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Chapter 1 Chemistry 2018-2019
Chapter 1
Chemistry 2018-2019
Almost everything in our lives is affected either
directly or indirectly by the study of Chemistry.
Chemistry…
…is the study of the composition
structure, and properties of matter,
the changes matter undergoes, and the energy involved
in those processes.
Chemistry Affects Us
For the next 2-3 minutes brainstorm 3-5
ways that Chemistry is affecting or has
affected your life.
1. Organic Chemistry: Study of Carbon
containing compounds. (*exceptions)
2. Inorganic Chemistry: Study of non-
organic (non-carbon) substances, many
of which have organic fragments
bonded to metals (organometallics).
3. Physical Chemistry: Study of properties
and changes of matter and their relation
to energy.
4. Biochemistry: Study of substances and
processes occurring in living things.
5. Theoretical Chemistry: Using math and
computers to understand the principles
behind observed chemical behavior
and predict the properties of new
compounds.
6. Analytical Chemistry: The identification
of the components and composition of
the materials.
A chemical is any substance that has a
definite composition.
> Sugar
> Water
> Carbon Dioxide
What is Matter?
> Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
> Mass is the amount of matter in an object
> Volume is the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies.
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that
maintains the identity of the element.
An element is a pure substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler more stable
substances and is made of one type of atom.
A compound is a substance that can be broken
down into simple stable substances.
Compounds are made of 2 or more elements
chemically bonded.
A physical property is a characteristic
that can be observed or measured
without changing the identity of the
substance.
› Melting and Boiling Point
A physical change is a change in a
substance that does not involve a
change in the identity of the substance.
› Grinding, cutting, melting and boiling
A change of state is a physical change of a
substance from one state to another.
States of Matter: Solid state, Liquid State,
Gas or Plasma > Solid: Definite shape and volume
> Liquid: Indefinite shape and definite volume
> Gas: Indefinite shape and volume.
*A vapor is a substance that naturally occurs as a
solid or liquid but is in the gaseous state.
Plasma: High
temperature
state of matter
where atoms
lose most of
their electrons.
A chemical property relates to a
substance’s ability to undergo changes
that transform it into different substances.
(combustible, flammable, corrosive…)
A change in which one or more
substances are converted into different
substances is a chemical change or
chemical reaction.
Evidence of a Chemical Change:
Melting Point
Flammable
Magnetic
Density
Corrosive
Malleable
Toxic
Conductive
Physical
Chemical
Physical
Physical
Chemical
Physical
Chemical
Physical
Cutting wood
Burning wood
Bending a nail
A rusting nail
Ice melting
Forming a precipitate
Producing electricity
Changing color
Physical
Chemical
Physical
Chemical
Physical
Chemical
Chemical
can be BOTH
The reactants are substances that react in a
chemical change.
The products are substances that are
formed by the chemical change.
C + O2 → CO2 (Carbon plus Oxygen yields Carbon Dioxide)
Reactants Products
Energy is always involved when a
chemical or physical change occurs.
Energy can be found in various forms,
but in chemistry typical forms:
› Heat
› Light
Energy can be absorbed or released in a
change, but it is NOT destroyed or
created.
Remember from Physical Science…
Energy is the capacity to do work.
> Potential Energy: Energy of Position or Rest(stored)
> Kinetic Energy: Energy of Motion
Detectable forms of energy include: light, heat,
sound and electricity.
Law of Conservation of Energy: The total
amount of energy in the Universe is constant—it
merely changes from one form to another– energy
can be neither created nor destroyed.
Mixture:
› A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter,
each of which retains its own identity and properties.
Mixed together physically.
Can usually be separated.
Two types of Mixtures:
› Homogenous mixtures (aka solutions) are mixtures
that are uniform in composition.
Salt Water Solution
› Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform throughout
and you can separate out the different parts. Clay-Water Mixture
Chromatography: Uses differences in
dissolving ability to separate portions of a
mixture.
Filtration: Separating a solid from a liquid
from gravity or vacuum.
Distillation:
Using boiling
point
differences to
separate a
liquid from
something
dissolved in it.
01_13
Thermometer
Vapors
Distillingflask
Burner
Condenser
Receivingflask
Distillate
Water outCool
water in
Pure Substances:
› Have a fixed composition.
› Elements or compounds.
Differs from mixtures in the following ways:
› Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly
the same characteristic properties.
› Every sample has exactly the same composition.
i.e. Water is always 11.2% Hydrogen and 88.8%
oxygen by mass.
The vertical columns on the periodic
table are called groups or families. Each group contains elements with similar
chemical properties.
The horizontal rows in the periodic table
are called periods.
› Regular changes occur the physical and
chemical properties across a period.
Metals: A metal is an element that is a
good electrical and heat conductor.
Properties of Metals:
› Most are solids at room temperature
› Malleable—hammered into thin sheets
› Ductile—drawn into a wire
› Conduct heat and electricity well
Gold, Copper and Aluminum:
Non-metals: Element that is a poor
conductor of heat and electricity.
Properties of Non-metals:
› Many are gases.
› Solids are brittle.
› Poor conductors of
heat and electricity.
Carbon, Sulfur, Phosphorus and Iodine:
Metalloid: Element that has some
characteristics of both metals and non-
metals.
Properties of Metalloids:
› Solids at room temperature.
› Semi-conductors
Noble Gases: Group 18 elements only
› Generally unreactive
› Gases at room temperature
