2) What does the “principle of complementarity of structures and function” mean?Answer: What a structure can do depends on its specific form, or ʺstructure determines function.ʺDiff: 2 Page Ref: 2
3) The term that describes the back of the elbow is ________.Answer: olecranalDiff: 2 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7
4) The term that describes the heel region is ________.Answer: calcanealDiff: 1 Page Ref: 13; Fig. 1.7
5) The elbow is ________ to the wrist.Answer: proximalDiff: 2 Page Ref: 12; Tbl 1.1
6) The ________ cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearingin the inner ear.Answer: middle earDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17
7) ________ is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function ofspecific organs or organic systems.Answer: PhysiologyDiff: 1 Page Ref: 2
8) What is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed?Answer: homeostasisDiff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9
9) Which cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum?Answer: pelvicDiff: 1 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9
10) What is the serous membrane that covers the intestines called?Answer: visceralDiff: 1 Page Ref: 16
11) ________ physiology concerns urine production and kidney function.Answer: RenalDiff: 1 Page Ref: 2
12) What broad term covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells?Answer: metabolismDiff: 1 Page Ref: 5
13) What is the function of the serous membranes?Answer: They act to reduce friction and allow the organs to slide across cavity walls.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16
14) Fully describe the anatomical position for the human body.Answer: The body is erect, arms hanging at the sides, palms forward, and thumbs pointed away
from the midline.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11
15) What does gross anatomy study?Answer: Larger structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2
16) Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain your answer.Answer: Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5
17) The higher we go in the mountains, the greater the atmospheric pressure, which causes a loss ofoxygen. Comment on this statement.Answer: The statement is backwardsthe higher we go, the less atmospheric pressure, therefore
less oxygen.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8
18) Why is anatomical terminology necessary?Answer: Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage, which prevents confusion
when describing the location of body parts.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11
19) The five cavities of the head are cranial, oral, nasal, middle ear, and ________.Answer: orbitalDiff: 2 Page Ref: 17
20) The ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them is called ________.Answer: responsiveness or irritabilityDiff: 1 Page Ref: 5
21) What is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body?Answer: waterDiff: 1 Page Ref: 8
22) Why must a normal body temperature be maintained in order for chemical reactions to becontinued at life-sustaining rates?Answer: If body temperature is too low, chemical reactions slow and eventually stop. If body
temperature is too high, chemical reactions speed up and body proteins lose their normalshape, resulting in loss of function.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8
23) What is the pathway between the receptor and the control center in the reflex pathway called?Answer: afferent pathwayDiff: 1 Page Ref: 9; Fig. 1.4
24) What type of homeostatic feedback reflex is the withdrawal reflex?Answer: negativeDiff: 3 Page Ref: 9
25) Why are the abdominopelvic cavity organs the most vulnerable in an automobile accident?Answer: The walls of the abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not
reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat greater degree of protectionfrom the bony pelvis.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16
26) What is the goal of all of the negative feedback mechanisms of the body?Answer: The goal is to prevent sudden severe changes within the body.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9-10
27) Which feedback mechanism causes the variable to deviate further and further from its originalvalue or range?Answer: positive feedbackDiff: 2 Page Ref: 9-10
28) What can happen when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed anddestructive positive feedback mechanisms take over?Answer: Homeostatic imbalances increase our risk for illness and produce the changes we
associate with aging.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10
29) Which body system would be most affected by a lower than normal atmospheric pressure?Answer: respiratory systemDiff: 3 Page Ref: 8
Clinical Questions
1) A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seatswere wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had someinternal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others?Answer: The abdominal organs are the least protected in the body because they are not
surrounded by a bony covering such as the ribs, pelvis, or cranium.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 15; Fig. 1.9
2) A surgeon removed a section of tissue along a transverse plane for microscopic examination.What two names would the section be called?Answer: A cross section or a transverse section.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13
3) Judy is 16 years old and collapses on the gym floor with severe pain in her chest wall. She isrushed by ambulance to the emergency room. Judy is diagnosed with pleurisy and is given ananti-inflammatory through the intravenous route. Explain why an anti-inflammatory wouldbe prescribed for someone with pleurisy.Answer: The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the
pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract. Pleurisy isan inflammation of the parietal pleura of the lungs. When inflammation occurs in thepleural space, the pleurae do not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain.
4) Explain why an 80-year-old woman requires a much longer time to recover from the flu thandoes a woman who is age 30.Answer: As we age, our bodyʹs control systems become less efficient. As a result, our internal
environment becomes less and less stable.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 10
5) The nurse charted: ʺPatient has an open wound located on lateral aspect of leg.ʺ Describewhere the wound is located.Answer: The wound is located on the outer side of the leg.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12; Tbl. 1.1
6) The patient was admitted to the hospital with hypertension. The development ofarteriosclerosis has increased peripheral resistance to blood flow, worsening his hypertension.This is an example of what type of feedback loop and why?Answer: Positive feedback loops are common in pathophysiological perpetuation of disease. For
example, arteriosclerotic hypertension results in positive feedback mechanisms thatenhance and propagate the initial step in the chain of events, which is hypertension.
25) Can be measured only by itseffects on matter.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20
26) Anything that occupies spaceand has mass.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19
27) Although a man who weighs175 pounds on Earth would belighter on the moon andheavier on Jupiter, his________ would not bedifferent.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19
28) Is a function of, and varieswith, gravity.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19
A) Matter
B) Energy
C) Mass
D) Weight
Answers: 25) B 26) A 27) C 28) D
Match the following:
29) Legs moving the pedals of abicycle.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20
30) When the bonds of ATP arebroken, energy is released todo cellular work.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20
31) Energy that travels in waves.Part of the electromagneticspectrum.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20
32) Represented by the flow ofcharged particles along aconductor, or the flow of ionsacross a membrane.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20
33) Heterogeneous, will not settle.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26
34) Heterogeneous, will settle.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26
35) Homogeneous, will not settle.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24-25
36) Will not scatter light.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24-25
A) Suspensions
B) Colloids
C) Solutions
Answers: 33) B 34) A 35) C 36) C
True/False Questions
1) The atomic weight is only an average of relative weights of an atom and its isotopes, and it mayvary from the weight of a specific isotope.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 23
2) Emulsions and colloids are the same thing.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 26
3) Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 23
4) A charged particle is generally called an ion.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 27
5) Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons contained.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 23
6) About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 34
7) Lipids are a poor source of stored energy.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 42; Tbl. 2.2
8) Current information theorizes that omega-3 fatty acids decrease the risk of heart disease.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 42
14) The fact that no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture is the chiefdifference between mixtures and compounds.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 26
15) Alpha particles, although relatively weak energy particles, are second only to smoking as acause of lung cancer.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 23-24
16) No chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 26
18) A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 44; Fig. 2.18
19) The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 35-36
20) Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together butare not bound by chemical bonds.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 24
21) Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of the body by releasing or binding ions.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 36-37
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses?A) FeB) IC) PD) Na
Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 22; Tbl. 2.1
2) Choose the statement that is false or incorrect.A) In chemical reactions, breaking old bonds requires energy and forming new bonds
releases energy.B) Exergonic reactions release more energy than they absorb.C) Endergonic reactions absorb more energy than they release.D) A key feature of the body’s metabolism is the almost exclusive use of exergonic reactions
by the body.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 33
3) In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________.A) a high water contentB) long fatty acid chainsC) a high degree of saturated bondsD) a high degree of unsaturated bonds
Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 40-42
4) The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________.A) regular alteration of sugar and phosphate moleculesB) sequence of the nucleotidesC) three-dimensional structure of the double helixD) arrangement of the histones
Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 49
5) Which of the following is not true of proteins?A) They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity.B) Some types are called enzymes.C) They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.D) Their function depends on the three-dimensional shape.
6) The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.A) DNAB) hemoglobinC) collagenD) glucose
Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 47; Tbl. 2.3
7) Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ________.A) glucoseB) triglyceridesC) glycogenD) cholesterol
Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 40
8) Which of the following describes coenzymes?A) organic molecules derived from vitaminsB) two enzymes that perform the same functionC) metal ionsD) enzymes that work together
Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 47-48
9) Which of the following is not a role of molecular chaperonins?A) prevent accidental, premature, or incorrect folding of polypeptide chainsB) aid the desired folding and association process of polypeptidesC) help to translocate proteins and certain metal ions across cell membranesD) promote the breakdown of damaged or denatured proteinsE) act as a biological catalyst
Answer: EDiff: 2 Page Ref: 46-47
10) A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________.A) the release of energyB) the consumption of energyC) a synthesisD) forming a larger molecule
Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 33
11) Salts are always ________.A) ionic compoundsB) single covalent compoundsC) double covalent compoundsD) hydrogen bonded
12) The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energylevels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
A) 2, 8, 8B) 2, 8C) 2D) 2, 8, 1
Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 27
13) A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being ________.A) acidicB) basicC) neutralD) slightly acidic
Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 36
14) Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?A) nitrogenB) hydrogenC) potassiumD) sodium
Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 22; Tbl. 2.1
15) Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?A) H2OB) NaClC) NaOHD) CH4
Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 37
16) What is a chain of 25 amino acids called?A) polypeptideB) nucleotideC) proteinD) starch
Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 43-46
17) Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars?A) monosaccharideB) polysaccharideC) proteinD) nucleic acid
18) What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone intoan alpha helix?
A) primary structureB) secondary structureC) tertiary structureD) quaternary structure
Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 45; Fig. 2.19
19) Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________.A) addition of a water molecule between each two unitsB) addition of a carbon atom between each two unitsC) removal of a water molecule between each two unitsD) removal of a nitrogen atom between each two units
Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 37-38
20) Which statement about enzymes is false?A) Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction.B) Enzymes are composed mostly of protein.C) Enzymes are organic catalysts.D) Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature.
Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 47-49
21) Which of the following statements is false?A) Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures.B) Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in
higher numbers.C) Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more
forcefully.D) Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions.
Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 33
22) Which of the following is true regarding the concentration of solutions?A) Percent solutions are parts per 1000 parts.B) Molarity is one mole of solute per 1000 ml of solution.C) To calculate molarity, one must know the atomic number of the solute.D) To calculate molarity, one must know the atomic weight of the solvent.
Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 24-26
23) Select the statement about mixtures that is correct.A) A solution contains solvent in large amounts and solute in smaller quantities.B) Solutions contain particles that settle out in time.C) Suspensions can change reversibly from liquid to solid.D) Suspensions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more components.
24) Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.A) a bicarbonate ionB) common in the liverC) a weak acidD) a proton donor
Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 36-37
25) Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in livingsystems.
A) glucose to CO2 and H2OB) ADP + Pi to make ATPC) H2O + CO2 to make H2CO3D) glucose molecules joined to make glycogen
Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 33
26) What happens in redox reactions?A) both decomposition and electron exchange occurB) the electron acceptor is oxidizedC) the electron donor is reducedD) the reaction is always easily reversible
Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 32
27) Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins.A) rarely exhibit secondary structureB) are very stable and insoluble in waterC) are usually called enzymesD) are cellular catalysts
Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 46
28) Which of the following does not describe the ATP molecule?A) chemical workB) mechanical workC) transportD) pigments
Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 51-52; Fig. 2.24
29) Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.A) Three forms exist: DNA, RNA, and tDNA.B) DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.C) RNA is a long, single-stranded molecule made up of the bases A, T, G, and C.D) TDNA is considered a molecular slave of DNA.
30) Which of the following is an example of a suspension?A) cytoplasmB) salt waterC) rubbing alcoholD) blood
Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 24-25; Fig. 2.4
31) Select the correct statement about isotopes.A) Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic
masses.B) All the isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons.C) All the isotopes of an element are radioactive.D) Isotopes occur only in the heavier elements.
Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 23-24
32) The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________.A) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calciumB) nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodiumC) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogenD) sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen
Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 22; Tbl. 2.1
33) An example of a coenzyme is ________.A) copperB) riboflavin (vitamin B2)C) ironD) zinc
Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 47-48
34) ________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary fornormal bone growth and function.
A) Vitamin KB) CortisolC) Vitamin AD) Vitamin D
Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 42; Tbl. 2.2
35) In liquid XYZ, you notice that light is scattered as it passes through. There is no precipitant inthe bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days. What type of liquid is this?
36) Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?A) 3B) 5C) 7D) 10
Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 26-27
37) Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances?A) structural proteinsB) molecular chaperonesC) catalytic proteinsD) regulatory proteins
Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 46-47
38) If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?A) 37 protons and 37 neutronsB) 37 electronsC) 74 protonsD) 37 protons and 37 electrons
Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 23
39) What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?A) There are 6 calcium, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms.B) There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms.C) The molecular weight is 24.D) The substance is a colloid.
Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 31
40) Two good examples of a colloid would be Jell-O® and ________.A) bloodB) toenailsC) urineD) cytosol
Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 26
41) An atom with a valence of 3 may have a total of ________ electrons.A) 3B) 8C) 13D) 17
42) Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?A) HCl → H+ + Cl-
B) NaOH → Na+ + OH-
C) NH3 + H+ → NH4+2
D) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 36
43) The chemical symbol OO means ________.A) zero equals zeroB) both atoms are bonded and have zero electrons in the outer orbitC) the atoms are double bondedD) this is an ionic bond with two shared electrons
Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 28
44) What is a dipole?A) a type of bondB) a polar moleculeC) a type of reactionD) an organic molecule
Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 30
45) What does CH4 mean?A) There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.B) There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms.C) This is an inorganic molecule.D) This was involved in a redox reaction.
Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 24
46) Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction.A) synthesisB) decompositionC) exchangeD) reversible
Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 31
47) Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction?A) temperatureB) concentrationC) particle sizeD) time
48) Which of the following is not an electrolyte?A) HClB) Ca2CO3C) H2OD) NaOH
Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 35
49) Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?A) high heat capacityB) high heat of vaporizationC) polar solvent propertiesD) reactivityE) cushioning
Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 34
50) Sucrose is a ________.A) monosaccharideB) disaccharideC) polysaccharideD) triglyceride
Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 38
51) What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats?A) 1:1B) 2:1C) 3:1D) 4:1
Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 40
52) In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________.A) as a codeB) to hold the molecular backbone togetherC) to bind the sugars to their basesD) as nucleotides
Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 50; Fig. 2.22
53) Heat shock proteins (hsp) are a type of protein called ________.A) coenzymesB) cofactorsC) eicosanoidsD) chaperones
