Date post: | 28-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | barnard-osborne-perkins |
View: | 221 times |
Download: | 2 times |
Chapter 1
Science & Technolog
y
Science: (and technology)
has help societies throughout history to advance and even helped many thrive above other cultures. It is an organized way of investigating the natural world and put resources to a beneficial use.
3 Examples Weapons = to protect the people, gain new
land & resources Agriculture = to feed the people which help
prevent civil unrest Medicine = to cure and prevent diseases so
the people may live longer
Terms
Scientific Law: Statement of fact backed up by proven research.
Theories: Ideas or beliefs supported by data, but NOT proven.
Scientific Method: a logical method to solve ANY
problem.
Scientific Method
State the Problem = needs to be well defined
Gather information = (Research the Problem) become an expert on the problem
Form the Hypothesis = through research; an educated guess at a solution to the problem
Test = run a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis by Recording & analyzing data
State Your Conclusion = evaluate the success of the hypothesis. Adjust and Retest as necessary
Testing the HypothesisTrials = number of times the experiment
was ran. Needs to be a high number to add credibility to the work
Variables = conditions (or factors) that changed during the experiment & factors being tested
Independent variables answer the question "What do I change?"
Dependent variables answer the question "What do I observe?"
*On a Graph = dependent variable goes on the y-axis, independent variable on the x-axis
Specimen Groups Control Group = a group that
had NO changes in their conditions. Conditions that stay the same throughout the tests. Used to set what is NORMAL from which comparisons are made
Experimental Group = a group(s) that have the independent variable introduced
90 mice are ran through a maze to get
the average for that maze.
30 miceControl Group
NO MUSIC
30 miceExperimental Group
ROCK MUSIC
30 miceExperimental Group
CLASSICALMUSIC
5 minuteswas the
average (all 90 mice)
2 Weeks 24 hours per daymusic played in
living areas
Mice, Music and a Maze
Questions
Name the variables.What time MUST the control group have
in order to declare any results as valid?Why must all 3 groups get the exact
same amount of food & water?What is the purpose of the maze?What are your predictions?
Actual Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
TIME (in minutes, mins.)
ControlGroupExperimental(Classical)
Experimental(Rock)
What is your conclusion?
Instruments = tools used to record and analyze data from an experiment. Length = Ruler … measured in meters,
centimeters, kilometers, etc. Mass = Balance … measured in grams Temperature = Thermometer … measured
in degrees Celsius (°C) Area = Ruler … Area = L x W Volume
– Ruler = regular shaped objects Volume = L x W x H
– Graduated Cylinder = liquids …measured in milliliter, cubic centimeters, liters, etc.
– Water Displacement = irregular shaped objects Density = Balance & Ruler… Density =
mass ÷ volume (D = m/v)
Metric System = units of measurement based on the power of 10 by the use of prefixes
Kilo (k) – 1000xHecto (h) – 100xDeca (da)– 10xBase Unit meter (m), liter (l) or
gram (g)Deci (d) – 1/10xCenti (c) – 1/100xMilli (m) – 1/1000x
King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate
Milk
kilo- hecto- deca- BASE deci- centi- milli-
Example: base unit is meter.
kilometer, hectometer, decameter, meter, decimeter, centimeter, millimeter
Ruler
Used to measure distance or length Length = the distance from one point to
another. Unit = meters Graduation = one mark on the measuring
device. U S Ruler = 8 graduations Metric Ruler = 10 graduations
Graduated Cylinder
Used to measure the volume of a liquid. Volume = the amount of space an object
takes up. Unit = liters When measuring water measure from the
bottom of the meniscus. From the top of a substance like mercury.
Triple Beam Balance
Used to measure the mass of a substance. Mass = the amount of matter. Unit =
grams Matter = anything with mass & volume. 3 counter weights are used to indicate the
mass. Largest measures the hundreds, middle sized weight measures the tens, and the smallest measures the ones and 1/10 of a gram.
Time & Temperature
Time = the elapse time from the beginning to the end of an occurrence.
Unit = seconds.Temperature = a measure of the
motion of the molecules in a substance.
Unit = degrees Celsius, °C.
Measurements that Require Calculations
Speed & Velocity• speed = distance ÷ time s = d/t
• Unit = meters/second, m/s
Density• density = mass ÷ volume d = m/v
• Unit = grams/cubic centimeter, g/cm3
Area• area = length x width a = l x w
• Unit = squared centimeters, cm2
Volume• volume = length x width x height v = l x w x h
• Unit = cubic centimeters, cm3
A race car travels at a constant speed. Position and time data are recorded. A graph is prepared using the data. Use this graph to determine the speed of the race car.
d = 60 m t = 0.8 s s = ? speed = distance ÷ time ( s =
d/t) speed = 60 m ÷ 0.8 s speed = 75 m/s
Name the seven basic metric units for length longest to shortest.
KilometerHectometerDecameterMeterDecimeterCentimeterMillimeter
How many seconds are in three (3) days?
3 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 sec 1 day 1 hour 1 min
3 days 24 hrs 60 min 60 sec 1 day 1 hour 1 min
3 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 259,200 = 259,200 sec1 x 1 x 1 = 1
An automobile travels at 30 m/s for 2 minutes. How far did it travel?
d = ? t = 2 min. (must be converted to seconds) =
120 ss = 30 m/sd = s x td = 30 m/s x 120 sd = 3600 m
In one-half hour, a bicyclist traveled 20 km. What was the bicyclist’s average speed?
d = 20 km t = 0.5 hrs = ?s = d ÷ ts = 20 km ÷ 0.5
hrs = 40 km/hr
Some Basic Science Knowledge
Water = Melting Point (or freezing point) is 0°C
Water = Boiling Point is 100°C Normal Body Temperature = 37°C Comfortable Room Temperature = 22°C “Standard” Room Temperature = 20°C Density of water = 1.0 grams per cubic
centimeter