Introduction to Introduction to Chemistry and MatterChemistry and Matter
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Pages 1-12, 238-243Pages 1-12, 238-243
Note: Periodic Table section Note: Periodic Table section contains more info than you need!contains more info than you need!
I.I. ScienceScience
A. Science is a body of knowledge A. Science is a body of knowledge collected by scientists over many years collected by scientists over many years and the methods used to obtain and the methods used to obtain knowledge.knowledge.
B. Chemistry: the study of the B. Chemistry: the study of the composition, structure, and properties of composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.matter and the changes it undergoes.
By analyzing the different aspects of By analyzing the different aspects of matter we can solve problems and answer matter we can solve problems and answer questionsquestions What?, How much?, How can it be changed?, What?, How much?, How can it be changed?,
How fast?, etc.How fast?, etc. Instruments are often used to help answer Instruments are often used to help answer
these questionsthese questions
There are several branches of There are several branches of chemistrychemistry
Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry Substances contain Substances contain
carboncarbon Originally it was thought Originally it was thought
that all organic that all organic compounds were always compounds were always related to life, but that is related to life, but that is not truenot true
EXAMPLE - Gasoline, EXAMPLE - Gasoline, Sugar, AlcoholSugar, Alcohol
Inorganic ChemistryInorganic Chemistry
Substances that don’t Substances that don’t contain Carboncontain Carbon
Examples - Salt Examples - Salt (NaCl), Calcium (NaCl), Calcium nitrate (CaNOnitrate (CaNO33))
Physical Chemistry - deals with matter and Physical Chemistry - deals with matter and energy (is the bridge between chemistry energy (is the bridge between chemistry and physics)and physics)
Analytical Chemistry - identification of Analytical Chemistry - identification of substances (think CSI)substances (think CSI)
Biochemistry - combines biology and Biochemistry - combines biology and chemistry, chemistry of living thingschemistry, chemistry of living things
Theoretical Chemistry - uses computers, Theoretical Chemistry - uses computers, advanced mathematical modelsadvanced mathematical models
II. MatterII. Matter
A. States of MatterA. States of Matter SOLIDSOLID
Definite shapeDefinite shape Closely packed Closely packed
particles, little free particles, little free space between themspace between them
Definite volumeDefinite volume Rotational particle Rotational particle
movementmovement Particles cannot slide Particles cannot slide
past each otherpast each other
Transition between solid and Transition between solid and liquidliquid
Solid to liquid = Solid to liquid = meltingmelting
Liquid to solid = Liquid to solid = freezingfreezing
LiquidLiquid
Takes shape of Takes shape of container (no definite container (no definite shape)shape)
Definite volume Definite volume (cannot change size)(cannot change size)
Rotational and Rotational and vibrational particle vibrational particle movementmovement
Transition between liquid and Transition between liquid and gasgas
Liquid to gas = Liquid to gas = VaporizationVaporization
Two Common TypesTwo Common Types Evaporation - the Evaporation - the
molecules escape from the molecules escape from the liquid state to the gas state liquid state to the gas state without any external heat without any external heat source. Molecules with source. Molecules with high energy escape high energy escape thereby lowering the thereby lowering the temperaturetemperature
Boiling - escape of Boiling - escape of molecules from a liquid molecules from a liquid state being continually state being continually heatedheated
Transition between gas and Transition between gas and liquidliquid
CondensationCondensation
GasGas
Indefinite volume and Indefinite volume and shapeshape
Expands to fill any Expands to fill any containercontainer
Widely spread Widely spread particlesparticles
Rotational, Rotational, vibrational, and vibrational, and translational particle translational particle movementsmovements
Transitions between gas to Transitions between gas to solidsolid
Solid to Gas = Solid to Gas = Sublimation Sublimation EXAMPLE - dry ice EXAMPLE - dry ice
(solid CO(solid CO22 going going
straight to COstraight to CO22 gas) gas)
Gas to Solid = Gas to Solid = Deposition Deposition EXAMPLE - how snow EXAMPLE - how snow
forms in cloudsforms in clouds
B. PropertiesB. Properties
Physical Property: Physical Property: Doesn’t alter identify of Doesn’t alter identify of substancesubstance
Intensive - independent of Intensive - independent of amount (color, melting amount (color, melting point, density, point, density, temperature, hardness)temperature, hardness)
Extensive - depends on Extensive - depends on amount (mass, length, amount (mass, length, volume)volume)
Chemical Property: Chemical Property: Ability of a substance Ability of a substance to undergo a change to undergo a change that alters its identitythat alters its identity
EXAMPLE - rusting EXAMPLE - rusting iron, milk turning sour, iron, milk turning sour, metals reacting with metals reacting with acids to form acids to form hydrogen gashydrogen gas
C. ChangesC. Changes
Physical: change that does Physical: change that does NOTNOT alter identity of alter identity of substancesubstance
EXAMPLE - cutting/tearing paper into smaller EXAMPLE - cutting/tearing paper into smaller pieces, molding claypieces, molding clay
Chemical: changes in which at least 1 substance Chemical: changes in which at least 1 substance changes identity (becomes something new)changes identity (becomes something new)
EXAMPLEEXAMPLE Burning paper Burning paper
Sodium (reactive metal) + chlorine gas (poisonous) = Sodium (reactive metal) + chlorine gas (poisonous) = sodium chloride (table salt)sodium chloride (table salt)
Nuclear: different substances with different Nuclear: different substances with different propertiesproperties
Changes occur in the Changes occur in the nucleusnucleus EXAMPLE - fission, fusion, radioactive decay, EXAMPLE - fission, fusion, radioactive decay,
TMITMI
Conservation of Matter and Conservation of Matter and EnergyEnergy
In a reaction, the total amount of matter and energy In a reaction, the total amount of matter and energy stays the samestays the same
In other words, if you start with 20 grams of a compound In other words, if you start with 20 grams of a compound at the end you should still have 20 grams of the at the end you should still have 20 grams of the compound although it probably changed form.compound although it probably changed form.
Very important for a lot of chemical ideasVery important for a lot of chemical ideas
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
A little chemistry cartoonA little chemistry cartoon
