CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES Discuss the development and growth of

early societies in the Americas. Describe the societies of North America,

Africa, and Europe around 1492 Consider the effects of European

exploration on Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans.

CHAPTER 1Three Worlds Meet

First Americans Not an exact date Came from Asia Ice Age 100,000 years ago Crossed Bering Strait – Beringia nomads 30,000 to 15,000 years ago Used radiocarbon dating

Native Americans Ancient Americans and their

descendants who spread from the Artic Circle to the tip of South America

Settled in different regions Developed different customs and

languages

Agricultural Revolution 9,000 – 10,000 years ago started in Mesoamerica Includes central and southern Mexico

and Central America First crops – pumpkins, peppers,

squashes, gourds, and beans Most important crop - maize

Results of Agriculture Ended Nomadic life Complex governments began to form America’s first civilization formed

Olmecs First people to build a civilization in

America Emerged 1500-1200 B.C. Veracruz, Mexico

Mayan Culture 200 A.D. Yucatan Peninsula, Central America Complex calendars Built elaborate temples Not unified because of wars

Toltecs Master architects Built large pyramids and huge palaces Renamed Aztecs

Inca South America – 1200 B.C. Most prominent Empire was 2,500 miles along

mountains and coast Invented glyph writing – used symbols

or images

Native Americans Developed in response to their

environments

Ancient Desert Farmers Hohokam – central Arizona Anasazi – Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and

New Mexico

Mound Builders Adena Hopewell Mississippians Known for huge burial mounds filled with

treasures or crafted objects

California Lived in small groups Farmed Dependant on corn because of dry soil Young boys joined kachina cult (good

spirit that brought messages from God)

Northwest Coast Fished Used lumber from coast to build homes,

canoes, art, totem poles

Southwest Before 1500s – farmers After 1500s – became nomads b/c of

drought or war Followed the buffalo Built tepees Used horses (brought by Spanish) to

hunt or for wars

Far North Called Inuit Lived from Alaska to Greenland Use whale oil or blubber for fuel

Eastern Woodlands Hunted, Farmed, and Fished Deer – used for food and clothing Spoke 1 of 2 languages

Algonquian Iroquoian

Algonquian New England, Delaware, Ohio River

Valley, and Virginia

Iroquonian New York, Ontario, Georgia Bay

Eastern Woodland continued Used slashed and burn agriculture Lived in longhouses or wigwams Made belts called wampum Formed the Iroqios League to maintain

peace

Kinship The network of human relationships

created by genealogical connections

Clan A kin group whose members claim a

common ancestor

Oral History Used to pass traditions down from one

generation to the next by word of mouth

Barter Used to trade one good or service for

another good or service without the exchange of money

Never barter or trade land

Causes for exploration of New World Crusades Desire for new trade routes Improved navigational skills Improved method of warfare God, Gold, and Glory Religious or Political Freedom

Crusades Christian military expeditions 11th and 14th centuries Fought to recapture the Holy Land from

the Muslims (Turks) Unsuccessful Helped to open awareness of world

outside Europe

Desire for new trade routes Europeans wanted spices, silks, etc.

that soldiers were bringing back from Middle East and Asia

Travel by land was very dangerous Explorers began looking for sea routes Portuguese find route around Africa Spanish look for route across the

Atlantic (NW Passage)

Marco Polo Venetian explorer and merchant Writings of Asia gave Europeans their

image of the Far East Helped to stimulate trade with Asia

Economic Improvements 1000 – better plow and horse collar Made farming easier Increase in food helped to revive trade Towns grew rapidly from 1000 to 1200

3 effects of the revival of trade and growth of cities Ended feudalism Revived a money economy Created a new middle class

Improved Navigational skills Compass Astrolabe Caravel – developed by Portugal – used

by Columbus in 1492 voyage

God, Gold, Glory Wanted to convert people to Christianity Wanted to find treasures and wealth Wanted the fame of successful

discovery

Religious or Political Freedom Renaissance Rebirth of classical learning Started in 14th century Encouraged people to read literature like

the Bible

Religious or Political Freedom Reformation Revolt against the Catholic Church in

1517 Started by Martin Luther His followers later called Protestants Inspired others to search for religious

freedom

West Africa around 1492 Connected to the world through trade 1400s Europeans arrived on western

coast Trading networks were established that

connected West Africa to the coastal ports of North Africa

Goods were brought across the Sahara Islam was introduced through trade

Portuguese in West Africa 1400s 1470 established outposts on western

coast near goldfieldsPrincipeSao Tome

2 Significant Consequences of West Africans and Portuguese trade Bypassed the old trade route across the

Sahara and pulled the coastal region into a closer relationship with Europe

Started European trade in West African slaves

3 African Kingdoms Songhai

Controlled trans-Saharan tradeTaxed goods that passed through city

o Benino Forests provided protection and resourceso Used Niger River to transport goods

o Kongoo Rainforestso System of government - 4 million people

Portuguese Exploration First to find sea route to Asia

Henry the Navigator Prince Henry of Portugal 1419 set up a school for mariners

Bartolomeu Dias 1488 – reached the southern tip of

southern Africa Known as Cape Good Hope

Vasco da Gama 1497 – sailed from Portugal, around

Africa, across the Indian Ocean and landed on India’s southwestern coast

Water route to Asia had been found

New World Exploration Fisherman of North Atlantic were

probably the first to see North American continent

Not intent of discovery or settlement Vikings did settle in Iceland and

Greenland in the 9th and 10th centuries

Leif Ericsson Leif the Lucky 1000 A.D. led expedition that land in

Canada on Baffin Island Named it Vinland Abandoned settlement

Spanish exploration 1st nation to discover New World Spanish explorer called - Conquistador

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand Spanish monarch Supported Columbus’s voyage to New

World

Reason Spain supported Columbus 1. wanted to spread the Catholic

religion 2. wanted to achieve advantage over

the other countries in finding a route to Asia from the west (Northwest Passage)

Christopher Columbus From Genoa, Italy Seaman and geographer Discovered New World in 1492 Believed he was in India Purpose was to find the Northwest

Passage

Treaty of Tordesillas Between Spain and Portugal Divided New World Spain rule land to the west Portugal rule land to the east

Columbian Exchange Transatlantic trade of crops, technology,

and culture between the Americas and Europe, Africa, and Asia that began in 1492 with Columbus’s voyage

Native Americans to Europeans Local farming methods New crops – corn, squash, potato,

tobacco, chewing gum, Most important to Europeans was potato New inventions – canoe, snowshoe,

hammock, poncho, toboggan, and parka

Results of Columbian Exchange Permanently altered world’s ecosystems Changed nearly every culture around

the world