Chapter 1:New World Beginnings

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How to take lecture notes… Today we are going to start our first lecture lesson.

Each lesson I give in this class will have a PowerPointpresentation.

It is very important that you listen to what I say AND write down the important information discussed.

All tests and quizzes will include questions from

information we discuss in class… many times this information is NOT in your textbook.

I will NOT give you everything you need to know. You must also study your textbook and other related resources to do well on tests and quizzes.

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Each new slide will usually start with a Roman Numeral and a Title.

For my lectures, I will use a PowerPoint presentation with bulleted points. You will take notes on a broken outline.

Most of the time the bullet point will be a word, concept, or short phrase that is important!

You must write it down and listen to my explanation. If you have questions……ASK!

By the end of the days’ lecture, you will have an exact copy of my notes!

How to take lecture notes…

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I. The First Americans

• How did the Native Americans get

here?

• Supercontinent

• Land bridge

• By 1492 there were millions of

Native Americans

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Land Bridge

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• What was Native American society

like before European contact?

• Few large community groups

– Most were spread out

– Aztecs & Incas

• Revolution in Farming

– Farming communities larger than

hunting

– Maize

• Pueblo Indians

– Three Sister Farming 6

Three

Sister

Farming

Three Sister Farming

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Corn Culture

• This statue of a corn

goddess made between 200

and 600 B.C.E. vividly

illustrates the centrality of

corn to native American

peoples, a thousand years

before the rise of the great

Incan and Aztec empires

that the Europeans later

encountered.

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• European crusaders

• Asia

– Spices, silk and

other exotic goods

• Africa

– Gold & slaves

• Difficult trade routes

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Asia and the “Indies”

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The Known World After Magellan

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• What spurred the Age of

Exploration?

– Spunky Turtles Really Prefer Rockets

– Spices

– Technology

– Renaissance (Age of Curiosity)

– Power and Fame

– Religion

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New Maritime Technologies

Hartman Astrolabe(1532) –

Uses the stars to tell time

Better Maps

Mariner’s Compass

Sextant –helps determine

location

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New Weapons Technology

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• Christopher Columbus

– Hero or villain?

• Sought a water route to the Indies

• Financed by Ferdinand of Aragon

& Isabella of Castile

• Landed in the Bahamas (1492)

• Spanish vast empire

• Conquistadors

– Win souls and find gold

– Encomienda

• Ferdinand Magellan

– 1st circumnavigation of the globe

AND

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1512: Encomienda

• The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to

control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior

during the colonization of the Americas. Under the

encomienda system, conquistadors and other leaders

(encomenderos) received grants of a number of Indians,

from whom they could exact “tribute” in the form of gold

or labor. The encomenderos were supposed to protect

and Christianize the Indians granted to them, but they

most often used the system to effectively enslave the

Indians and take their lands.

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Encomienda

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Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

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Columbus’ Four Voyages

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Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:

1519-1522

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• Global society

• Exchange of plants, animals & diseases

• Years of isolation = weak immunity for Natives

• Columbian Exchange explains…

– Why Indians died out

– Why Europe prospered

– Why African slaves were brought to

America

• Crops from the Americans contributed to

European population growth

– The potato in Ireland!

• Should we blame the Europeans for the rapid

spread of disease? 21

– Potatoes in all of Ireland in 1491: zero

Tomatoes in all of Italy in 1491: zero

Peppers in all of Spain in 1491: zero

Strawberries in all of England in 1491: zero

Cocoa beans in all of Switzerland in 1491: zero

Ears of corn in all of Europe in 1491: zero

– Horses on the Great Plains of North America in

1491: zero

Coffee plants in South America in 1491: zero

Cane sugar plants in the Caribbean in 1491:

zero

Fields of bluegrass in Kentucky: zero

Wheat stalks in all of the Americas in 1491:

zero

Columbian Exchange Trivia

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– Major diseases transmitted from the Old World

to the New World after 1492: smallpox,

influenza, typhoid fever, cholera, scarlet fever,

yellow fever, malaria, measles, tuberculosis,

bubonic plague

– Major diseases transmitted from the New World

to the Old World after 1492: syphilis

– European cities more populous than the Aztec

capital of Tenochtitlan in 1515: none

– Rank of the Inca among largest empires in the

world in 1492: 1

Columbian Exchange Trivia

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Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

The “Columbian Exchange”

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The Scourge

of Smallpox• This Peruvian

infant, depicted

about 1700, was

ravaged by the

dread European

disease and

placed in a crude

quarantine.

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• Hernán Cortes

• Aztec capital: Tenochtitlan

• Montezuma

• Spanish “lusted for gold like pigs”

• Cortes takes control

• Smallpox

• Beyond Mexico

– Settlement at St. Augustine

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The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

vs.

Fernando Cortez Montezuma II27

Artists’ Rendering of Tenochtitlán

Amid tribal strife in the fourteenth century, the Aztecs built a capital on a

small island in a lake in the central Valley of Mexico. From here they

oversaw the most powerful empire yet to arise in Mesoamerica. Two main

temples stood at the city’s sacred center, one dedicated to Tlaloc, the

ancient rain god, and the other to Huitzilopochtli, the tribal god, who was

believed to require human hearts for sustenance.28

Tenochtitlán

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Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

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Peninsulares(Spanish born Spaniard) Creoles

(Colonial born Spainard)

Mestizos(Spanish and

Indian)

Mulattos (Spanish and

black)

Native Indians Black Slaves

The Colonial Class System

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• Black Legend: The Spanish…..

– Conquer, tortured, stole and infected

with diseases

– Black Legend was a way to undermine

Spanish achievement and religion

• Spanish accomplishments

– Created an enormous empire.

– Cultural innovators

• Grafted their culture, laws, religion, and

language into many Native societies.

• Fused through marriage.

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Look at the dates and explain how the Spanish used their gold!

Treasuresfrom the Americas!

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New Colonial Rivals

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