© Cengage Learning 2016© Cengage Learning 2016

An Invitation to Health: Building Your Future, Brief Edition, 9eDianne Hales

The Power of Now

1

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After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:

• Differentiate health and wellness in the context of the dimensions of health

• Assess the current health status of Americans, including health goals and health disparities

• Compare the health trends of students with those of Americans in general

Objectives

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• Explain the influences on behavior that support or impede healthy change

• Identify the stages of change

Objectives (cont’d.)

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• Health– Soundness of body, mind, and spirit

• Individuals have different definitions of health

• Wellness– Deliberate lifestyle choices that enhance

physical, mental, and spiritual health

– A decision to move toward optimal health

Health and Wellness

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• Six dimensions of health– Physical health

– Psychological health

– Spiritual health

– Social health

– Intellectual health

– Environmental health

The Dimensions of Health

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• America spends more than any other nation on health care

• U.S. life expectancy has increased to all-time high– Still lower than Japan, Switzerland

• Healthy life expectancy– Years lived without disease or disability

• Small percentage of Americans have adopted healthy behaviors

Health in America

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• Objectives published by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)– Eliminate preventable disease, disability,

injury, and premature death

– Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups

– Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all

– Promote healthy development and behaviors at every stage of life

Healthy People 2020

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• Americans of racial and ethnic groups other than whites– More likely to suffer disease and disability

• Poverty is a key factor

• Longevity gap between black and white individuals is four to six years

Health Disparities

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• Black Americans lose more potential life years to homicide, stroke, and diabetes– Compared to whites

• One in three Hispanics has prediabetes

• American Indian and Alaskan Native women less likely to receive prenatal care

• Caucasians more prone to osteoporosis, cystic fibrosis, and skin cancer

Why Race Matters

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• Blacks have higher rates of colon, stomach, prostate, and pancreatic cancer– Highest death rates for lung cancer

• Black women more than twice as likely to die from cervical cancer than white women

• Native Hawaiian women most likely to die from breast cancer

Cancer Screening and Management

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Sex, Gender, and Health

• Sex depends on male or female reproductive organs

• Gender refers to a person’s self-representation as male or female

• Health differences between men and women– More males die before birth

• Also more likely to be born prematurely or die as an infant

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• Overall mortality rate 41 percent higher in men than in women

• Cardiovascular disease is leading cause of death for women in the U.S.

• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women

• Women are 70 percent more likely to suffer depression during their lifetime

Sex and Health Differences

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© Cengage Learning 2016

• College students are a diverse group– Ethnicity, age, and type of school

– More connected, yet more isolated• Weak interpersonal and communication skills

– Entering a world with an accelerating pace of change

• Nine of ten students rate their health as good, very good, or excellent

Health on Campus

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• ACHA survey results– Highest BMIs of any developed country

– Fewer than half get recommended amounts of physical activity

– 62 percent reported alcohol consumption with the past months

– 13-15 percent reported smoking tobacco or marijuana within the past month

– Only 10 percent get enough sleep to feel rested

Health Habits of Young Americans

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• Many chronic problems begin early in life– Osteoporosis

– High blood pressure

– High cholesterol

• Prevention: best weapon against cancer and heart disease

• Protection– Immunizations, use of condoms, and wearing

seat belts

The Promise of Prevention

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• Perceptions of young adults– Overestimate immediate pleasure

– Underestimate negative consequences

• College age men more likely than women to engage in risky behaviors– Unprotected sex

– Dangerous driving

– Use of drugs and alcohol

– Suicide

Understanding Risky Behaviors

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• Change is difficult– 40 to 80 percent of those who try to change

bad habits lapse back within six weeks

• Influences that shape behavior– Predisposing factors

• Examples: knowledge, beliefs, and values

– Enabling factors• Examples: skills and resources

– Reinforcing factors• Examples: praise, rewards, and encouragement

Making Healthy Changes

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© Cengage Learning 2016

• Reasons people take a health-related action– Attempt to avoid negative consequence

– Expect a positive outcome

– Believe they can successfully take action

How and Why People Change

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• Precontemplation– No intention of making a change

• Contemplation– Alternate between resisting and wanting to

change

• Preparation– Deciding to change and making a plan

• Action

Six Stages of Change

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• Maintenance– Strengthen, enhance, and extend the

changes

• Termination– Change becomes status quo

Stages of Change (cont’d.)

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© Cengage Learning 2016

• Sense of self-efficacy– Belief in your ability to change

– High self-efficacy correlates with high success

• Locus of control– Sense of being in control of your life

– External if you believe external forces play a greater role in determining your fate

– Internal if you believe your actions shape your outcome

Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control