engulf tiny food (phagocytosis)with its pseudopodia.
Digestion food enclosed in food vacuole
Absorption
enzyme digests the bacteria
Egesting expel indigestible material.
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
31/64
Reproduction
Amoeba sp.: two types of reproduction. Binary Fission nucleus divides (favourable
condition) and then follows by division of
cytoplasm. Two daughter cells are formed
(mitotic division).
Spore Formation spores form (bad
condition) and germinate into new amoeba
under favourable condition.
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
32/64
Osmoregulation
Amoeba sp.: water moves into the cell by
osmosis and prevention of bursting, it has a
contractile vacuole.
Respiration
exchange gases throughout the whole cell
membrane
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
33/64
Excretion
waste products are ammonia and carbon
dioxide by diffusion. Solid waste in
paramecium is expelled through its anal pore.
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
34/64
CELL SPECIALISATION IN
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
35/64
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS consists of
more than one cell
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
36/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
37/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
38/64
Zygote divides to form 2 identical daughter
cells and these cells in turn divide to form 4
identical cells which dividing repeatedly to
form an embryo
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
39/64
These cells grow, change shape & adapt
themselves to carry out specific functions
They differentiate & become more specialised
in order to perform specific tasks more
efficiently
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
40/64
CELL
TISSUES
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANISM
h f ll l
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
41/64
The necessity for cell specialisation
and cell organisation
Cell specialisation a process of change &
adaptation that a cell undergoes to give itspecial structures & specific functions.
Cell organisation important to multicellular
organisms as complex orgnisms requirevarious types of tissues, organs and systems to
function
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
42/64
Specialisation is essential because..
Able to carry out a specific function more
efficiently
Division of works enables the organisms to
carry out various tasks and function in an
orderly manner
All living process can be carried out more
efficiently & enables them to achieve a highergrowth rate
CELL ORGANISATION IN HUMAN &
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
43/64
CELL ORGANISATION IN HUMAN &
ANIMALS
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
44/64
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- Consists of 1 or more layers of cells
- Are tightly interconnected, little space between
- Form a continuous layer over body surfaces & inner lining of cavities
- Some also form glands
- Function: protection, secretion, absorption
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
45/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
46/64
MUSCLE TISSUES
- Most abundant
- Composed of long cells called muscl fibres
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
47/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
48/64
CONNECTIVE TISSUES- Consists of various types of cells and fibres separated by an
extracellular matrix
- Widely distributed and have many functions
- Underlies epithelial tissues consists of collagen, capillaries & spaces
- Eg: tendon, ligament, cartilage, bones, blood lymph & adipose tissue
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
49/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
50/64
Connective
tissues
Functions
CARTILAGE - Packed collagen fibres form tendons & ligaments
- Cartilage is a strong yet flexible CT to provide support to
the nose, ears & cover the ends of bones at joints
- Also forms discs between vertebrae (cushion to absorb
pressure)
BONE TISSUE - Provide protection to organs in the body & support the
body
BLOOD - Regulating , transporting and protecting
LYMPH - The fluid which leaks out of blood capillaries
FAT CELLS - Stores energy & insulate the body
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
51/64
NERVE TISSUES
- Composed of neurons
- Each neuron consists of a cell body & nerve fibres called dendrites &
axons
- Neurons -Specialised to transmit nerve impulses
- Nerve tissues control & coordinate activities of the body
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
52/64
EFFERENT
NEURON INTERNEURONAFFERENT
NEURON
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
53/64
AFFERENT (bipolar)
INTERNEURON
EFFERENT (multipolar)
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
54/64
ORGANS
Formed by 2 or more types of tissues working
together to perform particular functions
Examples: heart, lungs, skin, kidneys, eyes and
ears
Example : HEART consists of cardiac muscle,
connective tissue, nerve tissue and epithelial
tissue -> work together to pump the blood
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
55/64
SYSTEMS
Consists of several organs that cooperate to
carry out a living process such as the digestion
of food
11 major systems in human
An organ may belong to more than one
system.
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
56/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
57/64
CELL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS
Plant cells also undergo cell specialisation.
Plants organs (leaves, stem, root) are formed
from 2 main types of tissues
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
58/64
Plant tissues
Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues
Apicalmeristem
Lateralmeristem
Epidermaltissue
Vasculartissue
xylem phloem
Ground tissue
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
59/64
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
Consists of small cells, thin walls, large nuclei,
dense cytoplasm and no vacuoles
Young & actively dividing cells which have not
undergone differentiation
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
60/64
Two types:
APICAL MERISTEMS Located at the tips of roots and buds of shoots
Undergo mitotic division to increase the number of
cells
LATERAL MERISTEMS
In the peripheral area of stems & roots
Responsible for secondary growth which add girth to
the plants
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
61/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
62/64
PERMANENT TISSUES
Consist of more mature cells that are either
undergoing differentiation or already
undergone differentiation
3 types:
Epidermal
Ground
Vascular
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
63/64
7/29/2019 chapter 1 biology form 4
64/64