Date post: | 15-Dec-2014 |
Category: |
Technology |
Upload: | robert-a-carels |
View: | 189 times |
Download: | 0 times |
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
• preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chapter 1
Psychology: Yesterday and Today
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Is Psychology?
Psychology is the science1 of mental processes and behavior.
1Systematic knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Levels of Analysis
The person
The group
The brain
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Is psychology all common sense?
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
• Focused on identifying the “building blocks” of consciousness (sensations & feelings)
• Introspection: Looking within Not objectively verifiable
• Wundt set-up 1st Psychology Lab in 1879
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science
Functionalism• William James• Influenced by Charles Darwin
Studied how consciousness helped an individual survive and adapt to an environment
Animal observations provide clues for human behavior
• James set-up the first psychology laboratory in America
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science
Gestalt Psychology• Max Wertheimer• Focused on
consciousness and principles of perceptual organization The whole is greater than
the sum of its parts
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Psychodynamic Theory
• Sigmund Freud• The mind has separate components
Conscious and unconscious components• Much of behavior in influenced by the
unconscious• Psychoanalysis
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Behaviorism
• John Watson & B. F. Skinner• The mind cannot be observed• Behavior can be observed• Science should study the observable• Reinforcement• Stimulus-response
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Humanistic Psychology
• Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow• Client-centered therapy• We strive for self-actualization
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science The Cognitive Revolution
• Alan Newell & Herbert Simon• Focus on mental processes (information
processing)• Computer metaphor• Cognitive neuroscience
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Evolution of a Science Evolutionary psychology
• Lida Cosmides, John Tooby, David Buss, & Steven Pinker
• Evolutionarily successful cognitive strategies and goals survived
• Cultural universality