Chapter 1Human Engineering Acceptable
PerformanceHuman Performance Engineering
Robert W. Bailey, Ph.D.
Third Edition
• SYSTEM- AN ENTITY THAT EXISTS TO CARRY OUT SOME PURPOSE.
• SYSTEM DESIGNERS- DETERMINE WHAT MUST BE DONE AND THE BEST WAY TO DO IT.
PEOPLE SPECIALIST-
• 1. TRAINED COMPUTER PSYCHOLOGIST AS AN ACTIVE MEMBER OF THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TEAM
• 2. COMPUTER PSYCHOLIGIST ACT AS A CONSULTANT TO THE TEAM
• 3. SOMEONE ALREADY ON THE TEAM BECOMES FAMILIAR ENOUGH WITH PSYCHOLOGY AND HUMAN FACTORS
ENGINEERING ?
• HUMAN PERFORMANCE- THE RESULT OF A PATTERN OF ACTIONS
CARRIED OUT TO SATISFY AN OBJECTIVE ACCORDING TO SOME STANDARD.
• STANDARDS-
MUST BE KNOWN TO THE USER
AND BE MEANINGFUL AND MEASURABLE.
ACTIONS OBJECTIVE STANDARD
Terminal use
Observable
a. Sit at keyboard Enter data into Computer Accuracy 99.8%
b. Strike keys with Rate:30,000 keystrokes a day
fingers
c. Look at source data Skill Development Time:
sheet three months
Satisfaction: high
Nonobservable
a. Emphasize speed
over accuracy
b. Try to ignore distractions
ActionsObservable
Driving aCar a. Put key in ignition
b. Start Carc. Look for obstructiond. Press acceleratore. Drive onto highwayf. Watch for other carsg. Shift gears
Nonobservable
a. Consider destinationb. Think about directionsc. Interpret road signs
Objective
Move car from point Ato point B
Standard
Accuracy: no accidentsRate: within posted speed limitSkill Development Time:three monthsSatisfaction: high
Actions Observable
Problem a. Observing displayssolving b. Observing warningsduring c. Talking/swearing/a nuclear angry remarksreactor d. Flushed facesproblem e. Walking back and forth
f. Waving arms in air g. Nodding head h. Pushing buttons
i. Moving levers j. Listening
Nonobservable
a. Considering the meaning of display readingsb. Thinking of possible alternatives
Objective
a. Determine what is wrongb. Take appropriate
action
Standard
Accuracy: do not make one wrong action Time: solve the problem before the core is damaged and/or radiation is releasedSkill Development Time:One month
Satisfaction: moderate do not want discouragement
Figure 1-1 Performance degradation possibly related to gunsight.
Performance Standards
Figure 1-2 Performance degradation possibly related to steadiness
MEASURING STANDARDS:
•ACCURACY
•USER SPEED
•SKILL DEVELOPMENT TIME
•USER SATISFACTION
HUMAN PERFORMANCE MODEL:SOMEBODY DOING SOMETHING IN SOMEPLACE
WHICH ELEMENTS DO DESIGNERS HAVE CONTROL OVER?
• The general state or condition of the human
• The activity, including any required tools or equipment
• The context in which an activity is performed
Figure 1-4 Human performance model
SENSORS BRAIN RESPONDERS
Human
HUMAN:SENSORSRESPONDERSBRAIN PROCESSING
OTHER FACTORS:SLEEP, FATIGUEILLNESS, DRUG REACTIONS
WHAT OTHER HUMAN CHARACTERISTIC WOULD EFFECT PERFORMANCE?
• MOTIVATION
ACTIVITY
-DESIGNER IS CONCERNED WITH ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS.
-USER IS ORIENTED TO JUST GETTING THROUGH THE DAY.
-SHOULD BE THOUGHTFULLY CREATED BY AN INNOVATIVE DESIGNER.
CONTEXT
PHYSICAL CONTEXT
WHAT PHYSICAL CONDITIONS HAVE BEEN STUDIED?
SOCIAL CONTEXT
HOME COURT ADVANTAGE
MAJOR HUMAN PERFORMANCE ISSUES
1. HUMAN PERFORMANCE VERSUS SYSTEM PERFORMANCE (COMPUTER, EQUIPEMENT, OTHER PEOPLE)
AIRLINE ACCIDENT-> HUMAN ERROR AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT ->HUMAN ERROR
EX. BOY ON BICYCLE VS. BOY ON POGO STICK
MAJOR HUMAN PERFORMANCE ISSUES
2. HUMAN PERFORMANCE VERSUS HUMAN BEHAVIOR
PERFORMANCE IS MEETING YOUR OBJECTIVE –A RESULT.
BEHAVIOR IS THE ACTIONS LEADING TO THIS RESULT.
HUMAN PERFORANCE ENGINEEERING:
1. SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PERFORMANCE- RELATED PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS.
2. TRANSLATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS INTO MEANINGFUL HUMAN PERFORMANCE DATA, DESIGN PRINCIPLES, METHODOLOGIES, AND TECHNIQUES.
3. APPLICATION OF THIS INFORMATION IN SYSTEMS.
RESEARCH
Basic General-vision
-memory -learning
Applied General -typing errors-size of dials
-work motivation
Specific -best layout for keyboard -best shape for telephone
-best set of commands
-JOURNAL ARTICLES-TECHINICAL REPORTS
TRANSLATION
Human Performance -principles
-data -methodologies
-techniques
-Textbooks-Handbooks
-Training Courses
APPLICATIONS
Well-designed SystemsNew Methods,
Techniques, Principles, Etc.
Hardware Engineers Software Engineers
System Engineers
Human Performance Consultants
Human PerformanceDesigners
-design -training
-documentation-others
Figure 1-8 Human performance engineering