Date post: | 25-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | tabitha-copeland |
View: | 224 times |
Download: | 5 times |
Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter 1
Chemistry◦ The study of matter and changes it undergoes
Organic Chemistry◦ Carbon containing chemicals◦ Pharmaceuticals (drugs), plastics
Inorganic Chemistry◦ Matter with no Carbon◦ Minerals, metals and non-metals
Branches of Chemistry
Physical Chemistry◦ Behavior and change of matter and energy
(chemistry and physics combined)◦ Reaction Rates, reaction mechanisms (how fast
reactions take place and how to speed them up) Analytical Chemistry
◦ Composition of substance◦ Food nutrients, quality control, FDA
Biochemistry◦ Processes of living organisms◦ Metabolism, fermentation
Branches of Chemistry
The scientific method is an organized set of investigation procedures.
• 6 common steps1. State the problem2. Gather information3. Forming a hypothesis4. Testing the hypothesis5. Analyzing the data6. Drawing a conclusion
Scientific Method
1.State the Problem(Questions)2.Make Observation – do research
Visual Observations Existing Knowledge
3.Create a Hypothesis Tentative explanation, a testable statement or
prediction DOES NOT need to be a question
Scientific Method (Step 1,2,3)
4.Experiments Set of controlled observations Tests one variable at a time
Independent Variable- Plan to change Dependent Variable- Value changes in
response to independent variable Control Group- Standard for comparison Experimental Group – Where one changes the
independent variable.
Scientific Method (Step 4)
5.Data: Graphs, Tables, Lists, etc.Collect data
◦ Qualitative Data- describes a property w/out measurements, uses senses (ex. Color)
◦ Quantitative data – data collected using measurements (ex. Volume)
6.Conclusion Judgment based on information; Responds to purpose;
Analysis of results
Scientific Method (Step 5,6)
◦ Explanation supported by many, many experiments can be modified, lead to new conclusions
◦ Examples of Theories:
Scientific Theory
◦ No exceptions to laws, in any experiment
◦ Example of Laws:
Scientific Law
Law of Conservation of Mass
Total amount of matter in the universe remains constant
Matter can’t be created nor destroyed Total amount b/4 reaction= total amount
after reaction Ex. Balancing equations
Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can’t be created nor destroyed Total amount remains constant Can transform into different types of energyEx. Match: potential chemical energy into
heat, light, sound, kinetic
Scientific Research◦ Pure Research: seeks for knowledge itself◦ Applied Research:To solve specific problem
(disease research) Chance discoveries
◦ Botox
Research
Anything that has mass and takes up space. Examples of matter:
Examples of non-matter:
Matter
a. Inertia
Resistance to change in motion or resistance to change in direction or rate
b. Mass
Amount of matter in an objectMeasure of the inertiaDoes NOT change from place to place
Measure with a balance
c. Weight
Measure of the force of gravity between 2 objects
Weight= mass X gravityChanges with locationMeasure with scale
2. Energy
Property possessed by matter, ability to do work
We are interested in the energy changes that take place
Types of Energy Potential- energy due to the objects
position, also stored energy (ex. Battery- chemical potential energy)
Kinetic- energy of motion Radiant- energy that goes in all directions
(light, x-rays, UV), transferred by electromagnetic waves
Other- heat, sound, nuclear, electric
Visual, verbal, and/or mathematical explanations of how things occur.
Where have you seen models before?
Models
Lab Equipment
Lab Equipment