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1. IDENTIFICATION OF ALL TERRITORIAL UNITS IN THE REGION
(a) Locate the following:
i. The rest of the world
ii. The USA
iii. Canadaiv. Latin America
v. Africa
vi. Europevii. Asia
viii. The Middle East
(b) Identify French, Dutch, English and Spanish
speaking countries
(c) Examine the main geographical features of all Units.
At the end of the unit, students should be able to:-
1. Identify locations on the globe that are of
historical and current significance to peoples ofthe Caribbean.
2. Discuss the geographical features of theCaribbean and how they contribute to the
development of the region.
3. Differentiate between the regions of the
Caribbean. (Greater and Lesser Antilles, and
Leeward and Winward Islands, the Franco and
Anglophone, Dutch Antilles and Hispanic
Caribbean) and identify their political, economicand social features.
MAP OF THE CARIBBEAN
Prepared by G.Ledgister, Montego Bay Community College
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CaribbeanIslands.png7/27/2019 Chapter 1 - The Caribbean
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Caribbean Region: selected geographical data
Country CapitalPopulation
(k)Physical Size
(sq. km)Maximum
Elevation (m)*Rock Type
Antigua St. Johns 64.3 280 403 L/V
Bahamas Nassau 283.7 11,826 100 L
Barbados Bridgetown 259.2 440 338 L/S
Belize Belmopan 235.9 - - -
B V I Road Town 19.2 174 518 S/M/V
Cayman Is. George Town 39.3 241 15 L
Cuba Havana 11,096.4 110,922 1,972 L/S/M
Dominica Roseau 64.9 790 1,422 V
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 8,129.7 48,730 3,175 V/L
Grenada St. George's 97.0 345 840 V
Guadeloupe Basse-Terre 420.9 1,702 1,467 -
Guyana Georgetown 702.2 - - -
Haiti Port-au-Prince 6,884.3 27,750 2,680 -
Jamaica Kingston 2,652.4 11,424 2,557 L/S/MMartinique Fort-de-France 411.6 1,090 1,397 V
Montserrat Plymouth 12.8 84 742 V
Netherland/Antilles
Willemstad 207.8 960 862 -
Puerto Rico San Juan 3,887.7 8,897 1,065 L/S/M
St. Kitts Basseterre 42.8 176 1,156 V
St. Lucia Castries 154.0 603 951 V
St. Vincent Kingstown 120.5 389 1,179 V
Suriname Paramaribo 431.2 163,270 1,268 -
Tobago Scarborough 50.0 300 572 M/V
Trinidad Port-of-Spain 1,102.1 4,828 941 L/S/M
Turks & CaicosGrand Turk
(Cockburn Town)16.9 430 49 -
U.S. VirginIslands
Charlotte Amalie 119.8 344 465 S/M/V
*Rock Types: L = Limestone, M = Metamorphic, S = Sedimentary, V = Volcanic.
Prepared by G.Ledgister, Montego Bay Community College
CLUDEPICTURE "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Tectonic_plates_Caribbean.png/350px-T
Caribbean Plate (Tectonics)
http://www.montrosetravel.com/cs_cgeography.htm
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GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE CARIBBEAN THAT INFLUENCE
DEVELOPMENT.
Volcanoes and Earthquakes.
Volcanoes and earthquakes are related to the movements of the tectonic plates on which the world rests. The earths crust
is broken up into several plates due to movements of magma below the earths surface. A tectonic plate is onethese pieces
that has fragmented and which forms fault lines which are susceptible to earthquakes of greater or lesser magnitudes
depending on the type of movement of the plate.To the right is a picture of the Caribbean Plate on which the Caribbean
rests taken fromhttp://www.montrosetravel.com/cs_cgeography.html. There are three important tectonic plate margins
which experience their own type of movement that you should know about: convergent margins, transform margins and
divergent margins. All of these are present in the Caribbean.
Convergent Margins. At the
convergent margin there is a great
deal of activity. The boundaries
from the two related plates crash
together forcefully and cause
subduction to take place.
Volcanoes result from this action.
Convergent margins in the
Caribbean are found to the East
and West of the region.
Transform Margins. The action
at the transform margin is that of
two plates sliding under each
other. Instead of crashing together
as happens at the convergent
margin, here one plate slides
under the other and creates a vibration that is manifest as an earth-quake. In the Caribbean transform margins exist
to the north and south of the region.
Divergent Margins. There is a divergent margin off the coast of Jamaica. This produces light earthquakes and
represents to pulling apart of two margins. Recently, we have been feeling more earthquakes in Jamaica than
previously. This represents increased activity at the plate boundary. On the previous page there is a map showing
the active volcanoes of the Caribbean. A volcano that is alive, but is not active is called a dormant volcano. An
example of this is the Mount Liamuiga Volcano in St.Kitts that has not erupted in documented memory, but which
Prepared by G.Ledgister, Montego Bay Community College
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For the most part, land forms were formed as a result of earth movements and activities that took place many years ago,
but the land forms of a territory
affect the way the people develop.
For example, Dominica is very mountainous with dense tropical forests and most settlements are located on the coastline
where roads and other required infrastructure can be found. Consider your country and make a list of the prominent land
forms that are found there and the effect that they have on people.
Active Volcanoes in the Caribbean include Mount Pele in Martinique, Soufriere in St. Vincent, Kick-em-Jenny under the
sea close to Grenada, and the Soufriere Hills in Montserrat. In St. Kitts there is a dormant volcano under Mt. Liamuiga that
scientists are studying carefully because of its proximity to Montserrat. Other dormant volcanoes but which may pose
possible threats for the future are noted in red on the above map. Jamaica too experienced huge volcanic activity in the
early part of the century and though currently dormant there is potential for a future threat.
Prepared by G.Ledgister, Montego Bay Community College
Active Volcanoes in the Caribbean
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Type of Landforms Positive Effect on Humans Negative Effect on Humans
Sandy beaches Used to attract tourists Without rocks, to protect, the beachis susceptible to sea-surges
Plains Used for farming sugar cane inJamaica, and for building towns
and settlements
Flat and sometimes prone to floodingif drainage is not built.
Volcano Semi-active volcano serves astourist attraction. Eg. Costa Rica
Dangerous in times of eruption, butearly warning systems should be
heeded
Plateau Used by tourists to survey the
landscape, cool
Difficult to get an infrastructure up
the hillside
Peninsula Can be used as a port for ships Often left uninhabited and taken over
by undesirable characters
Hurricanes Rejuvenate the earth, provide jobs
after the hurricane
Dangerous, loss of life, property and
crops can be alerted in advance
Earthquake resulting from plate tectonics Provides data for seismologists Very dangerous, not always
predictable.
Winds and Hurricanes.
Prepared by G.Ledgister, Montego Bay Community College
Showing different kinds of Landforms some of which are found in the Caribbean.
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HURRICANES. Another prominent geographical feature that affects a number of Caribbean islands is the hurricanes and
storms that prevail. Enchanted Learning athttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/weather/hurricane/formation.shtml
tells us that hurricanes need four conditions to form:
low air pressure
warm temperatures
moist ocean air
tropical winds (near the equator).
Hurricanes form in the tropics, over warm ocean water (over 80F or 27C) and at latitudes between 8 and 20, Hurricanes
form mostly from June through November (hurricane season). These powerful storms are fueled by the heat energy that is
released when water vapor condenses (turns into liquid water -- rain).
It further tells us that a hurricane goes through many stages as it develops:
1. It starts as a tropical wave, a westward-moving area of low air pressure.
2. As the warm, moist air over the ocean rises in the low air pressure area, cold air from above replaces it. This
produces strong gusty winds, heavy rain and thunderclouds that is called a tropical disturbance.
3. As the air pressure drops and there are sustained winds up to 38 miles per hour, it is called a tropical depression.
4. When the cyclonic winds have sustained speeds from 39 to 73 miles per hour, it is called a tropical storm (storms
are given names when they begin to have winds of this speed).
5. The storm becomes a hurricane when there are sustained winds of over 73 miles per hour.
The End of a Storm:
When a hurricane travels over
land or cold water, its energy
source (warm water) is gone
and the storm weakens, quickly
dying.
WINDS
In 1492, without really realizing
it, Columbus owed his success
in the discovery of the
heretofore unknown lands to
the North Atlantic Trade
winds. The above map taken
from
Prepared by G.Ledgister, Montego Bay Community College
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/weather/hurricane/formation.shtmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/weather/hurricane/formation.shtmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/weather/hurricane/formation.shtmlhttp://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/weather/hurricane/formation.shtml7/27/2019 Chapter 1 - The Caribbean
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http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/columbus.html allows us to realize the role played by the winds. On
his third voyage, again the lack of winds the Doldrums almost upset the discovery of Trinidad and Tobago, the north
coast of South American and the islands Aruba, Curacao and Bonaire.
The trade winds, which blow east to west across the Atlantic, bring steady breezes (and fast-moving rain showers) to the
Netherlands Antilles and help moderate temperatures in the Windward Islands (Martinique, Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia,
St. Vincent and the Grenadines). The winds give islands like Aruba steady and stable weather, but also create an arid,
desert-like climate.
FRENCH AND DUTCH CARIBBEAN.
The French Caribbean
To the right are some of the French islands. The French
Antilles, Martinique and Guadeloupe, are classified as overseas
department of France. The Capital of Martinique is Fort-de-
France and that of Guadeloupe is BasseTerre. The department
of Guadeloupe comprises the dependencies of Marie-Galane,
Iles des Saintes, to the Sourth, La Desirade to the east, and St.
Bartholemew (Saint Barts) and the northern half of St. Martin
in the North. Martinique is in the Winward group of the Lesser
Antilles. Of volcanic origin, it is the largest of the Lesser
Antilles. In 1902, a volcanic eruption completely destroyed the
original capital, St Pierre. Industries: tourism, sugar, rum, fruits,
cocoa, tobacco, vanilla, vegetables. Area: 1079sq km (417sq
mi). Pop. (1999)381,325.
Haiti and the
mainland territory of French Guiana, previously capital city and port is
Cayenne, are also French speaking territories. Haiti became an independent
nation in 1806 and French Guiana is also an overseas department of France
whose prefect government representative in the French National
Assembly is Jean-Pierre Laflaquire. The capital of French Guiana is
Cayenne and its exports include: shrimp, timber, gold, rum, rosewood
essence, clothing. It imports food (grains, processed meat), machinery and transport equipment, fuels and chemicals. Its
Natural resourcesinclude:bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish. For all these, it has a 22%
unemployment rate, and 83% literacy rate and many of its people are poor. They include black or mulatto 66%, white 12%,
East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%, other 10%. French Guiana is bordered by Suriname to the North West and Brazil
on the South and East.
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As you will learn in the next chapte, St. Vincent. St. Lucia, Dominica and Trinidad were all settled by the French for a
period of time but were handed over to the English as they gradually won the various European wars in the Caribbean and
established the British Empire across the world. If you were to visit St. Lucia and Dominica you would hear a very heavily
French Patois being spoken is these islands. This is a remnant of their French background. St.Kitts and Grenada were also
occupied by the French for various periods of time in the 17th century.
The Dutch Caribbean.
The Netherlands Antilles previously known as the Netherlands West
Indies or Dutch Antilles is part of the Lesser Antilles and consists of
two groups of islands in the Caribbean Sea: Curaao and Bonaire, just off
the Venezuelan coast, and Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten, located
southeast of the Virgin Islands. The islands form an autonomous part of
the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The islands' economy depends mostly
upon tourism andpetroleum.
Both the leeward (Alonso de Ojeda, 1499) and windward (Christopher Columbus, 1493) island groups were discovered and
initially settled by Spain. In the 17th century, the islands were conquered by the Dutch West India Company and were used
as bases for the slave trade. Slavery was not abolished until 1863.
In 1954, the status of islands was promoted from that of a colonial territory, part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as an
associated state within afederacy. The island ofAruba was part of the Netherlands Antilles until 1986, when it was granted
status aparte (i.e. it became a self-governing part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands).
Prepared by G.Ledgister, Montego Bay Community College
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7aohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maartenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1499http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1493http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7aohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonairehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maartenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1499http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1493http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19867/27/2019 Chapter 1 - The Caribbean
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Between June 2000 and April 2005, each island of the Netherlands Antilles had referendums on their future status. The four
options that could be voted on were:
closer ties with the Netherlands
remaining within the Netherlands Antilles
autonomy as a country within the
Kingdom of the Netherlands (status
aparte)
independence
On October 12, 2006, the Netherlands reached an agreement with Saba, Bonaire, and Sint Eustatius; this agreement would
make these islands special municipalities. OnNovember 3, 2006, Curaao and Sint Maarten were granted autonomy in an
agreement, but this agreement was rejected by Curaao onNovember 28. The Curaao government was not sufficiently
convinced that the agreement would provide enough autonomy for Curaao. On July 9, 2007 Curaao approved the
agreement it had rejected in November 2006.
OnFebruary 12,2007, an agreement was signed between the Netherlands and every island except Curaao. This
agreement would end the Netherlands Antilles by December 15, 2008and make 1 billion guilders available for debt
relief, social development and poverty reduction..
Politics.
The head of state is the ruling monarch of theNetherlands, who is represented in the Netherlands Antilles by a governor.
The governor is also head of the local government, and forms, together with the council of ministers, the executive branchof the government.
The legislative branch is two-layered. Delegates of the islands are represented in the government of the Netherlands
Antilles, but each island has its own government that takes care of the daily tasks on the island.
The Netherlands Antilles are not part of theEuropean Union. Since 2006 the islands have been involved in diplomatic
disputes between Venezuela and the Netherlands. Venezuelan President Hugo Chvezclaims that the Netherlands may
allow the United States to install military bases that would be necessary for a planned U.S. invasion of Venezuela. On May
23,2006an international military manoeuver known asJoint Caribbean Lion 2006, including forces of the U.S. Navy,
began.
Future Status
The Netherlands Antilles is to be disbanded on December 15, 2008. The idea of the Netherlands Antilles as a state never
enjoyed full support of all islands. Political relations between islands were often strained. After a long struggle, Aruba
Prepared by G.Ledgister, Montego Bay Community College
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seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986, to form itsown state within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The desire
for secession has also been strong in Sint Maarten.
In2004a commission of the governments of the Netherlands Antilles and theNetherlands reported on a future status for
the Netherlands Antilles. The commission advised a revision of the Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in order to
dissolve the Netherlands Antilles.
Two new associated states within the Kingdom of the Netherlands would be formed, Curaao and Sint Maarten.
Meanwhile,Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius would become a direct part of the Netherlands as special
municipalities, a form of "public body" as outlined in article 134 of the Dutch Constitution. These municipalities will
resemble ordinary Dutch municipalities in most ways (they will have a mayor, aldermen and a municipal council, for
example) and will have to introduce most Dutch law. Residents of these three islands will also be able to vote in Dutch
national and European elections. There are, however, some derogations for these islands. Social security, for example, will
not be on the same level as it is in the Netherlands, and the islands are not obliged to introduce the euro; they may retain the
Antillean guilderpending further negotiations. Also, it is unknown whetherprostitution and same-sex marriage will
become legal in these islands, which are legal on the mainland of the Netherlands. All five of the island territories may also
continue to access the Common Court of Justice of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles (with the Joint Court probably
receiving a new name). The three islands will also have to involve the Dutch Minister of Foreign Relations before they can
make agreements with countries in the region.
Originally the term used for Bonaire, Saba and St. Eustatius to describe their expected association with the Netherlands was
"Kingdom Islands". The Dutch province ofNorth Holland has now offered the three new municipalities the opportunity to
become part of the province.
Additionally, the Kingdom government would consist of the government of the Netherlands and one mandated minister per
Caribbean country. The special municipalities would be represented in the Kingdom Government by the Netherlands, as
they can vote for the Dutch parliament.
The Netherlands has proposed that the new EU constitution allow the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba to opt for the status
ofOutermost Region (OMR)also called Ultra Peripheral Region (UPR), if they wish.
AREAS OF THE WORLDTHAT IMPACTED THEDEVELOPMENT OFTHE CARIBBEANWEST AFRICA
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CHINA
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References:
1. Three marine geographical featuresretrieved fromhttp://www.montrosetravel.com/cs_cgeography.html
on 2 July, 2007
2. Caribbean Map Quiz http://www.lizardpoint.com/fun/geoquiz/caribquiz.htm
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SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT
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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/centamer/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/centamer/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/centamer/