1 Introduction C H A P T E R 11/19/98 Environmental Stewardship Policy It is Brookhaven National Laboratory’s (BNL’s) policy to integrate environmental stewardship into all facets of the Laboratory’s missions. We will manage our programs in a manner that protects the ecosystem and public health. In support of this policy, BNL makes the following commitments: ♦ We are committed to achieving compliance with applicable environmental requirements. ♦ In consideration of the potential impacts of our activities on the environment, we will integrate pollution prevention/waste minimization, resource conservation, and compliance into all of our planning and decision-making. We will adopt cost- effective practices that eliminate, minimize or mitigate environmental impacts. ♦ We will define, prioritize, and aggressively correct and clean up existing environmental problems. ♦ We will work to continually improve our environmental management system and performance. We will establish appropriate environmental objectives and performance indicators to guide these efforts and measure our progress. ♦ We will maintain a positive, proactive, and constructive relationship with our neighbors in the community, regulators, DOE, and our other stakeholders. We will openly communicate with stakeholders on our progress and performance. In addition to my annual review of BNL’s progress on environmental goals and adherence to this policy, I invite all interested parties to provide me with input on our performance relative to this policy, and the policy itself. John H. Marburger, Laboratory Director Date Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a research facility situated on 21.3 square kilo- meters (5263 acres) in Brookhaven Township on Long Island, New York. BNL has a compre- hensive environmental protection and monitor- ing program. The Site Environmental Report is prepared annually by BNL to summarize the Laboratory’s environmental performance and to describe what impact, if any, BNL operations have on the environment. Key to evaluating the monitoring data used in determining what im- pact the Laboratory may be having on the envi- ronment is the understanding of local site char- acteristics in terms of human population, geol- ogy and hydrology, climatic data and ecologi- cal resources.
Transcript
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1998 SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT1-1
1Introduction
C H A P T E R
11/19/98
Environmental Stewardship Policy
It is Brookhaven National Laboratory’s (BNL’s) policy tointegrate environmental stewardship into all facets of theLaboratory’s missions. We will manage our programs in a
manner that protects the ecosystem and public health.
In support of this policy,BNL makes the following commitments:
♦
We are committed to achieving compliance with applicableenvironmental requirements.
♦
In consideration of the potential impacts of our activities on theenvironment, we will integrate pollution prevention/waste
minimization, resource conservation, and compliance into allof our planning and decision-making. We will adopt cost-
effective practices that eliminate, minimize or mitigateenvironmental impacts.
♦
We will define, prioritize, and aggressively correct and clean upexisting environmental problems.
♦
We will work to continually improve our environmentalmanagement system and performance.
We will establish appropriate environmental objectivesand performance indicators to guide these efforts
and measure our progress.♦
We will maintain a positive, proactive, and constructiverelationship with our neighbors in the community, regulators,DOE, and our other stakeholders. We will openly communicate
with stakeholders on our progress and performance.
In addition to my annual review of BNL’s progress onenvironmental goals and adherence to this policy, I invite all
interested parties to provide me with input on our performancerelative to this policy, and the policy itself.
John H. Marburger, Laboratory Director
Date
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a
research facility situated on 21.3 square kilo-
meters (5263 acres) in Brookhaven Township
on Long Island, New York. BNL has a compre-
hensive environmental protection and monitor-
ing program. The Site Environmental Report is
prepared annually by BNL to summarize the
Laboratory’s environmental performance and
to describe what impact, if any, BNL operations
have on the environment. Key to evaluating the
monitoring data used in determining what im-
pact the Laboratory may be having on the envi-
ronment is the understanding of local site char-
acteristics in terms of human population, geol-
ogy and hydrology, climatic data and ecologi-
cal resources.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1998 SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL
LABORATORY
1.1. PURPOSE OF THE 1998 SITE ENVIRONMENTALREPORT (SER)
The SER summarizes the efforts, data, andstatus of BNL’s environmental protection,compliance and monitoring programs forcalendar year 1998. This report is prepared inaccordance with the U.S. Department ofEnergy (DOE) Order 5400.1, “General Envi-ronmental Protection Program.” This ordersets forth the requirements for environmentalprotection programs at DOE facilities toensure that operations fully comply withapplicable federal, state, and local environ-mental laws and regulations, executive orders,and with DOE policies. A condensed version ofthe SER, referred to as the Summary Report, isalso available. The Summary Report, writtenwith a minimum of technical terminology, isused to provide information to visitors, stu-dents, and members of the public in support ofBNL’s educational and community outreachprograms.
1.2. THE HISTORY AND MISSION OFBROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY
BNL is operated for DOE by BrookhavenScience Associates (BSA), a partnership ofBattelle Memorial Institute and the StateUniversity of New York at Stony Brook(SUNY). BSA entered into an agreement withthe DOE under contract DE-AC02-98CH10886and began operating BNL on March 1, 1998.Prior to that, BNL was operated by AssociatedUniversities, Incorporated (AUI).
BNL is a world class scientific researchlaboratory founded in 1947 on the site of theU.S. Army’s former Camp Upton. BNL’s mainmission is basic and applied research in avariety of scientific fields from physics, chemis-try and materials science to biology, medicineand forefront technology. In undertakingresearch, it is BNL’s policy to integrate envi-ronmental stewardship into all facets of theLaboratory’s missions, and to manage pro-grams in a manner that protects the ecosystemand public health. The cover page to thischapter presents BNL’s Environmental Stew-ardship Policy, and affirms this committment.The policy was signed by the LaboratoryDirector, John H. Marburger, on November 19,1998.
At the heart of BNL are a number of largeand unique research facilities. These sophisti-cated facilities allow thousands of BNL
scientists and visiting researchers fromacademia and industry to extend the bound-aries of knowledge and technology. BNL’sscientific history began in 1950 with theoperation of the Brookhaven Graphite Re-search Reactor (BGRR), the first of threeresearch reactors used for peaceful scientificexploration. The BGRR was joined in 1952 bythe Cosmotron, the first particle physicsaccelerator to achieve billion-electron-voltenergies. Work at the Cosmotron resulted in aNobel Prize-winning discovery in 1957. In1960, the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron(AGS), a large accelerator, was built to surpassthe Cosmotron’s capabilities. It has yieldedmany discoveries on new particles and phe-nomena for which BNL researchers wereawarded Nobel Prizes in physics in 1973, 1980,and 1988. Another accelerator, the Tandem Vande Graaff, began operating in 1970. Today,Brookhaven is looking forward to 1999 whenphysicists will begin touse the newestaccelerator, theRelativistic HeavyIon Collider(RHIC). TheRHIC will beable torecreate astate ofmatterthat wasbelievedto be seenmomentsafter theuniverse’sformation.
Medicalresearch at BNLbegan in 1950, with theopening of the first hospital devoted to nuclearmedicine. It was fueled by a modern MedicalResearch Center (MRC) in 1958, theBrookhaven Medical Research Reactor(BMRR) in 1959, and the Brookhaven LinacIsotope Producer (BLIP) in 1973. Chemists andphysicians teamed up to view the inner work-ings of the brain in 1977 with the advent ofPositron Emission Tomography (PET) cam-eras. Two more imaging techniques wereadded to PET to form the Center for Imagingand Neuroscience in 1996.
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★
NEW YORK★BNL
Figure 1-1. Regional Locationof Brookhaven National Laboratory
A range of research from solid-state physicsto art history was made possible starting in1965, when the High Flux Beam Reactor(HFBR) began providing neutrons to research-ers of all disciplines. In 1982, the NationalSynchrotron Light Source (NSLS) beganoperation. The NSLS guides charged particlesin an orbit. As the electrons whirl aroundinside a hollow donut-shaped tube called an“electron storage ring,” they give off lightcalled “synchrotron light.” This light, whichcan be detected by specialized instruments, isused to study the properties of matter.
The Laboratory’s treatment of the environ-ment did not measure up to its world classstatus in science. Historical waste managementpractices led to releases of chemicals andradioactive materials which resulted in soil andgroundwater contamination. In 1989, BNLjoined a number of Long Island sites added tothe federal Superfund National Priorities List.Remediation of soil, groundwater and otherwaste disposal areas is proceeding. The year1997 was an eventful one at BNL, with many
environmental issues coming to light; the mostnoteworthy of which prompted the shut downof the HFBR (See Section 1.4 for more details).In the year the Laboratory celebrated its 50thanniversary, DOE terminated the AUI operat-ing contract for poor environmental perfor-mance.
After a competitive bidding process thatbegan in 1997, BSA was selected to succeedAUI in managing BNL. BSA is committed toguiding BNL into the 21st century, with acombination of excellent science, environmen-tal protection and community involvement.
1.3. SITE LOCATION AND LOCAL POPULATION
Brookhaven National Laboratory is locatednear the geographical center of SuffolkCounty, Long Island, about 97 kilometers(km), or 60 miles (mi), east of New York City(Figure 1-1). About a third of the 1.36 millionpeople that reside in Suffolk County live inBrookhaven Township where the Laboratory issituated (LIPA, 1998). Approximately eight
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Figure 1-2. Residential Populationof Long Island
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Figure 1-4. Residential Locationsof BNL Employees
thousand people live within a one-half km (0.3mi) of the Laboratory’s boundaries. Figure 1-2shows the distribution of the resident popula-tion on Long Island. Figure 1-3 shows theonsite and resident population surroundingthe site within a one-half km (0.3 mi). Al-though much of the land area within a 16 km(9.9 mi) radius of BNL is either forested orcultivated, there has been an increase inresidential housing in recent years, a trend thatis expected to continue.
BNL has over 3,000 employees. As shown inFigure 1-4, more than 75 percent of BNL’semployees live within a 15-mile radius of thelaboratory. In addition, more than 4,000visiting scientists come from all over the worldeach year to conduct research at the laboratory.While conducting their research, these visitingscientists either live on or offsite. Adding toour onsite staff and visiting scientists, morethan 10,000 student visitors and other membersof the public visited the laboratory in 1998 toparticipate in education and public outreachactivities. See Chapter 2 for more information.
1.4. FACILITY DESCRIPTION
BNL’s site consists of 21.3 sq-km (5263 acres).Most principal facilities are located near the
center of the site. The developed area is ap-proximately 6.7 sq-km (1,656 acres), of whichabout 2.02 sq-km (500 acres) were originallydeveloped by the Army (as part of CampUpton), and about 0.81 sq-km (200 acres) areoccupied by various large, specialized researchfacilities. Outlying facilities occupy about 2.22sq-km (549 acres); these include the SewageTreatment Plant (STP), research agriculturalfields, housing, and fire breaks. The balance ofthe site is largely wooded.
The major scientific facilities are picturedand briefly described in Figure 1-5. The HighFlux Beam Reactor is pictured in Figure 1-6.
Additional radiological programs forscientific investigations are carried out at otherBNL facilities including those of the MedicalResearch Center, Biology, Chemistry, andApplied Technology programs.
In addition to the scientific facilities, thereare numerous other major facilities, whichprovide support to BNL’s science and technol-ogy mission. Among these are:♦ Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) - The STP,
shown in Figure 1-7, has a design capacityof 11.3 million liters per day (MLD) [3.0million gallons per day (MGD)] andreceives sanitary and certain process waste
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Figure 1-5. Major Scientific Facilities
1. RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLIDER (RHIC)Now under construction, RHIC will soon be one of the world’s largest andmost powerful accelerators. RHIC’s main physics mission is to study particlessmaller than atoms.
2. ALTERNATING GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (AGS)The AGS is used for high-energy physics research and accelerates protons toenergies up to 30 GeV, and heavy-ion beams to 15 GeV. A 200 MeV LinearAccelerator, described below, serves as a proton injector for the AGS andalso supplies a continuous beam of protons for radionuclide production byspallation reactions in the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP) facility.
3. AGS BOOSTERThe AGS Booster is a circular accelerator, 200 meters in circumference, thatreceives either a proton beam from the Linac, or heavy ions from theTandem Van de Graaff. The Booster accelerates proton particles and heavyions before injecting them into the AGS ring. This facility became operationalin 1992.
4. LINEAR ACCELERATOR (Linac) AND BROOKHAVEN LINACISOTOPE PRODUCER (BLIP)The Linac makes beams of polarized protons for the AGS and, when itbecomes operational, for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). BLIPutilizes the excess beam capacity of the Linac to produce radioisotopes usedin research and medical imaging. It is one of the key production facilities inthe nation for radioisotopes which are crucial to clinical nuclear medicine. Italso supports research at BNL on new diagnostic and therapeuticradiopharmaceuticals.
5. HEAVY ION TRANSFER LINE (HITL)The HITL connects the Tandem Van de Graaff and the AGS. This intercon-nection permits ions of intermediate mass to be injected into the AGS wherethey can be accelerated to an energy of 15 GeV/amu. These ions then areextracted and sent to the AGS experimental area for physics research.
6. RADIATION THERAPY FACILITY (RTF)Part of the Medical Research Center (MRC), the RTF is a high-energy dualX-ray mode linear accelerator for radiation therapy of cancer patients. This
accelerator delivers therapeutically useful beams of X-rays and electrons forconventional and advanced medical radiotherapy techniques.
7. BROOKHAVEN MEDICAL RESEARCH REACTOR (BMRR)The Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor (BMRR) was the world’s firstnuclear reactor built exclusively for medical research applications. Itproduces neutrons in an optimal energy range for a promising experimentaltreatment for a type of brain cancer known as glioblastoma multiforme. TheBMRR is an integral part of the MRC.
8. SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (STEM)This facility actually includes two microscopes, STEM 1 and STEM 3, used forbiological research. Both powerful devices allow scientists to see the intricatedetails of living things, from bacteria to human tissue.
9. NATIONAL SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCE (NSLS)The NSLS utilizes a linear accelerator and booster synchrotron as aninjection system for two electron storage rings which operate at energies of750 MeV vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), and 2.5 GeV (x-ray). The synchrotronradiation produced by the stored electrons is used for VUV spectroscopy andfor x-ray diffraction studies.
10. HIGH FLUX BEAM REACTOR (HFBR)The High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR) is one of the premier neutron physicsresearch facilities in the world. Neutron beams produced at the HFBR areused to investigate the molecular structure of materials which aid inpharmaceutical design and materials development, as well as expandingthe current knowledge base of physics, chemistry and biology. Due to a leakin the fuel storage pool which was discovered in 1997. Since that time, theHFBR has not been in operation.
11. TANDEM VAN DE GRAAFF AND CYCLOTRONThese two facilities are used in medium-energy physics investigations, andfor producing special nuclides. The heavy ions from the Tandem Van deGraaff also can be injected into the AGS for physics experiments.
12. BROOKHAVEN GRAPHITE RESEARCH REACTOR (BGRR)No longer in operation, the BGRR was used to research cancer therapymethods, such as boron neutron capture therapy.
waters from BNL facilities for treatmentprior to discharge into the Peconic River.The discharge, which is called effluent, iscarefully monitored and controlled under apermit issued by the New York State Depart-ment of Environmental Conservation(NYSDEC). See Chapter 2 for additionalinformation on this facility and environ-mental permits.
♦ Water Treatment Plant (WTP) - The WTPis a potable water treatment facility with acapacity of 19 MLD (5 MGD). During thetreatment process, potable water obtainedfrom three wells located along the westernboundary of the developed site is treatedwith a lime-softening process to removenaturally occurring iron. The WTP is alsoequipped with dual air-stripping towers toensure that volatile organic compounds areat or below New York State Drinking WaterStandards.
♦ Central Steam Facility (CSF) - The CSFprovides high-pressure steam used for bothfacility and process heating. Steam isconveyed to the user facilities through aseries of underground piping. Condensate iscollected and returned to the CSF for reuseas a water and energy conservation measure.
See Chapter 2 for more information aboutPollution Prevention initiatives at the CSF.
♦ Major Petroleum Facility (MPF) - The MPFprovides the petroleum reserve needed foroperating the CSF. This facility has a totalcapacity of 8.7 million liters (2.3 milliongallons) for storing predominately fuel oilNo. 6. The recent installation of a naturalgas line has reduced BNL’s reliance on oilas the primary source of fuel.
♦ Central Chilled Water Plant - This facilityprovides chilled water for ventilation andprocess cooling via a network of under-ground piping. The plant has a largerefrigeration capacity, which reduces thenecessity for local refrigeration plants, andonce-through cooling.
♦ Waste Management Facility (WMF) - TheWMF is a state-of-the-art complex of fourbuildings for managing the wastes gener-ated during BNL’s research and operationactivities. This facility, which opened inDecember 1997, was built with advancedenvironmental protection systems andfeatures. The WMF houses two areaspermitted by the NYSDEC for storing andtreating hazardous wastes, prior to ship-ment offsite for treatment and disposal at
Figure 1-6.High Flux BeamReactor. (HFBR)
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1998 SITE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT1-9
Figure 1-8. Use of Groundwater at BNL
19%
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and Evaporation
Discharged to Peconic
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other permitted Treatment, Storage, andDisposal Facilities.
1.5. GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY
The terrain of the site is gently rolling, withelevations varying between 13.3 and 36.6meters (44 and 120 feet) above sea level. Theland lies on the western rim of the shallowPeconic River watershed. The marshy areas inthe north and eastern sections of the site arepart of the headwaters of the Peconic River.The Peconic River both recharges to, andreceives water from, the sole source aquifersystem underneath Long Island, depending onthe position of the water table relative to thebase of the river bed. In times of sustaineddrought, the river water typically recharges togroundwater while with normal to above-normal precipitation, the river receives waterfrom the aquifer.
BNL uses approximately 10 MLD (2.6 MGD)of groundwater to meet potable water needs inaddition to heating and cooling requirements.Approximately 74 percent of the total water isreturned to the aquifer through onsite rechargebasins. About 19 percent is discharged into thePeconic River. Human consumption, evapora-tion (cooling-tower-and wind-losses) and sewerline losses account for the remaining sevenpercent. An additional 2.13 MLD (0.56 MGD)of groundwater are pumped from remediationwells for treatment, and then returned to theaquifer by the use of recharge basins. SeeFigure 1-8 for a graphical representation ofgroundwater usage at BNL.
Studies of Long Island hydrology andgeology in the vicinity of the Laboratoryindicate that the uppermost Pleistocenedeposits (referred as the Upper Glacial Aqui-fer) are between 36 and 77 meters (120 and 250feet) thick, and are generally composed ofhighly permeable glacial sands and gravel(Warren et al., 1968). Water penetrates thesedeposits readily, and there is little direct run-off into surface streams unless precipitation isintense. On average, about half of the annualprecipitation is lost to the atmosphere throughevapotranspiration, and the other half perco-lates through the soil to recharge groundwater(Koppleman, 1978).
Many factors affect groundwater flow in thevicinity of BNL. An east-west groundwaterdivide is located approximately 0.8 km (0.5
miles) north of BNL (Scorca, et. al., 1997). Asecond groundwater divide, which transectsportions of the BNL site during periods ofhigh water table position (i.e., during periodsof inflow from the aquifer to the stream bed),defines the southern boundary of the areacontributing groundwater to the Peconic Riverwatershed. Groundwater flow direction acrossthe BNL site is influenced by natural drainagesystems varying between being eastward alongthe Peconic River, southeastward towards theForge River, and southward toward theCarmans River. Figure 1-9 shows the typicalground water directional flow and elevation interms of feet above mean sea level (AMSL). Ifdepth to groundwater were measured from thesurface of the land, it ranges from 1.52 meters(5 feet) near the Peconic River to about 24.38meters (80 feet) in the higher elevation areas inthe central and western portions of the site. Inmost areas at BNL, the horizontal velocity ofgroundwater is approximately 23 cm (0.75 feet)per day. In general terms, it takes approxi-mately 20 to 22 years for groundwater to travelfrom the central, developed area of the site, tothe BNL southern boundary.
BNL’s site was identified by the Long IslandRegional Planning Board and Suffolk Countyas being over a deep-flow recharge zone forLong Island (Koppleman, 1978). This findingindicates that precipitation and surface waterwhich recharge within this zone have the
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potential to replenish the lower aquifersystems lying below the Upper Glacial Aqui-fer. It is estimated that up to two-fifths of therecharge from rainfall moves into the deeperaquifers. The extent to which groundwater at
the BNL site contributes to deep flow rechargehas been confirmed through the use of anextensive network of shallow and deep wellsinstalled at BNL and surrounding areas(Geraghty and Miller, 1996). In coastal areas,
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Figure 1-10. Annual Wind Rose for 1998
Notes:1. The arrows formed by the wedges indicate wind
direction. This diagram indicates that the pre-dominant wind direction in 1998 was towardsthe north-northeast.
2. Each concentric circle represents a 5 percentfrequency, so wind blew towards the NNE 12%of the time in 1998.
3. Wind was calm 2.3% of the time in 19984. Wind directions were measured at a hieght
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these lower aquifers discharge to the AtlanticOcean or to the Long Island Sound.
1.6. CLIMATIC DATA
The Laboratory can be characterized as abreezy, well-ventilated site, like most of theeastern seaboard. The prevailing ground levelwinds are from the southwest during thesummer, from the northwest during the winter,and about equal from these two directionsduring the spring and fall (Nagle, 1975; Nagle,1978). “A Wind Rose” is a graphical depictionof the annual frequency distribution of windspeed and direction. Figure 1-10 shows the1998 annual Wind Rose for BNL, measured ata height of 88 meters (288 feet).
The total precipitation for 1998 was 144centimeters (cm), or 56.61 inches (in), whichis about 20.32 cm (8 in) above the 50-yearannual average. Most of the precipitationwas received from January throughJune. Precipitation for the months ofJuly to December was below normalfor 1998, leading to drier conditionson site at the end of 1998. Figures 1-11 and 1-12, respectively, present the1998 monthly and historical precipi-tation data. The monthly meantemperature in 1998 was 11.7°C (53.1°F), ranging from a monthly meanlow temperature of -2.3°C (27.8 °F) toa monthly mean high temperature of28.3°C (83 °F). Figure 1-13 shows the1998 and historical monthly meantemperatures.
1.7. ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
BNL natural resources have been extensivelymapped to identify any environmentallysensitive areas, and to inventory biologicalspecies. Over 230 plant species have beenidentified onsite.
The Laboratory is located in a section of theOak/Chestnut forest region of the CoastalPlain. BNL property constitutes five percent of404.7 sq-km (100,000 acre) Pine Barrens onLong Island. Because of the general topogra-phy and porous soil, there is little surface run-off or open water. Upland soils tend to be verywell drained, while depressions form smallpocket wetlands with standing water on aseasonal basis. There are also six major regu-lated wetlands onsite. Hence, a mosaic of wetand dry areas on the site are correlated with
variations in topography and depth to thewater table. Without fires or other distur-bances, the vegetation normally follows themoisture gradient closely. In actuality, vegeta-tion onsite is in various stages of succession,reflecting the history of disturbances to thearea, the most important having been landclearing, fire, local flooding, and draining.
The fifteen mammal species endemic to thesite include species common to mixed hard-wood forests and open grassland habitats. Thewhite-tailed deer density is at least 100 persquare mile according to a BNL deer popula-
tion study issued in 1993 (Thomlinson, 1993).At least 85 species of birds have been observedat BNL, a result of its location within theAtlantic Flyway, and the scrub/shrub habitatswhich offer food and rest to migratory song-birds. Open fields bordered by hardwoodforests at the recreation complex are excellenthunting areas for hawks. Nine amphibian andten reptile species have been identified. Perma-nently flooded retention basins and otherwatercourses support aquatic reptiles. Recentecological studies at the BNL site have con-firmed thirteen breeding sites for the NYS-endangered eastern tiger salamander (Am-bystoma Tigrinum) in BNL’s vernal ponds andsome recharge basins. Figure 1-14 is a photo-graph of the spotted salamander (AmbystomaMaculatum). Nine species of fish have alsobeen identified. The banded sunfish(Eanneacanthus Obesus) is a NYS species of“special concern”, as it occurs solely within thePeconic River system: it has been confirmed asinhabiting the Peconic River onsite (Scheibel,
Corin, L.P. 1990. Review of Federally Threatened orEndangered Species Potentially Impacted byConstruction of the RHIC at Brookhaven NationalLaboratory. Letter to Gerald C. Kinne, September25, 1990.Geragthy and Miller, Inc. 1996. Regional Ground-water Model, Brookhaven National Laboratory,Upton, New York. A report to Brookhaven NationalLaboratory, November 1996.Koppelman, L. 1978. Long Island Waste TreatmentManagement Plan, Vol. I and II. July, 1978.Long Island Power Authority (LIPA). 1998. Popula-tion Survey 1998: Current Population Estimates forNassau and Suffolk Counties and the RockawayPeninsula. September, 1998.Nagle, C. M. 1975. Climatology of BrookhavenNational Laboratory: 1949-1973. BNL Report No.50466, November 1975.
1990; Corin, 1990). Part of the Peconic Riverrunning through BNL’s property was desig-nated “scenic” in accordance with the NYS’sWild, Scenic, and Recreational River SystemsAct.
Nagle, C. M. 1978. Climatology of BrookhavenNational Laboratory: 1974 through 1977. BNLReport No. 50857, May, 1978.Scheibel, M.S. 1990. Review of New York StateEndangered Species Potentially Impacted byConstruction of the RHIC at Brookhaven NationalLaboratory. Letter to Gerald C. Kinne, September24, 1990.Thomlinson, W. 1993. Deer Population Estimatefor the BNL Site. Summer project Report, March,1993.Warren, M. A., W. de Laguna, and N.J. Lusczynski1968. Hydrology of Brookhaven National Labora-tory and Vicinity. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin,1156-C.
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